State of Tennessee v. Robert Hurst and Destiny Hurst

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
June 25, 2013 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROBERT HURST AND DESTINY HURST

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
Nos. 95313A & 95313B Bob R. McGee, Judge

No. E2012-01409-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 24, 2013

A Knox County jury found appellants Robert Hurst and Destiny Hurst guilty of four counts
of felony murder; one count of second degree murder as a lesser-included offense of felony
murder; one count of first degree premeditated murder; and two counts of especially
aggravated robbery. They were found not guilty of two counts of especially aggravated
kidnapping and not guilty of all counts of employing a firearm during a dangerous felony.
The trial court imposed life sentences upon both appellants for the murder conviction,1 a
concurrent eighteen-year sentence for appellant Robert Hurst’s especially aggravated robbery
conviction, and a consecutive thirty-five-year sentence for appellant Destiny Hurst’s
especially aggravated robbery conviction. In this appeal, appellants jointly challenge the
sufficiency of the convicting evidence underlying the felony murder convictions and the trial
court’s failure to poll the jury as to a witness’s status as an accomplice. Appellant Robert
Hurst argues that there was a conflict surrounding the manner in which authorities matched
his fingerprint to the bloody fingerprint found at the scene. Appellant Destiny Hurst claims
that the State committed a Brady2 violation; that the trial court erred in permitting the State
to present evidence of her other crimes, wrongs, or acts pursuant to Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 404(b); and that the trial court erred in characterizing her as a professional
criminal, sentencing her at the top of her range, and imposing consecutive sentences. Based
on our review of the record as a whole, we affirm both appellants’ convictions and sentences.
However, for each appellant, we remand this cause for entry of a single judgment form
reflecting merger of all counts of murder and a single judgment form reflecting merger of

1
Although the technical record in both appellants’ record on appeal is devoid of a judgment form
reflecting their sentences for second degree murder, in its sentencing order, the trial court notes that all
murder convictions would merge into the conviction for each appellant’s Count 6, first degree premeditated
murder. Because we are remanding this case for entry of one judgment on all murder convictions, it is
unnecessary to supplement the record with a separate judgment form reflecting the disposition of the second
degree murder convictions.
2
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
both counts of especially aggravated robbery. Appellant Destiny Hurst’s judgment for
especially aggravated robbery should note consecutive sentence alignment of her thirty-five-
year sentence with her life sentence for murder. We also note, with respect to appellant
Destiny Hurst, that the record does not contain a judgment form for Count 12, knowingly
employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony after having been
previously convicted of the same. Thus, we order the criminal court to supplement the record
with a judgment form reflecting the jury’s verdict of not guilty on this count of the
indictment.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed;
Case Remanded

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OHN E VERETT W ILLIAMS
and R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, JJ., joined.

Bruce E. Poston, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Robert Hurst.

John M. Boucher, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Destiny Hurst.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; John H. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney
General; Randall Eugene Nichols, District Attorney General; and Ta Kisha M. Fitzgerald,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

This case concerns the murder of James Mullins committed during a theft and
especially aggravated robbery at the store he owned and operated.

I. Facts from Trial

The State called James Palmer as its first witness. Mr. Palmer testified that he had
known the victim for twenty to twenty-five years and that he frequented the “variety” store
that the victim had operated. Mr. Palmer drove to the victim’s store on September 22, 2009,
to purchase cigarettes. When he entered, he noticed that the security door had been pushed
into an open position, and the other exit door was also open. He continued to walk inside the
store, and when he looked down the center aisle, he noticed the victim’s leg protruding into
the aisle. As Mr. Palmer progressed, he looked down the next aisle and saw that the victim
was on the floor with a pool of blood around him. Mr. Palmer dialed 9-1-1. While he was
on the telephone with the operator, he observed a 1984 or 1985 blue and silver Chevrolet S-

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10 pick-up truck pulling away from the store via the driveway. He walked back inside,
checked the victim, and advised the operator that the victim was still warm.

The State’s next witness was McKenzie Alleman, a crime scene technician with the
Knox County Sheriff’s Department. He testified that he responded to the crime scene located
at 10011 Rutledge Pike. Through Officer Alleman, the State introduced a videotape of the
crime scene, which Officer Alleman narrated as the State played it for the jury. As he
reviewed the photographs of the crime scene, Officer Alleman noted that he located an
OshKosh clothing tag just inside the front door of the store. The tag had blood on both sides.
Other items were identified and marked as evidence, including .38 caliber live ammunition
and a tag that had been removed from a pair of gloves. Officer Alleman testified that other
individuals were responsible for processing fingerprints and shoe prints that were left in the
blood.

After appellants were identified as suspects, Officer Alleman also assisted in
executing a search warrant for appellants’ residence in January 2010. He identified a fixed-
blade knife that officers found lodged between appellants’ mattress and box spring. He
testified that officers removed several pairs of shoes for testing against the shoeprints from
the crime scene. They also seized a Tupperware container that was missing its lid, wrappers
used for wrapping paper money, and several coin wrappers. Officer Alleman explained that
officers did not search the portion of the residence occupied by Michelle Smith. He further
commented that as part of his investigation, he contacted the OshKosh corporation and
learned that the tag he collected came from an extra large boy’s coat.

The State next called Trina Gregory, an officer with the forensic services division of
the Knox County Sheriff’s Department. She responded to the crime scene at 10011 Rutledge
Pike. Officer Gregory explained that she located “transfer” stains, which were partial shoe
tread prints. She noted the presence of “low-velocity impact” stains, which were consistent
with the victim’s standing up and bleeding, resulting in blood droplets hitting the floor. She
observed “medium-velocity impact” stains, as well. Officer Gregory also assisted in
executing the search warrant of appellants’ residence.

The State’s next witness was Officer Tom Finch, who was assigned to the crime scene
unit of the Knox County Sheriff’s Department. He responded to the crime scene, where he
focused his attention on fingerprints and shoe prints located in the pool of blood. He
photographed the shoe prints he observed, then swabbed them and “developed them with
amido black, which brings them out and fix[es] them in place.” He downloaded the
photographs and sent them to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) for assistance in
identifying the shoe print.

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 Before Officer Finch testified with regard to fingerprint analysis, the State offered him
as an expert witness in the area of latent fingerprint analysis. Following voir dire, the trial
court accepted Officer Finch as an expert in that field. Officer Finch indicated that he would
confirm a fingerprint match if he observed ten to twelve “minutiae points” from each print
that matched. He testified that he believed the FBI considered eight points to be a match.
He further opined that whether a match existed was in large part a matter of discretion with
the reader or interpreter of the evidence.

Officer Finch stated that his primary concern at the crime scene was the presence of
fingerprints in the blood; he focused on examining latent prints collected by other officers
the following day. When he examined items of evidence for latent prints, he discovered a
print on the tag that had been removed from the pair of gloves and was able to “lift” it. He
ran it through a local database and a nationwide database but found no match. He mailed the
fingerprint to the FBI so their analysts could attempt to find a match, but they were
unsuccessful as well. In January 2010, Officer Finch had the opportunity to compare the
latent fingerprint from the crime scene with appellant Robert Hurst’s fingerprint, and he
concluded that the two prints matched, based on his finding sixteen or seventeen points in
common. Sergeant Brad Park and Officer Aaron Allen confirmed his opinion.

