State of Tennessee v. Christopher Bryan Hancock

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs January 24, 2012

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHRISTOPHER BRYAN HANCOCK

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamblen County
No. 09-CR-013 John F. Dugger, Jr., Judge

No. E2011-00111-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 24, 2012

A Hamblen County Criminal Court Jury convicted the appellant, Christopher Bryan
Hancock, of especially aggravated kidnapping, aggravated burglary, and aggravated robbery,
all based upon a theory of criminal responsibility. The trial court imposed a total effective
sentence of fifteen years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On appeal, the
appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions, the trial
court’s failure to instruct the jury as to the lesser-included offense of accessory after the fact,
and the trial court’s instruction regarding criminal responsibility. Upon review, we affirm
the appellant’s convictions of aggravated burglary and aggravated robbery, but we must
reverse his conviction of especially aggravated kidnapping and remand for a new trial for the
trial court to instruct the jury as mandated by our supreme court in State v. White, 362
S.W.3d 559, 580-81 (Tenn. 2012).

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court are
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part; Case Remanded.

N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W.
W EDEMEYER and J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

Jonathan A. Marion, Sneedville, Tennessee (on appeal), and Gerald Eidson, Rogersville,
Tennessee (at trial), for the appellant, Christopher Bryan Hancock.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Meredith DeVault, Senior Counsel;
C. Berkeley Bell, District Attorney General; and Kim Morrison, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
 OPINION

I. Factual Background

The ninety-six-year-old victim, Selma Harville, testified at trial that between 7:00 and
7:45 p.m. on the evening of December 22, 2008, she heard a knock on the front door of her
home at 603 Rosedale Avenue. She answered the door, and two men, later identified as
Nathan Wilmoth and Jerome Collins, asked to use her telephone. When the victim let them
in, Wilmoth took her by the arm, turned her around, and pushed her face-first to the floor.
Wilmoth then straddled her back and periodically hit the back of her head with his fist. The
victim said the blows were painful.

Collins tied the victim’s feet, placed a knife at her throat, and threatened to kill her
if she did not disclose the location of her purse. The victim revealed that the purse was in
her bedroom. Collins went into the bedroom, ransacked the drawers, searched the room, and
retrieved the purse. The victim begged, “Don’t kill me, I’m a Christian.” Wilmoth put tape
around the victim’s mouth. The men searched the living room and broke a ceramic figurine
that the victim referred to as “God’s hand.” The men left through the back door.

Kathy Jackson, the victim’s neighbor, testified that at 7:45 p.m., the victim called and
told Jackson about the incident. Jackson called police and went to the victim’s house to help.
The victim’s daughter, Judy Knowles, learned of the incident and also went to the victim’s
house.

Jackson and Knowles saw that the back of the victim’s head, her right temple, and her
right leg were bruised. Her glasses were bent so badly that they would not fit on her face.
The victim had marks on her lower face where the tape had been. The tape was hanging
around her throat, and some binding was around her feet. The victim’s normally neat house
was in disarray. In the living room, couch cushions were out of place, pieces of the figurine
were on the floor, books were scattered, a roll of tape was on a chair beside the television,
and a meat cleaver from the victim’s kitchen was on a couch cushion. The victim’s bedroom
was ransacked; drawers were pulled open, items were strewn on the floor, the jewelry box
was mostly empty, and the bed was rumpled. The victim’s purse and several pieces of
jewelry were missing. Knowles surmised that approximately $1100 of money and property
had been taken.

Amber Bryant testified that earlier that day, Wilmoth and Collins were at her house.1
The men left, and while they were gone, Randall Weaver, Tiffany Chance, and the appellant

1
Byant pled guilty and received an effective eight-year sentence in exchange for tesifying.

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arrived at Bryant’s residence. Wilmoth and Collins returned and asked Weaver to check if
a neighbor was still outside. Weaver complied and told them that no one was outside.

Wilmoth and Collins left and returned twenty to thirty minutes later. They came in
breathless, carrying a purse and a Christmas present. They went into Bryant’s bedroom and
closed the door. Weaver, Chance, Bryant, and the appellant followed them into the bedroom.
Wilmoth and Collins said that they had gone down the street to the house where a friend of
Collins’ grandmother lived. When the victim let them in to use the telephone, they pushed
her to the floor, Wilmoth hit her, and Collins threatened her with a knife.

