IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
December 13, 2012 Session
DEBBIE WEST, Individually and as the Surviving Spouse of WILLIAM P.
WEST, Deceased v. AMISUB (SFH), INC., d/b/a ST. FRANCIS HOSPITAL,
ET AL.
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
No. CT-003211-11 Robert L. Childers, Judge
No. W2012-00069-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 21, 2013
PARTIAL DISSENT
ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S., PARTIALLY DISSENTING
In this case, the majority concludes that the plaintiff’s payment of $211.50 to the General
Sessions Court clerk and her posting of an additional $250.00 cash bond satisfied the
requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated section 27–5–103, and therefore, that the Circuit
Court erred in sua sponte dismissing her appeal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The
majority further concludes, however, that the trial court properly granted summary judgment
in favor of the defendants due to the plaintiff’s failure to comply with the certificate of good
faith requirement. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the plaintiff satisfied the
requirements of Tennessee Code Annotated section 27-5-103 so as to properly perfect her
appeal from the general sessions court to the circuit court. I would find that the requirements
of section 27-5-103 were not satisfied because the fee paid and the bond posted were
insufficient to secure all costs incurred throughout the appeal, and, therefore, that the circuit
court never acquired subject matter jurisdiction in the cause. Although I would rely upon
divergent grounds, however, I fully concur in the majority’s ultimate dismissal of the case.
In reaching its conclusion that the trial court erred in sua sponte dismissing the case for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction, the majority relies upon the recent case of Bernatsky v.
Designer Baths & Kitchens, LLC, No. W2012–00803–COA–R3–CV, 2013 WL 593911
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 15, 2013). Because I believe Bernatsky is based upon a flawed premise,
I respectfully disagree with this conclusion.
The Bernatsky majority finds it appropriate to overrule two previous decisions of this Court,
which squarely address the issue presented in Bernatksy, and in which the Supreme Court
recently denied permission to appeal: Jacob v. Partee, No. W2012–00205–COA–R3–CV,
2012 WL 3249605 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 10, 2012) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 12, 2012)
and University Partners Development v. Bliss, No. M2008–00020–COA–R3–CV, 2009 WL
112571 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Jan. 14, 2009) perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 17, 2009). In
both Jacob and University Partners, this Court held that an appellant who sought to appeal
from general sessions court to circuit court could not satisfy the bond requirements of
Tennessee Code Annotated section 27–5–103 by merely remitting payment of the initial
filing fee. In both cases, this Court reasoned that payment of the initial filing fee did not
constitute giving “bond with good security” for “the cost of the cause on appeal[,]” and
therefore, that the circuit court never acquired jurisdiction over the attempted appeal. See
Jacob, 2012 WL 3249605, at *3; Univ. Partners, 2009 WL 112571, at *3. In Jacob, we
expressly rejected the appellants' argument that section 27–5–103 was ambiguous. 2012 WL
3249605, at *2. Instead, we found that “[t]he requirements of a ‘bond with good security’
could not be more clear: an appeal bond which secures all costs incurred throughout the
appeal, as opposed to an initial appeal filing fee, is required.” Id. at *2.
Just two months after the Supreme Court denied permission to appeal in Jacob, however, a
different panel of this Court, in an apparent effort to overcome perceived difficulties in
securing a bond to cover circuit court costs, suddenly discovered ambiguities within section
27–5–103 which, in its opinion, necessitated consideration of copious amounts of legislative
history. In fact, the Bernatksy majority suddenly located not one, but two, ambiguities
within section 27–5–103.1 First, the majority found that “the costs of the appeal” “‘may refer
to the costs of the entire appeal taxed at the conclusion of the litigation ... or it may simply
refer to a ‘fee’ charged by the court to commence litigation.’” Bernatsky, 2013 WL 593911,
at *6. Additionally, the majority found that section 27–5–103(a)'s use of the phrase “as
hereinafter provided” created an ambiguity because, it reasoned, the phrase “could be a
reference to giving further definition regarding any number of facts, such as the type of
security given, the amount of the bond, whether the ‘cost’ is a designated cost for
commencing or initiating that appeal or for all of the costs that will ever be incurred in the
case, or some other factor entirely.” Id.