The State’s next witness was Keith Proctor, a special agent forensic scientist with the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”). The State offered him as an expert witness in
the areas of serology and DNA analysis, and the trial court accepted him as such. Special
Agent Proctor stated that he performed initial DNA testing on blood found at the crime scene
and determined that it belonged to the victim. He also performed DNA testing on the
clothing tag that was found at the crime scene. He concluded that the blood sample on the
tag contained two different DNA profiles, one from a “major” contributor and one from a
“minor” contributor. The major contributor’s sample was consistent with the victim’s DNA
profile, but testing of the minor contributor’s sample was inconclusive.

Special Agent Proctor testified that he performed a subsequent analysis on two knives
and a steering wheel cover in January 2010. His analysis failed to yield the presence of
blood; thus, he did not perform DNA testing on those items.

The State called Sergeant Brad Park with the crime scene unit of the Knox County
Sheriff’s Department as its next witness. Without objection, the trial court accepted him as
an expert in the field of latent print examination. As part of his responsibilities at the crime
scene, he recovered partial palm print from a counter top near the entrance of the store and
partial prints from the bottom of the cash register tray. He also collected a tag from a pair
of gloves that he analyzed the following day.

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 Sergeant Park testified that after officers obtained the shoe print left in the blood, he
forwarded the print to the FBI for comparison. The FBI was able to determine that the shoe
print was consistent with a Nike Team Trust III athletic shoe. Sergeant Park also explained
that per departmental policy, he reviewed Officer Finch’s comparison of the latent print with
appellant Robert Hurst’s print and confirmed that the two prints were, in fact, a match. He
also described the shortcomings involved in using a computer-aided database to attempt to
obtain a fingerprint match.

Sergeant Park stated that he participated in the execution of the search warrant of
appellants’ residence, where he focused his attention on processing their vehicle. He and
other officers obtained several samples of the carpeting and material inside the vehicle but
did not discover the presence of blood on any of the samples.

The State’s next witness was Eric Gilkerson, an FBI forensic examiner based in
Quantico, Virginia. Mr. Gilkerson testified that he specialized in the identification of shoe
prints and tire tread prints. He testified that the shoe print left at the crime scene was made
by a Nike Team Trust III athletic shoe. It did not match the Nike tennis shoe that officers
seized during execution of the search warrant at appellants’ home.

The trial court next conducted a 404(b) hearing concerning the proposed testimony
of State’s witness Michelle Smith. See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). In the jury-out hearing, Ms.
Smith testified that beginning in July 2009, she and appellant Destiny Hurst would steal from
stores such as Walmart, Lowe’s, Home Depot, and Kohl’s and would sell the stolen
merchandise to other people for half of the listed price. In August 2009, the two women
committed such a theft at Kohl’s department store in Kingsport, Tennessee. Ms. Smith stated
that during that offense, appellant Destiny Hurst stole a pair of men’s Nike Team Trust III
athletic shoes and gave them to her husband. The State introduced a videotape of the crime,
as well as the 9-1-1 recording reporting the theft and the judgment form from appellant
Destiny Hurst’s guilty plea to theft.

Ms. Smith further testified in the jury-out hearing that on September 22, 2009, she and
both appellants were in need of money. The three of them attempted to perpetrate a theft at
a hardware store. Appellant Destiny Hurst planned to “hustle” a Dewalt combination tool
set, valued at $800, so she could sell it for $400 and have money for pills. They attempted
the theft at three different stores but were unsuccessful. Ms. Smith testified that despite the
failed attempts, later in the evening of September 22, 2009, appellants had obtained pills. The
State introduced videotapes of each of the attempts.

The State argued that the evidence from the Kohl’s theft was relevant to establish
identity and evidence of the attempted thefts was relevant to establish motive. Appellants’

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counsel both argued that the evidence was being offered as propensity evidence. The trial
court found that the evidence of appellant’s other crimes, wrongs, or acts was clear and
convincing and that it could be received as probative of identity and motive. After weighing
the probative value of the evidence against the prejudicial effect, the trial court found the
evidence highly probative and the danger of unfair prejudice low. The trial court allowed
Ms. Smith’s testimony, the videotapes, and the documentary evidence.

Ms. Smith then testified before the jury. She stated that she met appellants in July
2009, and she, her husband, and their two daughters moved in with appellants shortly
thereafter. Ms. Smith explained that on August 23, 2009, she and appellant Destiny Hurst
were “hustling” various stores, including Walmart and Kohl’s. Appellant Destiny Hurst
would go into a store and fill a bag or shopping cart with merchandise. As she was about to
exit the store, she would call Ms. Smith on her cellular telephone to alert Ms. Smith that she
was leaving. Ms. Smith would open the passenger side door so that appellant Destiny could
run and jump into the front seat of the vehicle. On that particular day, they “hustled” at a
Kohl’s store, and appellant stole clothing, jewelry, perfume, and a pair of men’s Nike tennis
shoes for her husband. Ms. Smith recalled having seen appellant Robert Hurst wear the
shoes after they were given to him.

Ms. Smith explained that on September 22, 2009, her husband was incarcerated. After
her children boarded the school bus that morning, she and appellants were going to “hustle”
a hardware store to obtain an $800 tool set that appellant Destiny Hurst planned to sell for
$400. Neither Ms. Smith nor appellants had any money. The rent was due; they were out
of cigarettes; and they were all “pill sick,” meaning that they were physically ill from having
not consumed pills lately. Ms. Smith described the three aforementioned failed theft
attempts. She then stated that they all returned home, where she folded laundry and began
dinner preparations. At some point, appellants left the residence. Ms. Smith remembered
that appellants returned around 4:00 p.m. because they returned before her children arrived
home on the school bus. She testified that appellant Robert Hurst was wearing the tennis
shoes that appellant Destiny Hurst stole from Kohl’s.

Ms. Smith further testified that appellant Robert Hurst immediately went to the
bathroom to shower. Appellant Destiny Hurst asked Ms. Smith if she had a first aid kit
because her husband had been cut. They explained that he had been bitten by their dog. Ms.
Smith located the first aid kit and offered assistance to appellant Robert Hurst by bandaging
his arm after he finished showering. She noticed small drops of blood on the shirt he had
been wearing and blood on appellant Destiny Hurst’s shirt, as well. Ms. Smith witnessed
appellants place the clothing and shoes that they had been wearing, including the Nike tennis
shoes, into a large bag. They left the residence shortly thereafter and took the bag with them.
Ms. Smith never saw the bag or the clothing again.

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 Ms. Smith stated that when she was bandaging appellant Robert Hurst’s arm, he gave
her two and one-half packs of Marlboro “red” cigarettes. Later in the day, after appellants
had returned to the residence a second time, they gave Ms. Smith two and one-half “Roxy
30’s.” She indicated that each of appellants also had the same number of pills, which, in her
estimation, sold for approximately $25 each. They also gave her $20. When Ms. Smith
received the $20, she and appellant Destiny Hurst drove to a local store so that Ms. Smith
could purchase menthol cigarettes. They drove past the crime scene at 10011 Rutledge Pike,
and appellant Destiny Hurst commented, “‘I wonder what’s going on. I wonder what
happened.’”

