AOL, Inc. (Successor to America Online, Inc.), on its Own Behalf and as Assignee of Sprint Communications Company, L. P., and Sprint Communications Company, L. P. v. Richard H. Roberts, in his Capacity as Commissioner of Revenue for the State of Tennesse

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
May 9, 2013 Session

AOL, INC. (SUCCESSOR TO AMERICA ONLINE, INC.), ON ITS OWN BEHALF
AND AS ASSIGNEE OF SPRINT COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY, L. P., AND
SPRINT COMMUNICATIONS COMPANY, L. P. v. RICHARD H.
ROBERTS, IN HIS CAPACITY AS COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE FOR THE
STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
No. 052337IV, 063097IV Russell T. Perkins, Chancellor

No. M2012-01937-COA-R3-CV - Filed August 12, 2013

Taxpayers appeal from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
Commissioner and dismissal of the taxpayers’ claims for refund of sales taxes paid to the
State of Tennessee. Holding that the service at issue was not excluded from the definition
of taxable telecommunications as a private line service or as an enhanced service, we affirm
the judgment of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed

R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which A NDY D. B ENNETT, J.,
joined. P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P. J., M. S., not participating.

Patricia Head Moskal and Joseph W. Gibbs, Nashville, Tennessee; and Martin I. Eisenstein,
Lewiston, Maine, for the Appellants, AOL, Inc. (successor to America Online, Inc.), on its
own behalf and as assignee of Sprint Communications Company, L. P., and Sprint
Communications Company, L. P.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; William E. Young, Solicitor General;
and Jonathan N. Wike, Senior Counsel, for the Appellee, Richard H. Roberts, in his capacity
as Commissioner of Revenue for the State of Tennessee.
 OPINION

I. F ACTS AND P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY

This appeal arises out of an action brought by America Online, Inc. (“AOL”), a
provider of online services to customers throughout the world, and Sprint Communications
Company, L.P. (“Sprint”), a telecommunications service provider, for a refund of taxes
collected by the Commissioner of Revenue for the State of Tennessee (“Commissioner”)
during the years 2000 through 2003. Sprint collected the taxes on AOL’s purchase of high-
speed data transmission services from Sprint known as port modem management services
based on the location of modems in Tennessee and remitted payment to the Tennessee
Department of Revenue.1

On September 7, 2004, Sprint and AOL (“Plaintiffs”) executed a document by which
Sprint assigned its claim for a refund of taxes to AOL and gave AOL power of attorney to
act on Sprint’s behalf. On September 14, 2004 AOL filed a claim with the Department of
Revenue for a refund of $979,812 of sales taxes paid between 2000 and 2003. AOL’s claim
stated in pertinent part:

Sales tax was paid in error or against the statute or rule for the following
reasons: (i) the Services constituted value added network services and
therefore are not taxable telecommunications within the meaning of TN[sic]
Code Ann. Sect. 67-6-102 and (ii) the Services constitute a private line service
and therefore are not taxable telecommunications within the meaning of
TN[sic] Code Ann. Sect. 67-6-102.

The Commissioner did not grant or deny the claim, and the claim was deemed denied on
March 15, 2005.2

On September 14, 2005, AOL, on its own behalf and on behalf of Sprint, filed this
action in the Davidson County Chancery Court seeking a refund of the sales taxes. The
complaint alleged that the port modem management services sold to AOL by Sprint were not
subject to the sales tax because they were not “taxable telecommunications within the
meaning of T.C.A. § 67-6-102.” On January 26, 2006, Plaintiffs amended their complaint

1
Sales of telecommunication services are subject to sales and use taxes. Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-
201, et seq.
2
According to Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-1-1802 (b)(2), if a claim for a refund is not determined within
six months following the Commissioner’s receipt of the claim then the claim is deemed denied.

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to assert that on December 22, 2005 they amended the refund claim which was the basis for
the lawsuit and that Sprint had filed a separate refund claim in its own name, both with the
Department.3 On December 20, 2006, AOL and Sprint filed a second lawsuit with respect
to the deemed denial of the December 22, 2005 claims. On June 20, 2007, the trial court
entered an agreed order consolidating the two cases.