Based upon these perceived ambiguities, the Bernatsky majority consulted the legislative
history of the 1988 amendment to section 27–5–103. The majority noted that the amendment
was a legislative response to the case of Maddock, Kenny & Associates, Inc. v. Management
Assistance and Service, Inc., 1986 WL 8811 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 14, 1986), in which this
1
It is significant that in the entire history of the statute, no court prior to Bernatsky had ever found an ambiguity.
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Court held that a defendant appealing to circuit court was required to post a bond in the
amount of the judgment rendered against him in the general sessions court. The majority
acknowledged that the legislative discussion centered on whether a bond to cover the general
sessions judgment against an appealing defendant was statutorily required. However, the
majority held tight to this Court's statement in Maddock that “[i]n the case of an appealing
plaintiff, the appeal bond, ‘with good security,’ must be in the minimum amount of $250 for
costs[,]” and it insisted that the absence of legislative discussion regarding the plaintiff's
appeal requirements necessarily indicated its conclusion that payment of the initial filing fee
satisfied the requirements of 27–5–103.
Beyond the absence of legislative discussion regarding the amount of a plaintiff's bond, the
Bernatsky majority clung to the concern of at least some legislators that requiring a bond in
the amount of the judgment would create a detriment to the “working poor” and, in effect,
foreclose the class' ability to bring an appeal. The majority then presumed that requiring an
appeal bond to cover all of the court costs on appeal--which, of course, would not include
the amount of the general sessions judgment--would likewise deprive would-be appellants
of their day in court.
Finally, in discussing section 27–5–103's alleged ambiguity, the Bernatsky majority focused
upon cases which, in considering other issues, merely referenced the payment of a sum
certain, and it again focused on legislative inaction in the face of these judicial references.
The majority then concluded--in light of the absence of legislative discussion requiring the
payment of a sum certain, some legislators' concerns regarding the working poor's ability to
secure a bond covering a judgment, and legislative inaction following judicial references to
a sum certain—that the requirements of section 27–5–103 are satisfied by the payment of an
amount certain “to be determined ‘as hereinafter provided[.]’” Id. at *12 (quoting Tenn.
Code Ann. § 27–5–103(a)). It then determined that section 27–5–103's requirement that an
appealing party “give bond with good security” could be satisfied either by remittance of a
cash payment or the filing of a surety bond.
Finally, in an effort to determine the amount of the requisite payment or bond, the majority
consulted Tennessee Code Annotated section 8–21–401. Because sections 27–5–103 and
8–21–401 both “relate to ... the commencement of an appeal from General Sessions court to
Circuit court[,]” the Bernatsky majority concluded that “Section 8–21–401(b)(1)(C)(I) was
intended by the legislature to dovetail with Section 27–5–103, to supply the amount of ‘the
costs of the appeal’ that are to be secured by the statutory appeal bond.” Id. at *17.
However, the majority acknowledged that section 8–21–401 does not reference section
27–5–103, and therefore, it somehow found it appropriate to consider the legislative history
of section 8–21–401.
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The Bernatsky majority stated that section 8–21–401 was intended to address both a lack of
uniformity in court costs and monies lost in uncollected court costs. According to the
majority, the legislative history of section 8–21–401 revealed its sponsor's intention that court
costs be paid in advance, eliminating the need for a cost bond. Id. at *18. Indeed, the
majority stated that the bill sponsor and Judicial Council representatives had indicated that
“the standardized amount of court costs was intended to be essentially inclusive of all costs
to be charged in the litigation.” Id. (footnote omitted). Thus, the Bernatsky majority
concluded that “payment of the dollar amount in ‘standard court cost’ listed in Section
8–21–401(b)(1)(C)(i) at the time an appeal from General Sessions Court to Circuit Court is
instituted fulfills the Section 27–5–103 appeal-bond requirement.” Id. at *19.2
At the outset, I simply cannot agree with the conclusion that any portion of section 27–5–103
is ambiguous. This “ambiguity” issue was specifically raised and specifically rejected in the
recent Jacob decision. Section 27–5–103 provides:
(a) Before the appeal is granted, the person appealing shall give bond with
good security, as hereinafter provided, for the costs of the appeal, or take the
oath for poor persons.