The following day, appellant Robert Hurst inquired of Ms. Smith whether she knew
where he could get rid of a .38 handgun. Ms. Smith advised that perhaps he could trade it
to a drug dealer in the “projects” for drugs, but being a convicted felon, she could not be in
the vehicle with him when he attempted to do so. The day after that, Ms. Smith asked
appellant Destiny Hurst if they were still trying to dispose of the weapon. Appellant Destiny
Hurst advised Ms. Smith that they had gotten rid of it and that no one would ever find it.

Ms. Smith recalled that sometime prior to the date of the robbery and murder, she, her
husband, and appellants had a conversation wherein appellant Robert Hurst displayed a small
“BB” gun that resembled a pistol and tried to convince Ms. Smith’s husband to participate
in a robbery of a “country” store that did not have video surveillance. Mr. Smith refused to
do so. After the murder, Ms. Smith and appellants acquired a newspaper and read about the
facts. They noted a sign in front of the store offering a reward, and appellant Destiny Hurst
commented to Ms. Smith that “$25,000 would really help her change her life.” Appellant
Destiny Hurst also expressed a desire to attend the candlelight vigil being held for the victim,
but Ms. Smith declined because she did not personally know the victim. Appellant said she
wanted to go because all of the neighbors would be there.

On December 26, 2009, Ms. Smith overheard appellant Destiny Hurst’s side of a
telephone conversation, which prompted Ms. Smith to inquire further. Appellant Destiny
Hurst told Ms. Smith about their involvement in the victim’s murder. She stated that she had
used a belt in an attempt to strangle the victim after he had been stabbed, but that the victim
“wouldn’t die.” Ms. Smith did not report the conversation to the police because appellant
Destiny Hurst advised that she would be considered an accessory to the murder.

In January 2010, officers from the Knox County Sheriff’s Department interviewed
Ms. Smith. During the interview, she explained that appellant Robert Hurst brought home
the Tupperware container that the police seized during execution of the search warrant. When
he brought it into the residence on September 22, 2009, it contained rolls of coins. Because

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Ms. Smith was in fear, she subsequently left Tennessee and went to Oklahoma. She was later
extradited by Tennessee and was arrested on three unrelated counts of aggravated burglary.

The State’s next witness was Joseph Harrison, a loss prevention supervisor with
Kohl’s Department Store. He received a call in August 2009 from a female associate who
reported that a woman had run from the store carrying a bag of stolen merchandise. The
following day, he reviewed the video footage and witnessed a woman running from the store.
He noted that the bag she carried contained clothing, perfume, and an orange shoe box. He
identified the shoe box as the Nike brand. At that time, Kohl’s sold Nike Team Trust III
athletic shoes. Mr. Harrison testified that vehicle in which the woman drove away was a
white Jeep and bore the license plate number of 826 WCB.

James Adair, a loss prevention officer with Lowe’s in East Knoxville, next testified.
He was working on September 22, 2009, when he was alerted that a female was attempting
to exit the store via the lawn and garden department with a combination tool kit that she had
not purchased. He examined the video footage and noted that at times, the woman attempted
to conceal the tool kit by covering it with the bag that was included in the set. When the
woman approached the exit, she was stopped by a sales associate.

Donna Grubbs, also an employee of Lowe’s, testified that she was working the gate
of the lawn and garden center on September 22, 2009. A woman pushing a combination tool
set in a shopping cart approached the gate and said that she was going outside to shop for
plants on the sidewalk. Ms. Grubbs informed the woman that they were not permitted to take
such items outside without paying for them first and that she would safeguard the toolkit for
the woman. Ms. Grubbs could a hear a man calling to the woman from outside the gate,
telling her to leave. The woman said that she would go back inside and shop some more but
later returned and again tried to leave through the gate with the tool set. Ms. Grubbs did not
allow her to do so, and upon hearing the man’s voice call again, the woman left the store.

Jamie Rupp, the State’s next witness, was employed by a different Lowe’s in
Knoxville. She received a telephone call from the East Knoxville Lowe’s on September 22,
2009, to be alert to a woman trying to steal a Dewalt combination tool kit. Ms. Rupp
watched the tool area of the store and observed a woman pick up a drill set, examine it, and
replace it on the shelf. The woman then picked up the combination tool set and placed it in
her shopping cart. She proceeded toward the exit door, paused, and looked back and forth
at the door several times. She then walked back through the store, approached the exit again,
and left the building without attempting to steal the combination tool set.

The State’s next witness was Brian Lusk, who worked with appellant Robert Hurst
at Lusk Roofing and Guttering, which was owned by Mr. Lusk’s brother. After the victim

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was killed, Mr. Lusk and appellant were working together out of town. Appellant told Mr.
Lusk that he had packs of cigarettes for sale for $2.00 each. Mr. Lusk found it odd because
he had never known appellant to have anything to sell. Mr. Lusk also stated that appellant
had offered him a pair of socks but that the socks appeared to have a blood stain on them. He
recalled seeing appellant with scrapes and bandages on his arm.

Arlie Lusk, the owner of Lusk Roofing and Guttering, testified next. He indicated that
appellant Robert Hurst was scheduled to work on September 22, 2009, but that he did not
show up for work that day.

The State introduced the 9-1-1 recording through Michael Allen Mayes, the custodian
of records for the Knox County Emergency Communications District. James Palmer made
the 9-1-1 call, which was received at 4:05 p.m. on September 22, 2009. Mr. Mayes also
reviewed the recordings of two other calls that were received that evening. The callers both
indicated that a vehicle bearing appellants’ tag number was “all over the road,” which, the
State asserted, corroborated Ms. Smith’s testimony that appellants purchased pills after the
murder.

The next witness called by the State was Don Carman, a forensic scientist supervisor
with the firearms identification unit of the Metro Nashville Police Department. He was
employed by TBI at the time of the investigation in this case and performed the firearm
identification. The trial court accepted him as an expert in the fields of firearm and tool mark
identification. Agent Carman examined five unfired .38 caliber cartridges, one fired .38 or
.357 caliber metal bullet jacket, and some bullet fragments recovered from the victim. He
explained that the only difference between a .357 caliber bullet and a .38 caliber bullet is the
cartridge or casing. Both size cartridges use a .38 caliber bullet, and manufacturers use them
interchangeably. Agent Carman testified that the bullet that was retrieved from the victim
was consistent with a .38 caliber weapon; however, he did not receive a weapon with which
to compare the fired cartridge or the spent bullets.

Bobbi Mullins, the victim’s sister, was called by the State as its next witness. Ms.
Mullins stated that on September 22, 2009, she arrived at the store around 1:30 p.m. to sort
out greeting cards. She also brought lunch to the victim. She left the store around 2:45 p.m.
Ms. Mullins stated that the victim kept a gun under the counter. She confirmed that the store
sold Marlboro cigarettes and that the victim kept rolled coins in a Tupperware container
behind the counter. When she left the store, the gun was still under the counter.

Dr. Steven Cogswell, a forensic pathologist, testified that he was employed by the
Regional Forensic Medical Center as the deputy chief medical examiner and that he
performed the autopsy on the victim. The trial court accepted him as an expert in forensic

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pathology. Dr. Cogswell testified that from the blood pattern on the victim’s shoes, he
ascertained that the victim was standing when he began bleeding because he dripped blood
onto his shoes. Because there was blood on the soles of the shoes, he gleaned that the victim
was walking through his blood.