Bryant testified that Wilmoth and Collins searched the purse and divided the money
they found. The appellant went through the purse, found some money they had missed, and
gave the money to Wilmoth. Wilmoth and Collins gave the appellant two necklaces and a
ring, which the appellant then handed to Bryant. Bryant believed that she was supposed to
carry the jewelry for a little while then return it to the appellant. Bryant put loose change
from the purse into an empty jug and placed the jug in a closet. Chance took some gloves
that were in the purse.

Fearing police would soon be in the neighborhood to investigate the crime, Bryant told
her guests that they could not stay at her house. The appellant volunteered to call his parents
and let them stay at his house. The appellant and Collins went nearby to Collins’
grandmother’s house to use her telephone. The appellant, Wilmoth, Collins, and Bryant
walked to a nearby Family Dollar store so they could be picked up by the appellant’s father.
As they walked, Wilmoth said that he wanted to throw the purse in the trash. However, the
appellant said that the purse would be easily found in the trash and, at the appellant’s
suggestion, they threw the purse on the roof of an antique store they passed.

On cross-examination, Bryant acknowledged that she had previously given a statement
saying that Wilmoth suggested they throw the purse on the roof. She conceded that her
memory was probably better at the time she gave the statement.

Bryant said that when they arrived at the appellant’s house, they went into the
appellant’s bedroom. Bryant returned the jewelry to the appellant, and he put it in a lockbox.
Collins also gave the appellant some cash to store in the lockbox.

The following day, police brought Wilmoth, Collins, Bryant, and the appellant to the
police station for questioning. The appellant waived his Miranda rights and agreed to give
a statement. He said that he had been at Bryant’s residence the night before around 7:00 p.m.
and that he had called his parents to take him home. During the course of the investigation,
Bryant showed police where some stolen items were at her house, namely a set of gloves, a

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cellular telephone, and a jug containing loose change. From a lockbox at the appellant’s
residence, police retrieved some jewelry. On December 29, 2008, the appellant’s parents
gave police a plastic bag containing a pair of the appellant’s rolled-up blue jeans. Police
unrolled the jeans and found assorted papers, identification cards, and jewelry belonging to
the victim. Police also found the victim’s purse on the roof of the antique store.

The twenty-two-year-old appellant testified that he did not know about the robbery
prior to it happening. He said that he and Wilmoth had been friends for six years. On
December 22, 2008, Wilmoth came by the appellant’s house. Wilmoth said that he was
going to Bryant’s house, and the appellant said that he would meet Wilmoth there later that
day. The appellant arrived at Bryant’s house around 7:00 p.m. and spent most of the time in
the living room listening to his iPod. Wilmoth and Collins said they were going to a
McDonald’s restaurant to borrow $200 from a girl and asked the appellant to go with them.
The appellant refused because he did not want to walk in the cold.

When Wilmoth and Collins returned, they went into Bryant’s bedroom. The appellant,
Bryant, Chance, and Weaver followed them. Wilmoth and Collins “were screaming that they
got money” and were dividing money from the purse and jewelry. The appellant denied
touching the money or jewelry, going through the purse, or handing jewelry to Bryant. He
also denied knowing that Wilmoth and Collins robbed an elderly woman who lived down the
street. The appellant said that he did not want to know where they got the purse, fearing he
would get in trouble.

The appellant said that he decided to leave Bryant’s house because he was bored and
that he called his father to pick him up. Wilmoth asked to spend the night with him, and the
appellant agreed; Collins and Bryant joined them. The appellant denied knowing that
Wilmoth and Collins threw the purse on the roof of a store. When they arrived at the
appellant’s house, Collins pulled some jewelry from his pocket, which he claimed was a
Christmas present for his girlfriend. Collins asked the appellant to put the jewelry in his
lockbox so Wilmoth would not steal it. The appellant said that he did not disclose much
information when he was interviewed by police because he feared talking without a lawyer
present.