(b) An appeal bond filed by a plaintiff or defendant pursuant to this chapter
shall be considered sufficient if it secures the cost of the cause on appeal.
As aptly explained in Judge Stafford's concurrence in Bernatsky:
[T]he majority concludes that the statute “lacks precision” in that the phrase
“as hereinafter provided” may refer to another statute to establish the costs of
the appeal, specifically the later-enacted Tennessee Code Annotated Section
8–21–401. However, the later enactment of subsection (b) is not relevant to the
inquiry of whether Tennessee Code Annotated Section 27–5–103 is
ambiguous. Courts must only consider the statutory text in determining
whether an ambiguity exists. See Nye v. Bayer Cropscience, Inc., 347 S.W.3d
686, 694 (Tenn. 2011). Only if a statute is determined to be ambiguous may
2
The majority cites this section of the code in FN3 dealing with “standard court cost,” but
neither this section nor any other part of this statute changes, modifies or annuls the jurisdictional
requirement of T.C.A. § 27-5-103, which governs the perfection of appeals from general sessions
to circuit court and requires a “bond with good security . . . [to] secure [ ] the cost of the cause on
appeal.” Because payment of the standard court cost does not secure the cost of the appeal, clearly,
section 27-5-103 requires something beyond the payment provided by section 8-21-401.
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the court then “consider matters beyond the statutory text, including public
policy, historical facts relevant to the enactment of the statute, the background
and purpose of the statute, and the entire statutory scheme. Mills v. Fulmarque,
Inc ., 360 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2012) (citing Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d
at 527–28) (emphasis added). Thus, consideration of matters such as
“historical facts preceding or contemporaneous with the enactment of the
statute being construed ... [and] earlier versions of the statute” is only
permitted once the statute is determined to be ambiguous. Am.Jur.2d Statutes
§ 64 n. 5 (citing Lee Med., Inc., 312 S.W.3d at 527–28). However, “these non-
codified external sources cannot provide a basis for departing from clear
codified statutory provisions.” Mills, 360 S.W.3d at 368. Disregarding the
historical context of the amendment to Tennessee Code Annotated Section
27–5–103 and considering only the current statutory text, as I must at this stage
in the analysis, I cannot conclude that there is an ambiguity in the statute at
issue.
To hold that the simple phrase “as hereinafter provided” alone causes an
ambiguity creates a forced interpretation at odds with the established rules of
statutory construction. See Mooney v. Sneed, 30 S.W.3d 304, 306 (Tenn.
2000) (holding that a court's job in interpreting a statute is to ascertain the
intention of the legislature without employing a “forced or subtle interpretation
that would limit or extend the statute's application”). Indeed, the Tennessee
Supreme Court has held that “it is improper to take a word or a few words
from its context and, with them isolated, attempt to determine their meaning.”
Eastman Chem. Co. v. Johnson, 151 S.W.3d 503 (Tenn. 2004). In this case, the
majority seeks to find an ambiguity in the isolated phrase “as hereinafter
provided,” while ignoring the fact that the most natural interpretation of the
statute's text requires us to hold that the “as hereinafter provided” language
clearly refers to the following subsection of the statute.
Bernatsky, 2013 WL 593911, at *16; Bernatsky, 2013 WL 593911, at *24 (J. Stafford,
concurring and seemingly partially dissenting).