On February 6, 2009, Plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment, asserting that
“the services provided . . . were ‘private line services’ and not taxable under Tennessee’s
statutory definition of ‘telecommunications’ during the relevant time period.” On the same
day, the Commissioner filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, arguing that “Plaintiffs
are not entitled to a refund of sales tax” because the services at issue “are not exempt from
sales tax as ‘private line services,’ ‘protocol conversion’ services, or ‘value added
networks.’”

On August 13, 2012, the trial court entered its order denying Plaintiffs’ motion and
refund claims and granting summary judgment in favor of the Commissioner. The court
stated that:

The breadth of the [statute’s] language . . . makes Sprint’s services to AOL
includable within the landscape of “telecommunications” because the services
involve communications by “electronic transmission of impulses.” Secondly,
under Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(a)(32)(B)(2003), telecommunications
“includes transmission by or through any media, such as wires, cable . . . or
any combination of those or similar media[.]” Consequently, under this
language, “telecommunications” could include the services provided by Sprint
to AOL. Thirdly, Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(a)(32)(C)(2003) provides that
“telecommunications” includes “all types of telecommunication
transmissions,” and contains a non-exhaustive list of services, including
telephone service.

The court found that although AOL had “exclusivity over [the] portion of the transmission
leg” at issue, Sprint provided the “telephone number that the AOL member used” to reach
the port modem management system service “via the [public switch telephone network],

3
In the amended complaint, Plaintiffs note that the Commissioner filed a motion to dismiss the
complaint on November 18, 2005 (which is not in the record), asserting that AOL was not a taxpayer with
respect to the taxes in question and that Sprint’s assignment of the refund claim to AOL was ineffective for
the purposes of the lawsuit; they state the original claim was amended to “specifically name Sprint” as a
claimant and that they filed a new claim to resolve the issue raised in the Commissioner’s motion to dismiss
of whether AOL had standing to bring the refund claim. The Commissioner did not grant or deny the
amended claim or the separate claim filed by Sprint and, consequently, the claims were deemed denied.

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which . . . is not exclusively dedicated to AOL traffic.” The court concluded that the service
provided by Sprint was not a telecommunication service that “entitle[d] [AOL] to exclusive
or priority use of a communication channel” within the meaning of the statute. Therefore,
because it was “undisputed” that the transmission did not begin at the port modem
management system, but began at “AOL’s end-user’s home computer,” the court held that
“the private line service exemption does not apply.” Plaintiffs appeal.

Plaintiffs contend that Sprint’s port modem management service is a “private line
service,” which does not fit within the statutory definition of a taxable telecommunications
service, and is an “enhanced service” that is not “telecommunications.” 4 The Commissioner
contends that Sprint’s service was a taxable telecommunications service within the meaning
of the statute; that the “true object” of the Sprint service was communication; that the service
was of the type specifically identified as a telecommunication service in Prodigy Services
Corp., Inc. v. Johnson, 125 S.W.3d 413 (Tenn. Ct. App.); that the service was not excluded
from taxation as a “private line service”; and that the presence of “protocol conversion”
within Sprint’s service did not render that service exempt. The issue before this court is
whether the port modem management system is a taxable telecommunications service within
the meaning of Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(32).

II. S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

This appeal is from a grant of summary judgment, which is an appropriate vehicle for
resolving a case where there is no genuine issue of material fact and a judgment may be
rendered as a matter of law. Stovall v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn. 2003). In such
proceedings, the moving party is entitled to summary judgment only if the “pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits
. . . show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. Pro. Rule 56.04. A trial court’s
decision on a motion for summary judgment enjoys no presumption of correctness on appeal.
In re Estate of Davis, 308 S.W.3d 832, 837 (Tenn. 2010); Draper v. Westerfield, 181 S.W.3d
283, 288 (Tenn. 2005). Rather, we review the trial court’s decision de novo and make a fresh
determination of whether the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been met. Eskin v.
Bartee, 262 S.W.3d 727, 732 (Tenn. 2008); Blair v. W. Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d 761, 763
(Tenn. 2004); Eadie v. Complete Co., 142 S.W.3d 288, 291 (Tenn. 2004). In our review, we

4
Plaintiffs asserted in their complaint that the port modem management service was an “enhanced
service” and therefore was not a taxable communication; they did not seek summary judgment on this
ground. The Commissioner, however, sought summary judgment on both grounds asserted by Plaintiffs that
the sales tax did not cover the particular service at issue; the court granted the Commissioner’s motion,
holding that the services offered were not “enhanced services or value added services.”

