aIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
November 8, 2012 Session
ANGELA K. THOMAS v. JEFFERY K. THOMAS
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Rutherford County
No. 090894DR Royce Taylor, Judge
No. M2011-00906-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 26, 2013
In this post-divorce appeal, Husband appeals the trial court’s imputation of income to him
for the purpose of setting his alimony and child support obligations, the determination of
parenting time, and the award of a retirement account to Wife. Finding no error, we affirm
the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
A NDY D. B ENNETT, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL,
M.S., P.J., and F RANK G. C LEMENT, J R., J., joined.
Joseph Paul Weyant, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Jeffery K. Thomas.
Kimpi King Kendrick, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, for the appellee, Angela K. Thomas.
OPINION
F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY
Angela Thomas (“Wife”) and Jeffery Thomas (“Husband”) were married in April
1994; two children were born of the marriage. In June 2009, Wife filed for legal separation
from Husband.1 In October 2009, the parties attempted reconciliation, which was ultimately
1
As grounds for legal separation, Wife alleged inappropriate marital conduct based on Husband’s
alcoholism and sex and pornography addiction. In her complaint, Wife also requested a pendente lite and
permanent restraining order “enjoining and restraining Husband from posting on the internet and/or
distributing the sexually oriented photographs and videos” that he had of her. A restraining order and show
cause order were entered June 15, 2009. A hearing was held before a special master on June 24, 2009. A
mutual restraining order was issued on July 7, 2009 prohibiting both parties from posting the photos and
(continued...)
unsuccessful and, in March 2010, Wife moved to reinstate her petition for legal separation.
After an April 27, 2010 pendente lite hearing before a special master, and by order
entered May 17, 2010, both parties were allowed to live in the marital home, Wife was
named temporary primary residential parent, and Husband was given two days per week of
residential parenting time. With regard to finances, Husband was ordered to continue to pay
the mortgage, to pay for Wife’s car repairs, and to “provide an accounting, including but not
limited to receipts, etc., evidencing how the proceeds of the children’s college funds were
spent.” The court ordered the remaining proceeds of the children’s college fund to be “set
aside, and any future expenditures shall be coordinated through the parties’ respective
counsel.”
The special master held a second pendente lite hearing on August 23, 2010 and, by
order entered September 2, 2010, the court acknowledged that “neither party is cooperative
with the other,” noting that Husband turned off the air conditioning unit without telling Wife,
and Wife expended $1,000 on repairing the air conditioning unit without getting Husband’s
permission. The court expressed “concerns that Husband has not provided an accounting as
ordered” and “question[ed] his respect for court orders.” The court granted Husband
parenting time one night per week and every other weekend and ordered him to vacate the
marital residence for 60 days, to continue to pay the mortgage unless the parties filed
bankruptcy, to pay Wife’s health insurance, and to give her $50 a week for groceries. Wife
was ordered to vacate the marital home by October 30, 2010.
After a third pendente lite hearing on October 25, 2010 and by order entered
November 16, 2010, the court ordered Wife to vacate the marital home by November 30,
2010 and ordered Husband to pay the children’s and Wife’s health insurance premiums.
With regard to alimony and child support, the court set Husband’s income at $2,400 per
month and ordered him to pay $605 per month in child support and $850 per month in
temporary spousal support.2 The court further ordered both parties not to discuss the case
with their children and not to have the children around anyone with whom they share a
romantic relationship.
On December 8, 2010, Wife amended her original complaint to one for absolute
1
(...continued)
videos, and ordering Husband to immediately remove the ones he had posted on the internet.
2
In his pro se objection to this order, Husband averred that he could not afford the amounts he was
ordered to pay, that the court-ordered counseling was not the right solution for the children, and that Wife
caused the divorce.
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divorce. Wife also filed a motion for criminal and/or civil contempt against Husband
alleging that he willfully refused to pay her any amounts previously ordered. Husband then
filed a motion for civil contempt against Wife because she had not vacated the home by
November 30. After the January 13 and 14, 2011 hearings, and by order entered February
28, 2011, the court allowed Husband to purge himself of contempt by paying Wife
$3,465.93, which he paid. Among other things, the court found that “the accounting of
expenditures of the children’s college funds that Husband provided to Wife [Exhibit 16] is
inadequate to satisfy the court’s prior orders,” and ordered Husband to provide a complete
accounting by February 13, 2011.