Based upon the foregoing evidence, the jury found the appellant guilty of criminal
responsibility for especially aggravated kidnapping, criminal responsibility for aggravated
burglary, and criminal responsibility for aggravated robbery. The trial court imposed a total
effective sentence of fifteen years. On appeal, the appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his convictions, the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury as to the
lesser-included offense of accessory after the fact, and the trial court’s instruction regarding
criminal responsibility.

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 II. Analysis

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

On appeal, a jury conviction removes the presumption of the appellant’s innocence
and replaces it with one of guilt, so that the appellant carries the burden of demonstrating to
this court why the evidence will not support the jury’s findings. See State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The appellant must establish that no reasonable trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).

Accordingly, on appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. See State v.
Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983). In other words, questions concerning the
credibility of witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all
factual issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, and not the appellate
courts. See State v. Pruett, 788 S.W.2d 559, 561 (Tenn. 1990).

1. Aggravated Burglary and Aggravated Robbery

First, we will address the appellant’s convictions of aggravated burglary and
aggravated robbery. Aggravated robbery is defined as robbery accomplished with a deadly
weapon or by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe
it to be a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a)(1). Robbery is defined as
“the intentional or knowing theft of poperty from the person of another by violence or putting
the person in fear.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401(a). A theft of property occurs when
someone, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, knowingly obtains or exercises
control over the property without the owner’s effective consent. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-
103. An aggravated burglary occurs when a person, without the effective consent of the
property owner, enters a habitation, such as a person’s residence, and commits or attempts
to commit a felony, theft, or assault. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-14-401(1)(A), -402(a)(1),
and -403(a).

In the instant case, Wilmoth and Collins used a ruse to gain entry into the victim’s
home. Wilmoth pushed the victim to the floor, straddled her back, and repeatedly hit her
head. Collins put a knife to the victim’s throat and threatened to kill her if she did not reveal
the location of her purse. The men ransacked the victim’s house and took her purse, jewelry,
and a Christmas present. The men taped her mouth and bound her feet before they left the
residence. These actions constitute aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary.

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 The appellant was charged with criminal responsibility for the actions of Wilmoth and
Collins. In Tennessee, “criminal responsibility is not a separate, distinct crime. It is solely
a theory by which the State may prove the defendant’s guilt of the alleged offense . . . based
upon the conduct of another person.” State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999).
A defendant convicted under a criminal responsibility theory “is guilty in the same degree
as the principal who committed the crime” and “is considered to be a principal offender of
the crime for the purposes of due process and our criminal law.” Id. at 171. The appellant
must “‘in some way associate himself with the venture, act with knowledge that an offense
is to be committed, and share in the criminal intent of the principal in the first degree.’” State
v. Maxey, 898 S.W.2d 756, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994) (quoting Hembree v. State, 546
S.W.2d 235, 239 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1976)).

Generally, “[a] person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense, if the offense
is committed by the person’s own conduct, by the conduct of another for which the person
is criminally responsible, or by both.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-401(a). Tennessee Code
Annotated section 39-11-402(2) provides that a person is criminally responsible for the
actions of another when, “[a]cting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the
offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits, directs,
aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense.” In order to be found
criminally responsible, “[n]o particular act need be shown, and the [appellant] need not have
taken a physical part in the crime.” State v. Caldwell, 80 S.W.3d 31, 38 (Tenn. Crim. App.
2002). This court has stated that “[p]resence and companionship with the perpetrator of a
felony before and after the commission of the offense are circumstances from which one’s
participation in the crime may be inferred.” State v. Jones, 15 S.W.3d 880, 890 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1999); see also State v. Ball, 973 S.W.2d 288, 293 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998); State v.
McBee, 644 S.W.2d 425, 428 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982).

The appellant’s sufficiency argument is that “he was in the wrong place at the wrong
time,” that he was not at the actual scene of the crime, that he was not involved in the plans
or discussions, that he was not a lookout, and that he was not identified by the victim as a
perpetrator. In other words, the appellant contends that there was no direct evidence linking
him to the crime.