Dr. Cogswell identified an abrasion and a bruise along the right side of the victim’s
cheek and eyelid, a bruise and a scrape along the right side of his chin, a stab wound to the
neck, and a row of stab wounds along the left side of the victim’s chest. He also noted a
“squared off” abrasion on the right side of the victim’s neck that ran from the right side of
his throat to the corner of his jaw, running horizontally on the neck, which he characterized
as a “compression abrasion” that was consistent with a belt being pressed or pulled against
the neck. From the photographs, Dr. Cogswell identified the gunshot wound to the victim’s
head and the stippling that was associated with it. Reviewing the stab wounds, Dr. Cogswell
noted injuries to the left lung, the spleen, and the liver, as well as stab wounds to the back
and defensive-type injuries on the back of the victim’s arms and hands. He noted twenty-
eight total stab or incise wounds. He opined that the cause of the victim’s death was the
combination of multiple sharp force injuries of the neck, torso, arms, and hands and a
gunshot wound to the head. Dr. Cogswell examined Exhibit 109, the knife that was
recovered from appellants’ residence, and stated that the victim’s injuries were consistent
with being inflicted by that particular knife. He concluded that the manner of death was
homicide. Following this testimony, the State rested its case-in-chief.

Appellant Robert Hurst presented Matt Sexton, a deputy with the Knox County
Sheriff’s Department, as his first witness. Deputy Sexton testified that they continued to take
photographs and document the vehicles that drove past or stopped at the crime scene because
perpetrators often returned to the scene of a crime. He photographed appellant Destiny Hurst
and Ms. Smith, who had stopped their vehicle and opened a door in the area outside of the
crime scene. He was not aware of whether appellant Robert Hurst had returned to the crime
scene.

On cross-examination, Deputy Sexton explained that the steps taken in trying to
determine the identity of the perpetrators. He stated that they began with the bloody
fingerprint that was taken from the clothing tag. They later received a tip from Sonny
Mullins, the victim’s brother, concerning appellant Robert Hurst. Officer Finch then
matched the bloody fingerprint with appellant Hurst’s fingerprint. Other officers were
involved in executing the search warrant at appellants’ residence. Deputy Sexton was
involved with the interview of Ms. Smith, and he attempted to corroborate as much of her
statement as possible. To do so, they obtained the video surveillance from Kohl’s and
Lowe’s. The Tupperware container and empty coin rolls seized at appellants’ residence also
corroborated Ms. Smith’s statement.

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 Appellant Robert Hurst next called Stevie Isom, who had been incarcerated with Ms.
Smith since November 2011. Ms. Isom claimed that Ms. Smith had confided that she had
been seated in the Jeep in the parking lot outside of the store when the murder occurred. Ms.
Smith told Ms. Isom that she “freaked out” when she heard the gunshot. Ms. Smith also
allegedly told Ms. Isom that when they returned to their home, she helped appellants clean
up, assisted them in disposing of the bags of their clothing, and bandaged appellant Robert
Hurst’s arm because he had been scratched by the victim.

On cross-examination, Ms. Isom stated that Ms. Smith told her that appellants exited
the Jeep and entered the store because appellant Robert Hurst had discussed robbing the
store. After the gunshot, Ms. Smith said that appellants fled from the store, and appellant
Robert Hurst instructed her to drive normally as they left. Ms. Smith described to Ms. Isom
that appellants had blood on them. She also told Ms. Isom that appellants gave her two and
one-half thirty-milligram Roxys later that day.

Appellant Robert Hurst’s final witness was Rashena Weston, who had also been
incarcerated with Ms. Smith. Ms. Weston confirmed that Ms. Smith had stated that she was
present in the Jeep outside of the store when the murder was committed, that she was “paid”
with two and one-half Roxys, and that she bandaged appellant Robert Hurst’s arm. Ms.
Smith also told Ms. Weston that appellants had tried to strangle the victim, but he would not
die, so they had to shoot him.

Following deliberations, the jury found both appellants guilty of four counts of felony
murder (committed during the attempt to perpetrate theft, during the perpetration of theft,
during the attempt to perpetrate robbery, and during the perpetration of robbery); one count
of second degree murder, a lesser-included offense of felony murder; one count of
premeditated first degree murder; and two counts of especially aggravated robbery (by taking
with violence and by placing the victim in fear). The jury found both appellants not guilty
of two counts of especially aggravated kidnapping, appellant Robert Hurst not guilty of one
count of employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony, and appellant
Destiny Hurst not guilty of two counts of employing a firearm during the commission of a
dangerous felony, one of which was based on a prior conviction for the same. In its
sentencing order, the trial court merged all murder convictions into Count 6, first degree
premeditated murder, because they each involved the same victim. It sentenced each
appellant to life in prison for that conviction. It sentenced appellant Robert Hurst to eighteen
years for especially aggravated robbery, to be served concurrently with his life sentence, and
appellant Destiny Hurst to thirty-five years for especially aggravated robbery, to be served
consecutively to her life sentence. The trial court denied appellants’ motions for a new trial,
and this appeal follows.

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 II. Analysis

Appellant Robert Hurst advances the following issues on appeal from his convictions:
(1) sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for felony murder committed during
a theft or attempted theft; (2) sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for felony
murder committed during a robbery or attempted robbery; (3) sufficiency of the evidence
supporting his conviction for felony murder committed during an especially aggravated
robbery or attempted especially aggravated robbery;3 (4) the conflict surrounding the manner
in which authorities matched his fingerprint to the bloody fingerprint found at the scene; and
(5) the trial court’s failure to poll the jury as to Michelle Smith’s status as an accomplice.
Appellant Destiny Hurst raises the following claims of error on appeal: (1) the trial court’s
denying her motion for judgment of acquittal based on insufficient evidence; (2) the State’s
failure to corroborate the testimony of the alleged accomplice Michelle Smith; (3) alleged
Brady violations committed by the State; (4) the trial court’s permitting the State to present
evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Evidence 404(b);
(5) the trial court’s failure to poll the jury as to Michelle Smith’s status as an accomplice; and
(6) the trial court’s characterizing her as a professional criminal, sentencing her at the top of
her range, and imposing consecutive sentences.

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

1. Applicable Law

a. Standard of Review for Sufficiency of the Evidence

The standard for appellate review of a claim challenging the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (citing Johnson
v. Louisiana, 406 U.S. 356, 362 (1972)); see Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); State v. Davis, 354
S.W.3d 718, 729 (Tenn. 2011). To obtain relief on a claim of insufficient evidence, appellant
must demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. This standard of
review is identical whether the conviction is predicated on direct or circumstantial evidence,

3
Appellant Robert Hurst raises sufficiency of the evidence underlying felony murder committed
during the perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate especially aggravated robbery as an issue. However,
because appellant was neither charged with nor convicted of this offense, we will not address this issue in
our analysis. Insofar as he may be asserting insufficiency of the evidence underlying the conviction for
especially aggravated robbery, we conclude that sufficient evidence supports this conviction.

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or a combination of both. State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v.
Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn. 1977).