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must consider the evidence presented at the summary judgment stage in the light most
favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in the non-moving
party’s favor. Cumulus Broad., Inc. v. Shim, 226 S.W.3d 366, 373 (Tenn. 2007); Byrd v.
Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210–11 (Tenn. 1993).

III. A NALYSIS

Taxation statutes are to be construed liberally in favor of the taxpayer and strictly
against the taxing authority. Covington Pike Toyota, Inc. v. Cardwell, Comm’r of Revenue,
829 S.W.2d 132, 135 (Tenn. 1992). Statutes providing exemptions from taxation, on the
other hand, are to be construed against the taxpayer, and the taxpayer carries the burden of
demonstrating an entitlement to an exemption. Id.; see also Sodexho Mgmt. v. Johnson, 174
S.W.3d 174, 177 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). In claiming an exemption or contending that is is
excepted from the tax, the taxpayer seeks to avoid the imposition of the tax and, in like
manner, the Commissioner seeks to enforce the tax which has been imposed by the
Legislature. Consistent with the statutory scheme, therefore, Plaintiffs in this case carry the
burden of proving that the sales tax does not apply to the port modem management service
and we construe the statute against Plaintiffs.

A. Private Line Service

The definitions of telecommunication and private line services during the relevant
period, 2000-2003, as pertinent to the issues in this appeal, are set out at Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 67-6-102 (2003), as follows:

(A) “Telecommunication” means communication by electric or electronic
transmission of impulses;
(B) “Telecommunications” includes transmission by or through any media,
such as wires, cables, microwaves, radio waves, light waves, or any
combination of those or similar media;
(C) Except as provided in subdivision (a)(32)(D), “telecommunications”
includes, but is not limited to, all types of telecommunication transmissions,
such as telephone service, telegraph service, telephone service sold by hotels
or motels to their customers or to others, telephone service sold by colleges
and universities to their students or to others, telephone service sold by
hospitals to their patients or to others, WATS service, paging service, and
cable television service sold to customers or to others by hotels or motels;
(D) “Telecommunications” does not include . . . private line service . . . .

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Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(a)(32)(2003). “Private line service” is defined as “a dedicated
line service which is provided to connect two (2) or more specific locations.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 67-6-102(a)(24)(2003).5

In support of their motion, Plaintiffs relied upon stipulations entered into with the
Commissioner, the affidavit and deposition of Geraldine MacDonald, and a Tenn. R. Civ.
P. 56.03 statement of undisputed material facts. The Commissioner’s response to Plaintiffs’
motion, as well as the Commissioner’s motion was supported by a Rule 56.03 statement of
undisputed material facts, the deposition of Geraldine MacDonald and related exhibits; an
exhibit to Plaintiffs’ deposition of Andrew W. Dozier, Ph. D., Professor of the Practice
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Vanderbilt University and
his affidavit; the affidavit of Wendy McCormack, a certified paralegal with the Tennessee
Attorney General’s Office; and the affidavit of Jonathan N. Wike, an Assistant Attorney
General in the Tax Division of the Tennessee Attorney General’s Office. Plaintiffs
responded to the Commissioner’s motion, supplementing the materials submitted with their
original motion with excerpts from the depositions of Ms. MacDonald and Mr. Dozier, the
supplemental affidavit of Ms. MacDonald, and a response to the Commissioner’s statement
of undisputed facts.