The evidence in the light most favorable to the State reveals that the appellant and
Wilmoth had been friends for six years and that Wilmoth was at the appellant’s house earlier
on the day of the crime. Wilmoth told the appellant that he would be at Bryant’s residence
later in the day, and the appellant went to Bryant’s residence to meet Wilmoth. The appellant
was at Bryant’s residence when Wilmoth and Collins asked Weaver to step outside to make
sure no one was outside when they left. When Wilmoth and Collins returned twenty to thirty
minutes later, they were out of breath and in possession of a purse and a Christmas present.

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Wilmoth and Collins told the appellant that they had robbed an old lady. The appellant found
money in the purse that Wilmoth and Collins had overlooked. The appellant allowed
Wilmoth, Collins, and Bryant to hide from police at his house. The appellant also told
Wilmoth and Collins that they should not put the victim’s purse in the trash because it would
be found too easily. The appellant concealed money and jewelry taken during the robbery
in a lockbox in his bedroom. Additionally, when the appellant’s parents gave police a pair
of the appellant’s blue jeans, police found more stolen jewelry wrapped up in the jeans. We
conclude that this evidence is sufficient for a jury to find that the appellant was criminally
responsible for the actions of Wilmoth and Collins.

2. Corroboration of Accomplice Testimony

The appellant further complains that his convictions are based “solely on the
testimony of co-defendant and alleged accomplice, Amber Bryant, to connect him to the
actions of Wilmoth and Collins.” The appellant correctly notes that “a defendant cannot be
convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of [an] accomplice[].” State v. McKnight, 900
S.W.2d 36, 47 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). In other words,

there must be some fact testified to, entirely independent of the
accomplice’s testimony, which, taken by itself, leads to the
inference, not only that a crime has been committed, but also
that the defendant is implicated in it; and this independent
corroborative testimony must also include some fact establishing
the defendant’s identity.

Henley v. State, 489 S.W.2d 53, 56 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972). “‘The corroboration need not
be conclusive, but it is sufficient if this evidence, of itself, tends to connect the defendant
with the commission of the offense, although the evidence is slight and entitled, when
standing alone, to but little consideration.’” State v. Heflin, 15 S.W.3d 519, 524 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999) (quoting State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803 (Tenn. 1994)).
Additionally, such corroborative evidence may be direct or circumstantial. See State v.
Spadafina, 952 S.W.2d 444, 450 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

Our review of the record reveals that police found the victim’s purse on the roof of
a store, consistent with Bryant’s testimony that Wilmoth, Collins, and the appellant threw the
purse on the roof. Bryant testified that the appellant stored money and jewelry in his
lockbox, and police confirmed that the victim’s jewelry was found in the appellant’s lockbox.
More of the victim’s jewelry was found concealed in a pair of the appellant’s blue jeans,
further connecting the appellant with the crimes. Therefore, we conclude that Bryant’s
testimony was sufficiently corroborated.

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 3. Especially Aggravated Kidnapping

As the final issue, we will examine the appellant’s conviction of especially aggravated
kidnapping. Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-305(a)(1) defines especially
aggravated kidnapping as false imprisonment “[a]ccomplished with a deadly weapon or by
display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a
deadly weapon.” False imprisonment is defined as the knowing removal or confinement of
“another unlawfully so as to interfere substantially with the other’s liberty.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 39-13-302.

Our case law reveals a long-standing concern regarding the legitimacy of a kidnapping
conviction when the act(s) establishing the offense occurred during an accompanying felony.
In State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299, 306 (Tenn. 1991), our supreme court, citing due
process concerns, held that before a separate kidnapping conviction may be sustained, there
must be a determination of

whether the confinement, movement, or detention [was]
essentially incidental to the accompanying felony and [was] not,
therefore, sufficient to support a separate conviction for
kidnapping, or whether it [was] significant enough, in and of
itself, to warrant independent prosecution and [was], therefore,
sufficient to support such conviction.

Later, in State v. Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532, 535 (Tenn. 1997), our supreme court
modified the Anthony court’s “essentially incidental” analysis and established a two prong
test for determining whether a separate conviction for kidnapping violates due process. The
first step concerned a determination of whether the movement or confinement was beyond
that necessary to commit the accompanying felony. Id. If so, the second step concerned
ascertaining whether the additional movement or confinement (1) prevented the victim from
summoning help; (2) lessened the appellant’s risk of detection; or (3) created a significant
danger or increased the victim’s risk of harm. Id.