On appellate review, “‘we afford the prosecution the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn
therefrom.’” Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (quoting State v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn.
2010)); State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In a jury trial, questions involving the credibility of witnesses and
the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual disputes raised by the
evidence, are resolved by the jury as trier of fact. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997); State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990). This court presumes that the jury
has afforded the State all reasonable inferences from the evidence and resolved all conflicts
in the testimony in favor of the State; as such, we will not substitute our own inferences
drawn from the evidence for those drawn by the jury, nor will we re-weigh or re-evaluate the
evidence. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379; Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835; see State v. Sheffield,
676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Because a jury conviction removes the presumption of
innocence that appellant enjoyed at trial and replaces it with one of guilt at the appellate
level, the burden of proof shifts from the State to the convicted appellant, who must
demonstrate to this court that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s findings.
Davis, 354 S.W.3d at 729 (citing State v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 65 (Tenn. 2011)).

b. Felony Murder

Felony murder is defined as “[a] killing of another committed in the perpetration of
or attempt to perpetrate any first degree murder, act of terrorism, arson, rape, robbery,
burglary, theft, kidnapping, aggravated child abuse, aggravated child neglect or aircraft
piracy.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2)(2010). Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-13-202 also provides that “[n]o culpable mental state is required for conviction under
subdivision (a)(2) . . . except the intent to commit the enumerated offenses or acts.”

c. Accomplice Testimony

Further, when a conviction is supported by the testimony of an accomplice, it is
necessary to ascertain the sufficiency of the evidence in terms of whether the State presented
corroboration of any accomplice’s testimony. “[A] conviction may not be based solely upon
the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice to the offense.” State v. Bane, 57 S.W.3d
411, 419 (Tenn. 2001) (citing State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d 689 (Tenn. 2001)). Our supreme
court has explained:

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 There must be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the accomplice’s
testimony, which, taken by itself, leads to the inference, not only that a crime
has been committed, but also that the defendant is implicated in it; and this
independent corroborative testimony must also include some fact establishing
the defendant’s identity. This corroborative evidence may be direct or entirely
circumstantial, and it need not be adequate, in and of itself, to support a
conviction; it is sufficient to meet the requirements of the rule if it fairly and
legitimately tends to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime
charged. It is not necessary that the corroboration extend to every part of the
accomplice’s evidence.

Id. at 419.

This court reiterated, “An accomplice is defined as one who ‘knowingly, voluntarily,
and with common intent participates with the principal offender in the commission of the
crime alleged in the charging instrument.’” State v. Tyree Robinson, W2008-01001-CCA-R3-
CD, 2009 WL 1741401, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 16, 2009) (quoting State v. Griffis, 964
S.W.2d 577, 588 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). The pivotal inquiry into whether a witness is
an accomplice rests upon “whether the witness could be indicted for the same offense as the
defendant.” Id. (citing State v. Green, 915 S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State
v. Lawson, 794 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)).

2. Appellant Robert Hurst’s Conviction for Felony Murder Committed
during a Theft or Attempted Theft

We review these claims in light of the applicable law set forth supra. Specific to this
issue, theft of property is defined as follows: “A person commits theft of property if, with
intent to deprive the owner of property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control
over the property without the owner’s effective consent.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-103(a).

The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, establishes that
appellant Robert Hurst’s bloody fingerprint was found at the scene of the victim’s murder.
He was later seen by Ms. Smith in possession of the Tupperware container that the victim
used to store rolled coins, as well as empty coin roll wrappers. Law enforcement officers
seized that evidence when they executed the search warrant at appellant’s residence.
Appellant Robert Hurst was seen wearing a pair of Nike athletic shoes that matched the shoe
tread print left in the victim’s blood at the scene. Although the shoes were never recovered,
the witness from Kohl’s confirmed that appellant Destiny Hurst stole the same shoes from
their store. Ms. Smith testified that while appellants did not have money for cigarettes or
pills earlier on the day of September 22, 2009, after they left together and returned later in

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the afternoon, they had cigarettes for everyone and pills to share. Ms. Smith witnessed
appellants’ bloody clothing and bandaged appellant Robert Hurst’s arm after being scratched,
injuries which he asserted were caused by a dog. Ms. Smith also testified to a conversation
involving appellant Robert Hurst and her husband in which appellant suggested that they rob
a “country” store that did not have video surveillance. The evidence established that
appellant Robert Hurst stole rolled coins, cash, and cigarettes from the victim’s store.
Moreover, the proof clearly demonstrated that the victim was killed during the course of the
theft. From this evidence, the jury had sufficient evidence by which to convict appellant
Robert Hurst of felony murder committed during a theft or attempted theft.

3. Appellant Robert Hurst’s Conviction for Felony Murder Committed
during a Robbery or Attempted Robbery

Specific to this issue, robbery is defined as “the intentional or knowing theft of
property from the person of another by violence or putting the person in fear.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-401(a) (2010). Appellant reiterates the same arguments as set forth in his first
issue, supra, but adds that there is no evidence of any prior intent to rob the victim. He posits
that “[i]t is just as likely that an unplanned confrontation took place that resulted in [the
victim’s] death” and that perhaps after the “tragedy,” appellant or his accomplice took items
from the store, thereby committing a misdemeanor theft.

With regard to appellant’s argument, our supreme court has stated that in felony
murder cases, “[t]he killing must have had an intimate relation and close connection with the
felony . . . and not be separate, distinct, and independent from it.” Thacker, 164 S.W.2d at
223 (citations and quotations omitted). “The killing ‘may precede, coincide with, or follow
the felony and still be considered as occurring “in the perpetration of”’ the felony offense,
so long as there is a connection in time, place, and continuity of action.’” Id. (quoting State
v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tenn. 1999)).

The evidence presented establishes a connection in time, place, and continuity of
action. In addition, the medical examiner’s testimony clearly proves that the taking of the
victim’s property was accomplished by extreme violence. Moreover, the jury resolved all
factual disputes raised by the evidence in favor of the State. See Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659.
We cannot say that “no reasonable trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The evidence
establishing appellant’s identity as well as other supporting evidence, as set forth above, is
sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for felony murder committed during the course
of a robbery or attempted robbery.

4. Appellant Destiny Hurst’s Convictions for Felony Murder

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 In her brief, appellant Destiny Hurst does not specify which conviction(s) for felony
murder she is contesting for lack of evidence. She simply asserts that “the only evidence
linking Ms. Hurst is the uncorroberated [sic] testimony of Ms. Michelle Smith, an
accomplice.”

Ms. Smith witnessed appellants return to their residence with blood on their clothing
and watched them dispose of the clothing and shoes in a bag. Appellants shared cigarettes
and pills with Ms. Smith, which they did not have the money to purchase earlier in the day,
supporting the conviction for felony murder committed during perpetration of or attempt to
perpetrate a theft. In addition, Michelle Smith overheard appellant Destiny Hurst’s end of
a telephone call, which prompted a conversation between them wherein appellant stated that
she tried to strangle the victim with a belt, but he would not die, supporting the conviction
for felony murder committed during perpetration of or attempt to perpetrate robbery by
means of violence. The medical examiner’s testimony corroborated that the victim sustained
injuries that were, in fact, consistent with being strangled by a belt.

After defining “accomplice” and “corroboration” in its jury instructions, the trial court
stated, “In this case[,] it is a question for the jury to determine whether the witness, Michelle
Smith, was an accomplice in this alleged crime.” It further instructed:

If you find from the proof that the witness was an accomplice, then the
defendant cannot be convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of this
witness. If you find that the witness was not an accomplice, then you will
judge the weight to be given to her testimony just as you do that of any other
witnesses in the case.