Moreover, I cannot agree with the Bernatsky Court's finding that the phrase “costs of the
appeal” renders section 27–5–103 ambiguous. In finding such ambiguity, the Bernatsky
Court focused upon subsection (a)'s “costs of the appeal” without looking to subsection (b)
for further clarification of the phrase. Read together, subsections (a) and (b) require that an
appellant give “[a]n appeal bond” “with good security” to “secure[ ] the cost of the cause on
appeal.” Thus, the statute does not simply require that some unspecified “costs” be secured;
it specifically requires that those “costs” secure the “cost of the cause on appeal.” It is
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elementary that a payment to commence an appeal-whether termed a “fee,” a “cost,” or a
“bond” does not provide security for the “cost of the cause ”—the “cause,” of course, being
the appeal. Thus, the plain language of section 27–5–103 requires a litigant appealing from
a judgment in the general sessions court to file a bond for all of the costs of the appeal. The
plain language of the statute does not place a monetary limit on the appeal bond. Because the
costs of the appeal are unknown at the time of commencing the appeal, the statute clearly
requires a bond in an undetermined amount. Therefore, by its plain language, the statute
requires a bond for all the costs of the litigation in order to successfully perfect an appeal
from the general sessions court.
In the absence of ambiguities within section 27–5–103, its legislative history may not
properly be considered. See Keen v. State, ––– S.W.3d ––––, 2012 WL 6631245, at *12
(Tenn. 2012) (citations omitted) (“If the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, we
apply the statute's plain language in its normal and accepted use. We need look no further
than the statute itself, enforcing it just as it is written.”). In any event, the legislative history
of section 27–5–103 cited by the Bernatsky majority, is, in my opinion, less than compelling.
As was acknowledged by the Bernatsky majority, the 1988 amendment to section 27–5–103
was a legislative response to a decision by this Court to require a bond for the amount of the
judgment3 —an entirely different issue from that presented in Bernatsky and in the instant
case. Moreover, the legislators apparently expressed concern regarding the “working poor's”
potential inability to secure a bond for the amount of the judgment—as opposed to the
amount of courts costs incurred throughout the appeal. The legislators' reasoning does not
pour over as easily as the Bernatsky Court suggests. The requirement that a litigant secure
a bond to cover all court costs incurred throughout the appeal—necessarily excluding the
judgment amount—requires only a bond for a not-yet-known amount. It does not require an
“unlimited” bond. A bonding company could easily issue a bond “securing all court
costs”—the exact amount of which is unknown until the case is resolved.
Moreover, I find less-than-compelling the Bernatsky majority's reliance upon perceived
legislative “acquiescence” in light of case law referencing payment of a sum certain. In City
of Red Boiling Springs v. Whitley, 777 S.W.2d 706 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989), cited by the
Bernatsky majority, a city court defendant erroneously paid a $250.00 fee to the circuit court
clerk -as opposed to the city court clerk—to appeal his case. On appeal, this Court held that
3
The Bernatsky majority states that the legislature did not “indicate any intent to disturb the Maddock Court's holding
that an appeal bond for costs in ‘the minimum amount of $250’ was sufficient under the statute to secure ‘the costs of
the appeal’” Bernatsky, 2013 W L 593911, at *8. However, the Maddock Court clearly envisioned that appealing
plaintiffs would not simply file a $250 fee, as it stated that a defendant subject to a non-prosecuting plaintiff/appellant
would be entitled to dismissal of the appeal and a judgment against the plaintiff “ and his sureties on the appeal bond for
costs.” Maddock, 1986 W L 8811, at *2 (emphasis added).
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filing the bond in the wrong court did not warrant dismissal; however, it found the appeal had
not been perfected because the bond lacked a surety. Id. at 708. The Court, referencing
section 27–5–103, stated, “We know of no case that says an appeal bond without a surety
filed in the circuit court substantially complies with the statutory provisions governing
appeals from inferior courts.” Id.; see also City of Maryville v. Scholem, No.
03A01–9111–CV–401, 1992 WL 62007, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. E.S. Mar. 31, 1992) perm.
app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 24, 1992) (“In the Red Boiling Springs case, the court found the
appellant failed to properly perfect his appeal because he had no surety on the appeal bond
as required by the statute.”). Although the Bernatsky majority is correct that City of Red
Boiling Springs refers to the payment of the $250 fee as a “bond,” it nonetheless finds such
is deficient unless a surety is included. Thus, City of Red Boiling Springs stands for the
proposition that some type of bond beyond a fee payment is required-precisely what a
different panel of this Court held in Jacob v. Partee. See also Tejwani v. Trammell, No.