On January 31, 2011, the court held a hearing on Husband’s motion to modify the
November 16, 2010 order pertaining to child support and spousal support. The court entered
an order on February 8, 2011, making specific findings about Husband’s truthfulness,3 the
amounts he had paid or failed to pay (specifically regarding the mortgage), and ordering that
Wife could remain in the marital home pending further court orders.
After a final trial on March 8 and 9, 2011, the trial court declared the parties divorced
based on stipulated grounds, designated Wife as primary residential parent, and adopted her
proposed parenting plan, finding that it served the children’s best interests. In part, the court
based its custody decision on the limiting factors of neglect or substantial nonperformance
of parenting responsibilities (Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(d)(1)) and of abusive use of
conflict (Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(d)(5)). In its March 29, 2011 final order, the court
found both Husband and Wife to be underemployed and imputed a yearly income of $60,000
and $24,000 to them respectively. Husband’s child support obligation was set at $862 per
month. Wife was awarded rehabilitative alimony to update her training in the amount of
$350 per month beginning April 1, 2011 and $550 per month beginning April 1, 2012 for
forty-eight months. Husband’s retirement account was awarded to wife as alimony in solido.
Husband appeals the court’s finding of underemployment and imputation of income
to him, the court’s adoption of Wife’s permanent parenting plan, and the award of his
retirement account to Wife.
3
The court specifically stated:
Therefore, it appears that either [Husband] has resources which he has not revealed to the
Court from which he will be able to pay the mortgage arrears and from which he has
obtained in the neighborhood of $5,000.00 to $6,000.00, in cash in the last month and in
which case he should be able to pay the house note, child support, and spousal support, or
he is so irretrievably broke that he will not be able to pay anything. Your Special Master
believes it is the former. Therefore, [Husband] should not be granted the relief requested
and wife should be allowed to stay in the marital home until further order of the Court.
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A NALYSIS
I. Imputation of Income
Husband appeals the trial court’s imputation of income to him for the purpose of
setting his child support and alimony4 obligations. With regard to Husband’s income, the
trial court stated:
THAT after thorough review of the entire court file, including all
previously submitted exhibits from prior hearings, the court was unable to find
any proof of [Husband’s] income other than his self-prepared statement of
payments received;
...
THAT [Husband’s] income during his years working as a real estate
agent/broker/builder (1997 - present) has averaged about $100,000 per year.
THAT [Husband’s] income for 2010 showed $25,000 plus $2,000.00
in hard expenses. [Husband] has the ability to earn much more. He has fallen
on hard times, but he is under-employed.
THAT the income determined by the Special Master of $2,400.00 per
month is appropriate for now, but not the long-term.
THAT [Husband] is capable of earning $60,000 per year. Beginning
in January 2012, [Husband’s] income shall be imputed at $60,000.00 annually.
Pursuant to Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 1240-02-04-.04(3)(a)(2)(i), imputation of income
for the purpose of setting child support payments is appropriate when (1) a parent has been
determined to be willfully and/or voluntarily underemployed or unemployed, (2) when there
is no reliable evidence of income, or (3) when the parent owns substantial non-income
producing assets. The determination of whether a party is willfully and voluntarily
underemployed is a question of fact, and “the trial court has considerable discretion in its
determination.” Willis v. Willis, 62 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).
When determining whether an obligor parent is willfully and voluntarily
4
With respect to alimony, Husband asserts that the trial court “based the award of alimony on the
arbitrary and wrongfully inflated income of $60,000.00.”
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underemployed, the trial court must make a finding as to the parent’s potential earnings,
“taking into consideration the obligor’s educational level and/or previous work experience.”