Even if the jury found that Ms. Smith was an accomplice, the State presented sufficient
evidence to corroborate her testimony. Ms. Smith testified that on the day of the robbery-
murder of the victim, appellants brought home a Tupperware container that was missing its
lid. Police officers collected the Tupperware container from appellants’ residence, and Ms.
Mullins, the victim’s sister, confirmed that the Tupperware container was used by the victim
in his store. Ms. Smith testified that appellant Destiny Hurst said she had tried to strangle
the victim, and the medical examiner confirmed that the victim had been strangled. Ms.
Smith testified about the common scheme to “hustle” various stores in the area, and the State
presented evidence of this scheme from three different retail stores.

The jury was instructed on how to evaluate the evidence if it found that Ms. Smith was
an accomplice and how to evaluate the evidence if it found that she was not. “[J]urors are
presumed to follow the instructions given them absent evidence to the contrary.” State v.
Jordan, 116 S.W.3d 8, 18 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). We cannot say that “no reasonable trier

-16-
of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.”
See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The evidence establishing appellant’s identity as well as other
supporting evidence, as set forth above, is sufficient to support appellant’s convictions for
felony murder.

5. Allegations of a Brady Violation Based on
Non-Disclosure of the Jailhouse Witnesses

As part of her sufficiency argument, appellant Destiny Hurst maintains that the State
violated the tenets of Brady v. Maryland by failing to disclose the existence of jailhouse
witnesses who would testify that Ms. Smith had confessed her involvement to them and that
Ms. Smith planned to lie on the witness stand.

In Jordan v. State, this court summarized the application of Brady as follows:

In Brady v. Maryland, the Supreme Court held that “suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due
process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,
irrespective of good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” In United States v.
Bagley, the Supreme Court held that both exculpatory and impeachment
evidence fall under the Brady rule.

....

Before an accused is entitled to relief under this theory, he must
establish several prerequisites: (a) the defendant requested the information,
unless the information was obviously exculpatory; (b) the prosecution must
have suppressed the evidence; (c) the evidence suppressed must have been
favorable to the accused; and (d) the evidence must have been material.

....

Evidence is considered material only if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the results of the
proceeding would have been different. In Kyles, the United States Supreme
Court explained that “a showing of materiality does not require demonstration
by a preponderance that disclosure of the suppressed evidence would have
resulted ultimately in the defendant’s acquittal . . . .” Rather, the question is
whether the defendant received a fair trial, “understood as a trial resulting in
a verdict worthy of confidence,” in the absence of the suppressed evidence. In

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 order to prove a Brady violation, a defendant must show that “the favorable
evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole case in such a different
light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.” The Court in Kyles urged that
the cumulative effect of the suppressed evidence be considered to determine
materiality. Thus, the materiality of the suppressed evidence must be
evaluated within the context of the entire record as to how it impacts the
innocence or guilt of the accused.

Jordan v. State, 343 S.W.3d 84, 96-97 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011) (internal citations omitted).

Appellant’s Brady claim fails for several reasons. First, there is no evidence that the
State withheld the evidence. In a jury-out hearing, counsel for appellant Robert Hurst
announced:

Less than an hour ago[,] Ms. Fitzgerald approached me and said that one of the
detectives in the sheriff’s department had told her that an inmate had said that
Michelle Smith had told her she was there at the scene. This just happened an
hour ago or less. And it’s to Ms. Fitzgerald’s credit that she has told us that.
So this comes as a surprise to everyone[,] including Ms. Fitzgerald.

The first witness, Ms. Isom, said that Ms. Smith first disclosed this information on the
Thursday prior to trial. Ms. Isom also stated, “[E]ver since she told me that Thursday[,] . .
. it’s been bothering me. . . . [S]o I talked to an officer about it[,] and she said that if I wanted
to that she could maybe talk to a detective. And I spoke with a detective and then here I am.”
She confirmed that she spoke with a “lady detective” on the day that she testified. Ms.
Weston testified that Ms. Smith had only talked with her about the case for “the last couple
of days.” As such, we do not conclude that the State withheld evidence. The State disclosed
the information as soon as it became aware of the witnesses.

B. Conflicting Evidence Surrounding Appellant Robert Hurst’s Fingerprint

Appellant Robert Hurst submits that given the conflict surrounding the identification
of his fingerprint, “the jury could not rely on the officer’s testimony that the print was
[appellant’s] . . . beyond a reasonable doubt . . . .”

The trial court accepted Officer Finch as an expert in the area of latent fingerprint
analysis. He testified that he entered the photograph of the latent fingerprint into several
computerized databases but did not receive a match. He explained that the computer
generated several possibilities, but upon his further examination, none of them matched the

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latent fingerprint recovered from the scene. Demonstrating for the jury, Officer Finch
testified with regard to how a computer may not recognize a known print in its database:

[I]f one of these ridges stopped, it comes to a stop, that is a ridge ending. That
is a minutiae point. On your finger[,] that’s the way it is. That’s the pattern,
that’s the design, that’s the ridge flow that each person has. If I do
construction, if I work something that I’m wearing my skin off, or I have
injuries or scrapes, fingerprint powder that this is preserved in or the pressure
on the fingerprint machine that’s scanning your finger in, you may have two
ridges that come together[,] and they do not meet. Well, that void area may be
due to damage, or abrasion, or scratch, or scrape, so the computer reads it as
two minutiae points, where in fact, it’s still a continuous ridge on your finger.
That’s information that the computer is trying to decipher as it’s searching.
And you get enough of those discrepancies[,] the computer is going to
eliminate that person, that pattern, as a potential person and go on to the next
closest relationship of minutiae points that it thinks you’re looking for.

Further, he stated:

The computer doesn’t match a fingerprint anyway. It’s the examiner
who makes the final decision.

....

[The computer] looks at what it’s got in its system, the points it’s got and the
points that I enter . . . .

....

And if those points are different – entered differently due to a nick or
a scratch on the rolled finger that the computer sees as ridging, it may ignore
the actual minutiae points that we enter on our latent fingerprint, that it
disregards because it’s got big nice clean ridge endings in clusters so it may
skip everything that I’m searching for in false minutiae points.

Officer Finch explained to the jury how a computer could fail to provide a match but
the examiner could discern a match. The jury resolved all factual disputes raised by the
evidence and accredited the testimony of Officer Finch. See Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. We
will not disturb the jury’s verdict. Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

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 C. The Trial Court’s Failure to Poll the Jury as to Michelle Smith’s
Status as an Accomplice

Appellants both claim that the trial court erred by failing to poll the jury on whether
it found Michelle Smith to be an accomplice. They argue that “Ms. Smith was never
introduced by the Court or the State as a potential accomplice witness. The jury was never
asked to consider the need for corroboration for Ms. Smith’s testimony during its
deliberations.”

As set forth fully above, the trial court defined “accomplice” and “corroboration” in
its jury instructions. It then instructed the jury with regard to how to evaluate the evidence
in light of whether Ms. Smith was an accomplice.

Turning to the issue of polling the jury on Ms. Smith’s status as an accomplice, we
note that a trial court, “in which suits are tried by juries, in both criminal and civil cases, shall
be required to poll the jury on application of either the state or the defendant in criminal cases
and either the plaintiff or the defendant in civil cases, without exception.” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 20-9-508 (2010). Case law defines “polling” as “to ascertain by questions to jurors,
individually, whether each assents to the verdict.” Dixon Stave & Heading Co., Inc. v.
Archer, 291 S.W.2d 603, 607-08 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1956). “[I]n the absence of a statute
prescribing the method of conducting a poll of the jury, the method is entirely within the
discretion of the trial judge, whose judgment will not be disturbed unless it clearly appears
that there was abuse of discretion.” Davis v. Wilson, 522 S.W.2d 872, 883 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1974) (quotations omitted). This court is unaware of any authority requiring a trial court to
poll a jury on an issue other than whether each juror assents to the verdict, and the State
correctly notes that appellant has provided no authority in support of such a request. “Issues
[that] are not supported by argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the
record will be treated as waived in this court.” Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b). Waiver
notwithstanding, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion, and we deny
relief on the merits of this issue.