In her affidavit, Ms. MacDonald refers to a diagram referred to as “Exhibit 1”6
to describe how the port modem management service that is the subject of the sales
tax enables an AOL member to access AOL’s online service:

14. Exhibit 1 . . . depicts the way in which an AOL member
accesses the AOL online service. The first step is that a member’s
computer would dial, using the public switched telephone network
(which is a circuit switched network), a local telephone number (also
known as an access number). The public switched telephone network
is depicted as PSTN on Exhibit 1. The access number was dedicated for
use by AOL and acquired by Sprint for the for the exclusive use of AOL

5
In 2004, the definition of “telecommunications” at Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-102(a)(32) was
amended by 2004 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 782 § 2 by removing “private line service” from the list of services
excluded from the definition of “telecommunications” at § 67-6-102(a)(32)(D) and replacing it with the
definition of “private communication service” currently codified at § 67-6-102(a)(71). We resolve this
appeal by application of the statutory definitions in effect from 2000-2003.
6
A narrative description of the service Sprint provided to AOL is technically complicated; thus, we
include a copy of “Exhibit 1” as an Appendix to this opinion in an effort to clarify Ms. MacDonald’s
description of the service.

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and its members. I refer to the transmission from the member as either
the member’s transmission or the information packet.
***
16. The next step for an AOL member’s access to the AOL online
services was that the AOL member’s transmission was handed off to
Sprint from the public switched telephone network. Sprint received the
member’s transmission off of the public switched telephone network,
and transported the call on T-1 lines or ISDN PRI lines dedicated to
AOL. The handoff from the public switched telephone network to
Sprint and the transmission over the T-1 lines or ISDN PRI lines is
depicted as (a) on Exhibit 1. Component (a) depicts the start of the
Sprint port management service ans is part of the service for which
Sprint billed AOL.
17. The transmission of the information packet by Sprint over the
T-1 lines was to a point of presence (“AOL Dedicated POP”), which is
an aggregation of ports or local access nodes, and was maintained by
Sprint for the exclusive use of AOL. The AOL Dedicated POP is
depicted as (b) on Exhibit 1.
***
19. At the AOL Dedicated POP, Sprint converted the information
packet, which was received at the AOL Dedicated POP in analog form,
into a digital format for the purpose of being transmitted, in the TCP/IP
protocol, over the Sprint Private Backbone to the AOL Data Centers in
Virginia . . . . In addition, at the AOL Dedicated POP, Sprint
consolidated the members’ information packets for transmission over the
Sprint Private Backbone.
20. The next step from the AOL Dedicated POP was to route and
transmit the information packet in TCP/IP protocol to the servers in an
AOL Data Center. The transmission took place solely over the Sprint
Private Backbone dedicated for the exclusive use of AOL. This is
depicted as (c) on Exhibit 1.
21. In summary, the port management service provided by Sprint
and described above consisted of the following three components: (a)
provision of dedicated access numbers, handoff to Sprint, and
transmission to the AOL Dedicated POP; (b) computer processing
applications at the AOL Dedicated POP for the purpose of being able to
route and transmit the members’ transmissions to the AOL Data Centers;

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 and (c) Sprint Private Backbone Service over dedicated lines to connect
between the AOL Dedicated POP and the AOL Data Centers.

Ms. MacDonald’s description of the port modem management service is further
supported by her deposition, Mr. Dozier’s affidavit and deposition, the Master
Agreement between Sprint and AOL, and the parties’ statements of undisputed
material facts.7

Upon reviewing Ms. MacDonald’s description of Sprint’s port modem management
service as well as the entire record, we have determined that the service provided by Sprint
did not constitute a private line service within the meaning of the statute. The uncontested
facts show that, in addition to transmitting calls over lines dedicated to AOL, Sprint’s service
included the following functions: acquiring and providing to AOL local telephone
numbers—known as access numbers—which enabled AOL’s members’ computer modems
to connect to the local access node; managing the reception of calls from the members’
modems; and preparing the data received at the local access node to travel to AOL’s Data
Centers. During these portions of Sprint’s service to AOL, Sprint was not providing a
“dedicated line service” connecting two or more specific locations, rather Sprint was
providing additional services that enabled the receipt and preparation of the call for
transmission. The provision of these additional functions by Sprint took the entire service
it provided to AOL outside of the statutory definition of private line service, thereby making
the service subject to the sales tax at Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-6-905.

Thus, we affirm the trial court’s judgment denying Plaintiffs’ motion for summary
judgment; for the same reasons we affirm the court’s grant of summary judgment to the
Commissioner’s motion on the issue of whether the services constituted a private line
service.