Dilley v. Dilley, No. M2009-02585-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 2015395, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
May 23, 2011) (citing Garfinkel v. Garfinkel, 945 S.W.2d 744, 748 (Tenn. Ct. App.1996);
Herrera v. Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 387 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996); Eatherly v. Eatherly, No.
M2000-00886-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL 468665, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 4, 2001)). There
is no presumption that a parent is willfully or voluntarily underemployed or unemployed;
rather, the party alleging willful or voluntary underemployment or unemployment carries the
burden of proof on the issue. Brewer v. Brewer, No. M2005-02844-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL
3005346, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 15, 2007).
Wife introduced income tax returns from 1994 to 1998, 2000 to 2001, and 2003 to
2007 as evidence of Husband’s income. From 2003 to 2007, Husband’s income ranged from
a low of $74,500 in 2005 to a high of $131,097 in 2003.5 Husband did not submit tax returns
for 2008 to 2010; however, he testified that his income in 2010 was approximately $2,000
per month. To refute his testimony, Wife introduced a credit card application Husband
submitted in June 2010 in which he reported his yearly income to be $85,000 per year. We
have reviewed the record and have determined that the trial court acted within its discretion
when it imputed an income of $60,000 to Husband for the purpose of setting his child
support payments, thus we affirm the amount of child support awarded. We likewise affirm
the trial court’s use of $60,000 in determining Husband’s alimony obligation.
II. Residential Schedule
Husband contends the trial court erred in adopting the parenting plan proposed by
Wife, which limited his parenting time with the children to 85 days per year. Specifically,
Husband contends that it was inappropriate for the court to rely on his past behavior when
making a determination about the residential schedule.
In cases involving parenting plans and the designation of a primary residential parent,
we review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of correctness, unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Kendrick v. Shoemake, 90
S.W.3d 566, 570 (Tenn. 2002). Appellate courts are reluctant to second-guess a court’s
determination regarding permanent parenting arrangements. See Adelsperger v. Adelsperger,
970 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). While we accord trial courts broad discretion
5
As evidenced by his tax returns, Husband’s income, while working as a realtor, was reported as
follows: $131,097 in 2003, $92,050 in 2004, $74,500 in 2005, $117,964 in 2006, and $80,916 in 2007.
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in these matters, “they must still base their decisions on the proof and upon the appropriate
application of the applicable principles of law.” Thompson v. Thompson, No. M2011-02438-
COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 5266319, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2012). However, it is not
the role of appellate courts to “tweak [parenting plans] in the hopes of achieving a more
reasonable result than the trial court.” Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 88 (Tenn. 2001).
In creating the child’s residential schedule and designating the primary residential
parent, the court must consider factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(b).
Although allocating residential parenting time to a non-custodial parent is generally favored
in Tennessee, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(a) gives the court power to “limit a parent’s
residential time with his children if it determines ‘based upon a prior order or other reliable
evidence’” that certain circumstances, listed at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(d), exist to
justify imposing a limitation on parenting time. Jernigan v. Jernigan, No. M2011-01044-
COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 1357558, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 16, 2012) (quoting Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-6-406(a)). Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-406(d) provides:
A parent’s involvement or conduct may have an adverse effect on the child’s
best interest, and the court may preclude or limit any provisions of a parenting
plan, if any of the following limiting factors are found to exist after a hearing:
(1) A parent’s neglect or substantial nonperformance of parenting
responsibilities;
(2) An emotional or physical impairment that interferes with the parent’s
performance of parenting responsibilities as defined in § 36-6-402;
(3) An impairment resulting from drug, alcohol, or other substance abuse that
interferes with the performance of parenting responsibilities;
(4) The absence or substantial impairment of emotional ties between the parent
and the child;
(5) The abusive use of conflict by the parent that creates the danger of damage
to the child’s psychological development;
(6) A parent has withheld from the other parent access to the child for a
protracted period without good cause;
(7) A parent’s criminal convictions as they relate to such parent’s ability to
parent or to the welfare of the child; or
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(8) Such other factors or conduct as the court expressly finds adverse to the
best interests of the child.