D. The State’s Failure to Provide Pre-Trial Notice of its Intent to Introduce Evidence
of Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts Pursuant to Rule 404(b)

Appellant Destiny Hurst challenges the admission of 404(b) evidence of other crimes,
wrongs, or acts. See Tenn. R. Evid. 404(b). She claims that the State failed to provide pre-
trial notice of its intent to introduce such evidence, and that because of the State’s failure, she
was prejudiced. It is noteworthy that appellant does not challenge the trial court’s ruling but
only challenges the State’s failure to provide notice of its intent to use the evidence.

-20-
 The State introduced evidence through Michelle Smith, Joseph Harrison, James Adair,
Donna Grubbs, and Jamie Rupp concerning appellant Destiny Hurst’s illegal activities, which
Ms. Smith referred to as “hustling.” The State offered testimonial evidence as well as video
surveillance and a transcript of Mr. Harrison’s 9-1-1 call. All of the evidence, set forth
above, demonstrated appellant’s stealing or attempting to steal from Kohl’s, Lowe’s, and
Home Depot.

Contrary to appellant’s assertion, Rule 404(b) itself does not contain a notice
provision; it does, however, require a jury-out hearing prior to introduction of the evidence.
The trial court held the required jury-out hearing, after which the following exchange
occurred:

COUNSEL (DH)4 : Requiring pretrial notice, we’ve not received any. We’ve
asked for it in our own motion, and at this point we’re
not allowing –

STATE: 404(b) doesn’t require pretrial notice, it just requires a
jury out hearing. I mean, again, they’re on notice
because I provided all of this to them in discovery.
404(b) does not require pretrial notice.

COURT: If you have provided it in discovery[,] that takes care of
it. Now, they’re saying . . . it’s the notice to use.

STATE: Notice to use is not required under 404(b).

COURT: Yeah, no.

COUNSEL (RH): We do – we have that in the discovery.

COURT: Okay. If it got to them in discovery[,] then there’s no
unfair surprise here.

We find no authority, and appellant directs us to none, dictating that the State provide
pretrial notice of intent to use 404(b) evidence. To the contrary, this court has stated that “the
State was not required to file its written notice of proposed Rule 404(b) evidence prior to
trial.” State v. David Kyle Gilley, No. M2003-00499-CCA-R9-CD, 2004 WL 367705, at *1

4
For purposes of this exchange, we will refer to counsel for appellant Destiny Hurst as “Counsel
(DH)” and appellant Robert Hurst as “Counsel (RH).”

-21-
(Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 26, 2004), rev’d on other grounds, 173 S.W.3d 1(Tenn. 2005). In
addition, appellant received all of the evidence, including the video surveillance and 9-1-1
recording, in discovery; thus, appellant had notice of the evidence and even advised the court
prior to the beginning of trial, “I think also if we go to any character evidence that may come
out, there may be some statements about my client’s propensity for violence and things of
that nature.” Because the State complied with discovery as dictated by Rule 16 of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure, appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

E. The Trial Court Erred in Characterizing Appellant Destiny Hurst as a Career
Criminal, Sentencing Her at the Top of Her Range, and Ordering Consecutive Sentences

Appellant Destiny Hurst claims several errors with respect to the trial court’s
sentencing her: (1) the trial court considered an incorrect number of convictions; (2) the trial
court considered one offense for which appellant was not convicted; (3) the trial court
incorrectly applied enhancement factors, including exceptional cruelty, that were elements
of the offense; and (4) the trial court erred in ordering consecutive sentences.

1. Standard of Review

In determining an appropriate sentence, a trial court must consider the following
factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) evidence
and information offered by the parties on mitigating and enhancement factors; (6) any
statistical information provided by the administrative office of the courts as to sentencing
practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; (7) any statement the defendant makes on his
own behalf as to sentencing; and (8) the potential for rehabilitation. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-
35-103(5), -113, -210(b) (2010); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (2010 & Supp. 2012). In
addition, “[t]he sentence imposed should be the least severe measure necessary to achieve
the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(4) (2010 &
Supp. 2012).

Pursuant to the 2005 amendments, the Sentencing Act abandoned the statutory
presumptive minimum sentence and rendered enhancement factors advisory only. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-114 (2010 & Supp. 2012); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c) (2010). The
2005 amendments set forth certain “advisory sentencing guidelines” that are not binding on
the trial court; however, the trial court must nonetheless consider them. See id. § 40-35-
210(c). Although the application of the factors is advisory, a court shall consider “[e]vidence
and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and enhancement factors in §§ 40-
35-113 and 40-35-114.” Id. § 40-35-210(b)(5). The trial court must also place on the record

-22-
“what enhancement or mitigating factors were considered, if any, as well as the reasons for
the sentence, to ensure fair and consistent sentencing.” Id. § 40-35-210(e). The weighing
of mitigating and enhancing factors is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. State v.
Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 345 (Tenn. 2008). The burden of proving applicable mitigating
factors rests upon appellant. State v. Mark Moore, No. 03C01-9403-CR-00098, 1995 WL
548786, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 18, 1995). The trial court’s weighing of the various
enhancement and mitigating factors is not grounds for reversal under the revised Sentencing
Act. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 345 (citing State v. Devin Banks, No. W2005-02213-CCA-R3-
DD, 2007 WL 1966039, at *48 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 6, 2007), aff’d as corrected, 271
S.W.3d 90 (Tenn. 2008)).

When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, this court
reviews the trial court’s sentencing determination under an abuse of discretion standard
accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness. State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn.
2012). If a trial court misapplies an enhancing or mitigating factor in passing sentence, said
error will not remove the presumption of reasonableness from its sentencing determination.
Id. at 709. This court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within
the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Id. at 709-10. Moreover,
under such circumstances, appellate courts may not disturb the sentence even if we had
preferred a different result. See Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346. The party challenging the
sentence imposed by the trial court has the burden of establishing that the sentence is
erroneous. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (2010), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.; State v. Ashby,
823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).

2. Trial Court’s Sentencing Order

In its sentencing order, the trial court first found appellant to be a Range II offender.
It then found the following enhancement factors: (1) Factor (5), that appellant treated or
allowed the victim to be treated with exceptional cruelty, based on the testimony of the
medical examiner that the knife wounds would have been fatal, but appellants then tried to
strangle the victim while he lay helpless on the floor; (2) Factor (8), that appellant has failed
to comply with the conditions of a sentence involving release into the community; and Factor
(13), that at the time of the offense, appellant was on probation for a theft conviction from
Jefferson County. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(5), (8), (13) (2010 & Supp. 2012). The
trial court noted that although it found three enhancement factors, two of the factors were
based on the same violation of probation; thus, it did “not set her sentence at the maximum
end of the range.” The court imposed a sentence of thirty-five years.