Recently, in State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012), our supreme court
expressly overruled Anthony and its progeny, holding that “[t]he separate due process test
articulated first in Anthony, and subsequently refined in Dixon . . . , is . . . no longer
necessary to the appellate review of a kidnapping conviction accompanied by a separate
felony.” Id. at 578. Instead, the court held that “whether the evidence, beyond a reasonable
doubt, establishes each and every element of kidnapping, as defined by statute, is a question

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for the jury properly instructed under the law,” thereby concluding that a defendant’s
constitutional concerns are protected by appellate review of the sufficiency of the convicting
evidence. Id. at 577-78. Therefore, our supreme court cautioned that “trial courts must
ensure that juries return kidnapping convictions only in those instances in which the victim’s
removal or confinement exceeds that which is necessary to accomplish the accompanying
felony.” Id. To effectuate this end, our supreme court devised an instruction to be given by
trial court’s:

To establish whether the defendant’s removal or
confinement of the victim constituted a substantial interference
with his or her liberty, the State must prove that the removal or
confinement was to a greater degree than that necessary to
commit the offense of [insert offense], which is the other
offense charged in this case. In making this determination, you
may consider all the relevant facts and circumstances of the
case, including, but not limited to, the following factors:

• the nature and duration of the victim’s
removal or confinement by the defendant;

• whether the removal or confinement
occurred during the commission of the separate
offense;

• whether the interference with the
victim’s liberty was inherent in the nature of the
separate offense;

• whether the removal or confinement
prevented the victim from summoning assistance,
although the defendant need not have succeeded
in preventing the victim from doing so;

• whether the removal or confinement
reduced the defendant’s risk of detection,
although the defendant need not have succeeded
in this objective; and

• whether the removal or confinement
created a significant danger or increased the

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 victim’s risk of harm independent of that posed
by the separate offense.

Id. at 580-81.

In the instant case, the instruction given by the trial court was virtually the same as
that given to the jury in White, which our supreme court found insufficient to fully inform
the jury of the elements of kidnapping. See State v. Michael L. Powell, No. E2011-00155-
CCA-R3-CD, 2012 WL 1655279, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, May 10, 2012).
Therefore, we are constrained to reverse the appellant’s conviction for especially aggravated
kidnapping and remand for a new trial on that charge, with the trial court instructing the jury
according to the dictates of White. See White, at 580-81.

B. Jury Instructions

The appellant’s remaining complaints concern the jury instructions given by the trial
court. A defendant has a “constitutional right to a correct and complete charge of the law.”
State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990). Accordingly, trial courts “should give a
requested instruction if it is supported by the evidence, embodies a party’s theory, and is a
correct statement of the law.” State v. Phipps, 883 S.W.2d 138, 150 n. 20 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1994). Moreover, we have previously noted that “[w]e must review the entire [jury] charge
and only invalidate it if, when read as a whole, it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or
misleads the jury as to the applicable law.” State v. Forbes, 918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1995). A charge resulting in prejudicial error is one that fails to fairly submit the
legal issues to the jury or misleads the jury about the applicable law. State v. Hodges, 944
S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn. 1997).

1. Accessory After the Fact

The appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on
accessory after the fact as a lesser-included offense. A trial court has a duty to instruct the
jury on the charged offense(s) and any lesser-included offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
18-110; State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 464 (Tenn. 1999). “In applying the lesser-included
offense doctrine, three questions arise: (1) whether an offense is a lesser-included offense;
(2) whether the evidence supports a lesser-included offense instruction; and (3) whether an
instructional error is harmless.” State v. Allen, 69 S.W.3d 181, 187 (Tenn. 2002). In Burns,
our supreme court outlined the test for determining when an offense may be considered a
lesser-included offense of an indicted offense. 6 S.W.3d at 466-67.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-411(a) provides:

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 (a) A person is an accessory after the fact who, after the
commission of a felony, with knowledge or reasonable ground
to believe that the offender has committed the felony, and with
the intent to hinder the arrest, trial, conviction or punishment of
the offender:

(1) Harbors or conceals the offender;

(2) Provides or aids in providing the offender with any means of
avoiding arrest, trial, conviction or punishment; or

(3) Warns the offender of impending apprehension or discovery.