B. Enhanced Services

We now turn to the Commissioner’s motion for summary judgment on the grounds
that Sprint’s port modem management service was not an “enhanced service” exempt from
taxation as telecommunications.

7
The parties disagree as to the nuances of how Sprint’s services should be described; however, the
disagreement does not amount to a disputed question of material fact. It is the actual service provided that
is important, not its characterization by the parties.

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 Where certain business activity does not “fit clearly and indisputably within the
discrete categories contemplated by taxation laws, the courts of this state have developed a
method whereby judicial inquiry is made into the ‘primary purpose’ or ‘true object’ of the
activity or business at issue.” Qualcomm Inc. v. Chumley, No. M2006-01398-COA-R3-CV,
2007 WL 2827513, at *4–5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 26, 2007). The true object test has been
applied in cases determining the reach of this State’s telecommunications tax. Id. at *5.
“The statutory scheme for telecommunications ‘provides that when the totality of the
circumstances indicates that telecommunications services . . . are themselves being furnished
for consideration, those services are taxable.’” Bellsouth Telecomms., Inc. v. Johnson, No.
M2005-00865-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 3071250, *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 27, 2006) (quoting
Equifax Check Servs., Inc. v. Johnson, No. M1999-00782-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 827963,
*2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 27, 2000). Further, this Court has drawn a distinction between
‘“basic” telecommunication services of the type mentioned in the statute (telephone,
telegraph, WATS, paging) and “enhanced” services (information services, conversion
services, computer services and Internet access),”8 holding that the Legislature did not intend
for “enhanced services” to come within the statutory definition of taxable
telecommunications. Prodigy Servs. Corp., Inc., 125 S.W.3d at 418–19.

Having examined the totality of the circumstances associated with the port modem
management service sold to AOL, we hold that the true object of this service was
telecommunications. AOL purchased the service in order to connect its members to its Data
Centers9 ; in order to make that connection, the transmission services provided by Sprint

8
Citing the distinction between “basic” service and “enhanced” service under federal law, this Court
quoted the following definitions of these terms:

In the FCC’s formal terms, basic service is the offering of a “pure transmission capability
over a communications path that is virtually transparent in terms of its interaction with
customer supplied information.” An enhanced service combines basic service with
“computer processing applications [that] . . . act on aspects of the subscriber’s transmitted
information , or provided the subscriber additional, different or restructured information, or
involve subscriber interaction with stored information.”

Prodigy Servs. Corp., Inc., 125 S.W.3d at 418–19 (quoting California v. F.C.C., 905 F.2d 1217, 1223 n.3
(9th Cir. 1990).
9
In describing the port modem management service in her affidavit, Ms. MacDonald stated:

12. The port modem management service that Sprint provided AOL enabled AOL
members to access the AOL online services by means of dial access.
13. The port modem management service is an end-to-end service that received
(continued...)
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included preparing the data for transmission.10 In her deposition, Ms. MacDonald identified
conversion of the data, addition of IP addresses, and a “management function” as the purpose
of AOL’s purchase of the port modem management service, which she characterized as an
“enhanced service.” The fact that AOL needed these additional functions, however, does not
change the fact that the true object of the service was to transmit data from the AOL member
to the AOL Data Centers; the true object was not to provide these ancillary functions.
Accordingly, the sale of the port modem management service was subject to taxation as
telecommunications services.

IV. C ONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

_________________________________
RICHARD H. DINKINS, JUDGE

(...continued)
AOL member transmissions . . . in Tennessee and other locations throughout the United
States off of the public switched telephone network and routed and transmitted such member
transmissions to the AOL data centers in Virginia.
10
In her affidavit, Ms. MacDonald stated:

Sprint converted the information packet, which was received at the AOL Dedicated POP in
analog form, into a digital format for the purpose of being transmitted, in the TCP/IP
protocol, over the Sprint Private Backbone to the AOL Data Centers in Virginia . . . . In
addition, at the AOL Dedicated POP, Sprint consolidated the members’ information packets
for transmission over the Sprint Private Backbone.

Emphasis added.

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A PPENDIX