-23-
 The trial court next considered sentence alignment and ordered consecutive sentencing
based on its finding that appellant “is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted her
life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(1)
(2010). It based this finding on appellants’ supporting themselves and their pill addiction by
“hustling.” The court also found that appellant “is an offender whose record of criminal
activity is extensive” based on her seven prior felony convictions, including a 1993
conviction for conspiracy to take a human life,5 a 1998 conviction for conspiracy to commit
murder, and a 2010 conviction for aggravated burglary. Id. § 40-35-115(b)(2). Based on
finding two of the statutory factors permitting imposition of consecutive sentences, the trial
court ordered appellant’s thirty-five year sentence to be served consecutively to her sentence
of life imprisonment.

3. Appellant’s Offender Range

Appellant’s presentence report indicates that she was convicted of aggravated burglary
in 2010; criminal trespass in 2008; theft of property, Class E felony, in 2009 (two unrelated
counts); theft of property, Class A misdemeanor, in 2008 (five unrelated counts spanning
2006-2008); resisting arrest in 2007; and conspiracy to commit murder in 1998. Our review
of the judgment forms indicates that the trial court noted that appellant was a standard
offender for the murder convictions but did not note a sentencing range for her especially
aggravated robbery convictions.6 However, in it sentencing order, the trial court confirms
that it sentenced appellant as a Range II offender, and its imposition of a thirty-five year
sentence for especially aggravated robbery supports that statement. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-112 (2010) (noting that the range of punishment for a Range II offender convicted of
a Class A felony is twenty-five (25) to forty (40) years). That was the lowest release
eligibility classification for which appellant qualified, as she had been convicted of at least
four prior felonies. See Tenn. Code Ann.§ 40-35-109 (2010). Even if the trial court
considered one conviction, as appellant argues, incorrectly, she was not prejudiced by the
trial court’s sentencing her as a standard offender.

Contrary to appellant’s assertion, the number of prior convictions does not equate to
the number of years to which a trial court sentences a defendant, although it would impact
the sentencing range. Inasmuch as appellant’s argument may be construed as the trial court’s

5
The State lists a 1993 conviction for conspiracy to take a human life, and the trial court noted said
conviction in sentencing appellant Destiny Hurst. However, the presentence report does not contain such
a conviction. This is without relevance to a determination of her sentencing range, because the trial court
sentenced appellant at the lowest classification for which she was eligible.
6
We instruct the trial court to note appellant’s status as a Range II offender on the corrected
judgment forms.

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improperly considering an incorrect number7 of convictions in finding her to be a
professional criminal, we reiterate a prior conclusion from this court: “[T]he defendant’s
sparse employment history coupled with the sheer number of [her] prior convictions supports
a determination that [she] is[,] indeed[,] a professional criminal.” State v. Allen Prentice
Blye, No. E2001-01375-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31487524, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov.
1, 2002), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2003). Appellant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

4. Applicability of Enhancement Factors

Appellant also contends that the trial court erred in applying the exceptional cruelty
enhancing factor because it was an element of the offense of especially aggravated robbery.
Our supreme court has held:

[W]e first note that “exceptional cruelty” is not an element of especially
aggravated robbery. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-403(a)(2)(1991). Moreover,
we conclude that proof of serious bodily injury, which is an element of
especially aggravated robbery, does not necessarily establish the enhancement
factor of “exceptional cruelty.” In other words, the facts in a case may support
a finding of “exceptional cruelty” that “demonstrates a culpability distinct from
and appreciably greater than that incident to” the crime of especially
aggravated robbery. See State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 603. If so, a sentence
may be properly enhanced on this basis.

As the Court of Criminal Appeals has explained, the “trial court should
state what actions of the defendant, apart from the elements of the offense,
constituted ‘exceptional cruelty.’” State v. Goodwin, 909 S.W.2d 35, 45 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995).

State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 99 (Tenn. 1997).

In accordance with established case law, the trial court stated what actions, apart from
the elements of the offense, constituted “exceptional cruelty.” It noted that despite inflicting
numerous stab wounds upon the victim, which would have been fatal, appellant attempted,
unsuccessfully, to strangle the victim with a belt with enough force to cause a “compression

7
We note for the record that the trial court stated that appellant had seven felony convictions. Our
review of her criminal history, as contained in the presentence report, lists four felony convictions and seven
misdemeanor convictions. Regardless of whether her felonies numbered four or seven, the record is
nonetheless sufficient to support the trial court’s finding appellant to be a professional criminal and imposing
consecutive sentences.

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abrasion” on the victim’s neck that ran from the right side of his throat to the corner of his
jaw horizontally along his neck. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining
that appellant Destiny Hurst treated the victim with exceptional cruelty.

5. Consecutive Sentence Alignment

The determination of whether to order consecutive rather than concurrent sentences
is a matter primarily within the discretion of the trial court. See State v. Hastings, 25 S.W.3d
178, 181 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The procedure is governed by Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-115, which lists the factors that are relevant to a trial court’s
sentencing decision. The court may order consecutive sentences if it finds by a
preponderance of the evidence that one or more of the seven statutory criteria exists. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b) (2010). Imposition of consecutive sentences must be “justly
deserved in relation to the seriousness of the offense.” Id. § 40-35-102(1). The length of the
resulting consecutive sentence must be “no greater than that deserved for the offense
committed.” Id. § 40-35-103(2).

The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that appellant was a professional
criminal based upon appellants’ supporting themselves by “hustling.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-115(b)(1) (2010). We reiterate that her “sparse employment history coupled with the
sheer number of [her] prior convictions supports a determination that [she] is[,] indeed[,] a
professional criminal.” Allen Prentice Blye, 2002 WL 31487524, at *12. Based on her
criminal history, the trial court properly found that appellant “is an offender whose record
of criminal activity is extensive.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(2) (2010). The trial
court did not abuse its discretion in ordering appellant Destiny Hurst to serve her sentences
consecutively.

III. Merger

While the trial court recognized that merger of all of appellants’ convictions for
murder into their conviction for first degree premeditated murder and merger of their dual
convictions for especially aggravated robbery would be proper, the judgments fail to reflect
merger of these convictions. See State v. Banes, 874 S.W.2d 73, 81 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)
(noting that pursuant to the doctrine of merger, the lesser conviction merges with the greater
offense, resulting in one judgment of conviction), rev’d on other grounds, State v. Williams,
977 S.W.2d 101 (Tenn. 1998). Accordingly, we remand this cause for entry of a single
judgment form for each appellant reflecting merger of all murder convictions into Count 6,
first degree premeditated murder; and entry of a single judgment form for each appellant
reflecting merger of both counts of especially aggravated robbery. See State v. Forrest

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Melvin Moore, Jr., No. M2012-02059-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 3874934, at *6 (Tenn. Crim.
App. July 25, 2013).

CONCLUSION

Based on our thorough review of the record, the applicable legal authorities, the briefs
of the parties, and the arguments of counsel, we affirm appellants’ convictions and sentences.
We remand this cause for entry of corrected judgments as set forth supra and order entry of
a judgment of not guilty for appellant Destiny Hurst’s conviction for Count 12, knowingly
employing a firearm during the commission of a dangerous felony after having been
previously convicted of the same. We also order correction of appellant Destiny Hurst’s
judgment forms to reflect that her sentence for especially aggravated robbery should be
served consecutively to her life sentence for murder. In addition, the judgment should reflect
her Range II offender status.

_________________________________
ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

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