Here, the trial court made the following findings regarding its custody determination:
THAT the legislature has expressed a preference for joint custody
unless it finds clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. The Court must
look to Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 36-6-106[6 ] and 36-6-404[–]406. The
Court has serious problems with trying to come up with a joint or equal shared
parenting arrangement.
THAT a limiting factor in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-406, past
neglect of parenting responsibilities, exists in that until 2006 (when the
children were seven and four years of age), Husband by his own admission
drank alcohol excessively at least six (6) nights per week, which resulted in his
total neglect of parenting responsibilities other than kissing the children
goodnight each night.
THAT even when Husband agreed to stop drinking, he limited his
drinking to one night a week and special occasions, it seems this was about his
own pleasure and did not involve the Wife and children. He promised
“himself” and did it for himself. He continues to go to the YMCA every day,
and the tanning bed regularly, and it is still about himself with no appropriate
interaction with the children.
THAT there has been abusive use of conflict from the very beginning
of this case, which started with a restraining order preventing Husband from
posting certain pictures and videos on the internet.
THAT Husband inappropriately took the minor children around his
girlfriend and posted pictures of his girlfriend with his children on the internet,
6
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106(a) lists factors a trial court must consider when the custody
and best interest of a child are at issue. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-404(b) sets out factors for a trial
court to consider when creating a parenting plan. Thus, in this instance, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-404(b)
applies. See Port v. Hatton, No. M2011-01580-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 865549, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App.
March 6, 2013). The factors in both statutes, however, are quite similar and both allow for the consideration
of any other relevant factors. Ramsey v. Ramsey, No. M2011-02483-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 313837, at *2
(Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 25, 2013) (quoting Thompson v. Thompson, No. M2011-02438-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
5266319, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 24, 2012)).
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in total disregard to the fact that he [is] married.
THAT Exhibit #41 is totally inappropriate and demonstrates a lack of
judgment on [Husband’s] part. The email sent to the minor child by [Husband]
is a video spoof of a beer commercial and uses inappropriate language that
children should not hear from their parents.
THAT after applying the factors listed in Tennessee Code Annotated
§§ 36-6-106 and 36-6-404[–]406, Mother’s Proposed Permanent Parenting
Plan is in the best interests of the minor children and shall be adopted. It is
appropriate for Father to allow his children to visit with his parents.
The language from the Final Decree of Divorce indicates that the trial court relied, in
part, on the limiting factors at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-406(d) when deciding to adopt Wife’s
version of the permanent parenting plan. The trial court specifically stated it “had serious
problems” granting the parties equal parenting time and pointed to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-
406(d)(1) and (5) when explaining its decision to limit Husband’s parenting time.
Husband argues that the trial court erred in considering his past struggles with
alcoholism 7 in making its determination regarding the residential schedule. It is true that the
trial court discussed Husband’s history with alcohol abuse and the impact of those struggles
on his parenting ability; however, the court did not rely solely on Husband’s prior conduct
when rendering its decision. In addition to its reliance on Husband’s “past neglect of
parenting responsibilities” the court cited Husband’s “abusive use of conflict” as a reason for
limiting his parenting time. Examples of Husband’s abusive use of conflict include his
posting intimate photos of Wife on the internet, his shutting off the electricity and power to
the maritial residence, and his liquidation of the children’s college funds while the litigation
was ongoing. The trial court also discussed the fact that Husband sent an “inappropriate”
beer commercial video to his daughter via email as well as his repeated decisions to go to the
YMCA and tanning bed while exercising his limited amount of parenting time with the
children. We have reviewed the record and have determined that the evidence does not
preponderate against the trial court’s adoption of the parenting plan submitted by Wife.
III. Husband’s Retirement Account
7
Although Husband was uncomfortable characterizing himself as an alcoholic, he testified regarding
his drinking problems as follows: “I consumed alcohol to excess virtually every night to the better part of
a decade. I would come home, have Bourbon and coke. It’s just what I did. I’m ashamed of it, wished it
never happened, but that’s what I did.”