02A01–9103–CV–00036, 1991 WL 136224, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. July 26, 1991)
(mentioning a $250 sum, but requiring a surety). Simply put, I am more than skeptical that
the cases relied upon by the Bernatksy majority—which mostly relate to other issues—in
fact, support its contention that the legislature has acquiesced to mere payment of an initial
filing fee.
However, I find it curious that the majority would rely so heavily upon purported legislative
acquiescence, while all but ignoring our Supreme Court's recent implicit affirmance of our
holding in Jacob which addressed the exact issues raised in Bernatsky and now in the instant
case. See Rose Const. Co., Inc. v. Raintree Dev. Co., LLC, No.
W2003–01845–COA–R3–CV, 2004 WL 2607766, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 16, 2004)
perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 9, 2004) (stating that a decision was “implicitly affirmed”
when the Supreme Court denied application for permission to appeal).4
Finally, I disagree with the Bernatsky majority's reliance upon Tennessee Code Annotated
section 8–21–401. As previously stated, 27–5–103 unambiguously requires a bond covering
all appeal costs. Therefore, it is unnecessary to consider section 8–21–401 to determine the
sum sufficient to satisfy the requirements of section 27–5–103. In any event, I would note
that section 8–21–401 is clear on its face; it explicitly declares that the “[i]f a party ... pays
costs at the time the services are requested, such payment shall be deemed to satisfy the
requirement for security to be given for costs, pursuant to § 20–12–120.” (emphasis added).
Section 20–12–120 is not the cost bond requirement of Section 27–5–103. Applying the
canon of construction “expressio unius est exclusio alterius,” which holds that the expression
4
To the same effect as Jacob v. Partee, see Atty. Gen. Op., No. 12–23, 2012 W L 682072, at *2 (Feb. 23, 2012). Neither
the Attorney General nor the Supreme Court, in denying permission to appeal in Jacob v. Partee, noted any ambiguity
in the statute.
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of one thing implies the exclusion of others, the Court should infer that had the legislature
intended for payment of section 8–21–401 costs to satisfy the requirements of section
27–5–103, it would have included specific language to that effect. See Rich v. Tenn. Bd. of
Med. Exam., 350 S.W.3d 919, 927 (Tenn. 2011).
Moreover, without a finding of ambiguity within section 8–21–401, the Bernatsky Court
clearly lacked the authority to consider the statute's legislative history.5 No matter what the
bill sponsor or a representative of the Judicial Council—who is not a member of the General
Assembly—may have said at the time of the statute's enactment, the legislature did not enact
a statute in which payment of the sums contemplated in section 8–21–401 were deemed to
satisfy the requirements of section 27–5–103. In holding this, the Bernatsky Court departed
from the express language found in section 8–21–401.
Additionally, assuming that section 8–21–401's legislative history could be properly
considered, the history does not fully support the Bernatksy Court's conclusions. According
to the Court, the 2005 amendment to section 8–21–401 was conceived, in part, to address the
problem of lost court costs revenue. In light of this purported mission, it is doubtful that the
legislature would eliminate the appeal bond requirement, and simply allow upfront payment
of the litigation commencement fee.
As expressed in Jacob, I believe that section 27–5–103 unambiguously requires an appeal
bond which secures all costs incurred throughout the appeal, as opposed to payment of an
initial appeal filing fee. Accordingly, I cannot subscribe to the conclusions reached in
Bernatsky which underlie the majority’s conclusion that the trial court erred in dismissing the
instant case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. However, because I believe that the case
warranted dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, I concur in the result reached in
this case.
ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.
5
The Bernatsky court purportedly found an ambiguity in section 27–5–103. Section 8–21–401 is a separate statute
entirely, found in a different title of the Code.
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