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Husband contends the trial court erred in awarding Wife his retirement account and
submits that the trial court’s award was an inequitable distribution of marital property. As
an initial matter, we disagree with Husband’s characterization of the award of the retirement
account as a distribution of marital property. The trial court specifically stated it awarded
Husband’s retirement account to Wife as alimony in solido. Regarding the retirement
account, the trial court held:
THAT Wife has approximately $15,000.00 in her retirement account
and Husband has approximately $13,000.00 in his retirement account. Wells
Fargo SEP IRA account number # . . . . Based on the fact that there has been
a significant problem with Husband accounting for the children’s college funds
and in light of Wife’s financial hardship, the funds in Husband’s retirement
account shall be awarded to Wife as alimony in solido.
THAT any other accrued alimony and medical expenses for Wife and
children under the temporary order are subsumed into the alimony in solido
award, so no judgment is awarded for these amounts.
Therefore, we will review the trial court’s award of Husband’s retirement account pursuant
to principles of law related to alimony.
A trial court has broad discretion to determine the need for spousal support, as well
as the appropriate nature, amount, and duration of that support. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121;
Bratton v. Bratton, 136 S.W.3d 595, 605 (Tenn. 2004). An award of spousal support will not
be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of the trial court’s discretion. Broadbent v.
Broadbent, 211 S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tenn. 2006). Under the abuse of discretion standard, a
reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for the trial court’s judgment. Wright ex rel.
Wright v. Wright, 337 S.W.3d 166, 176 (Tenn. 2011). Rather, a reviewing court will find an
abuse of discretion only if the trial court “applied incorrect legal standards, reached an
illogical conclusion, based its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or
employ[ed] reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party.” Konvalinka v.
Chattanooga-Hamilton Cnty. Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 358 (Tenn. 2008); see also Lee
Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010). Therefore, “when reviewing a
discretionary decision by the trial court, such as an alimony determination, the appellate court
should presume that the decision is correct and should review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the decision.” Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105-06 (Tenn. 2011).
Tennessee recognizes four types of spousal support: (1) alimony in futuro, (2) alimony
in solido, (3) rehabilitative alimony, and (4) transitional alimony. Id. at 107. At issue here
is alimony in solido, which our Supreme Court has described as follows:
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[A]limony in solido, is also a form of long-term support. The total amount of
alimony in solido is set on the date of the divorce decree and is either paid in
a lump sum payment of cash or property, or paid in installments for a definite
term. “A typical purpose of such an award would be to adjust the distribution
of the parties' marital property.” Alimony in solido “may be awarded in lieu of
or in addition to any other alimony award, in order to provide support,
including attorney fees, where appropriate.” Unlike alimony in futuro, the
other form of long-term support, alimony in solido is considered a final
judgment, “not modifiable, except by agreement of the parties,” and does not
terminate upon the death or remarriage of the recipient or payor spouse.
Id. at 108 (internal citations and footnote omitted). When awarding any type of alimony, the
trial court must consider the factors at Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121, and, most importantly,
it must consider the “disadvantaged spouse’s need and the obligor spouse’s ability to pay.”
Id. at 110 (quoting Riggs v. Riggs, 250 S.W.3d 453, 457 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007)).
While the trial court did not refer specifically to Tenn. Code Ann. 36-5-121 when
awarding alimony in solido, it did refer to Wife’s need and “the fact that there has been a
significant problem with Husband accounting for the children’s college funds” as reasons for
its decision. In addition, the court stated it awarded alimony in solido in lieu of awarding a
judgment for other accrued alimony and medical expenses owed by Husband. We have
reviewed the evidence, and we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
awarding the retirement account to Wife. Wife testified that she filed bankruptcy in October
2010 and, at the time of trial, she had several outstanding bills and an overdraft of $97 in her
checking account. Wife also testified that Husband failed to pay certain medical bills and
expenses related to counseling for the children. The award of alimony in solido is affirmed.
Husband’s request to stay the alimony award is denied.
C ONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s decision. Costs of appeal are
assessed against Husband, and execution may issue if necessary.
______________________________
ANDY D. BENNETT, JUDGE
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Angela K. Thomas v. Jeffery K. Thomas
Combined Opinion