This court has previously examined this issue and has concluded “that accessory after
the fact is a separate and distinct offense, rather than a lesser-included offense of a felony
committed by the perpetrator of a crime.” State v. Timothy Wayne Holland, No.
M2001-03129-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 31007428, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville,
Sept. 4, 2002) (citing State v. Hodgkinson, 778 S.W.2d 54, 63 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989),
State v. Hoosier, 631 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982)). Accordingly, because the
appellant was not charged as an accessory after the fact, the trial court did not err in refusing
to instruct the jury on that offense.

2. Criminal Responsibility

Finally, the appellant makes two complaints regarding the trial court’s instruction
regarding criminal responsibility. First, the appellant claims that “the instruction was
presented in a very vague and broad manner, failing to concisely define the terms solicit,
direct, aid or attempt to aid.” Second, the appellant, quoting State v. Jones, 15 S.W.3d 880,
890 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999), maintains that the trial court should have instructed the jury
that “‘[m]ere presence during the commission of the crime is not enough to convict’” a
person under a theory of criminal responsibility.

Initially, we note that the record does not reflect that the appellant objected to the
criminal responsibility instruction given by the trial court or argued for the inclusion of
definitions or the provision regarding a person’s “mere presence during the commission of
a crime.” However, he did raise the issues in his motion for new trial. “Rule 30(b) of the
Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure provides that failure to make objection to the content
of an instruction ‘shall not prejudice the right of a party to assign the basis of the objection
as error in support of a motion for a new trial.’” State v. Lynn, 924 S.W.2d 892, 898-99
(Tenn. 1996).

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 The trial court instructed the jury regarding criminal responsibility as follows:

The defendant is criminally responsible as a party to the
offense or offenses . . . if the offenses were committed by the
defendant’s own conduct, by the conduct of another for which
the defendant is criminally responsible or by both. . . . The
defendant is criminally responsible for an offense committed by
the conduct of another if at the acting with intent to promote or
assist the commission of the offense or to benefit in the proceeds
or results of the offense, the defendant solicits, directs, aids or
attempts to aid another person to commit the offense.

A defendant who is criminally responsible for an offense
may be found guilty not only of that offense but also for any
other offense or offenses committed by another. If you find
beyond a reasonable doubt that the other offense or offenses
committed were natural and probable consequences of the
original offense to which the defendant is found criminally
responsible and that the elements of the other offense or
offenses that accompany the original offense have [been] proven
beyond a reasonable doubt.

In deciding the criminal responsibility of the defendant,
the jury may also take into consideration any evidence offered
that the defendant attempted to depart or withdraw from any of
the offenses that followed from the original offense.

Before you find the defendant guilty of being criminally
responsible for said offense committed by the conduct of
another, you must find that all the essential elements of said
offenses have been proven by the state beyond a reasonable
doubt.

This instruction comports with the language in Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction
3.01, which this court has previously approved as “a correct statement of the law.” State v.
Mario Green, No. W2006-01383-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2331020, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App.
at Jackson, June 5, 2008); see also State v. Grover Donnell Cowart, No.
03C01-9512-CR-00402, 1999 WL 5174, at *21-22 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Jan. 8,
1999). Further, we note that a trial court is not required to define or explain words or terms
in common use which are understood by persons of ordinary intelligence. See State v.

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Summers, 692 S.W.2d 439, 445 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985); see also State v. Terrance D.
Nichols, No. W2003-01043-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 551957, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at
Jackson, Mar. 8, 2005). Therefore, we conclude that the instruction given was not vague or
overbroad. Moreover, because the charge was a correct statement of the law, we can discern
no error by the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that “‘[m]ere presence during the
commission of the crime is not enough to convict’” a person under a theory of criminal
responsibility.

III. Conclusion

In sum, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to support the appellant’s
convictions for aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary and that the trial court did not
err in instructing the jury on criminal responsibility. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments
of the trial court concerning the aggravated robbery and aggravated burglary convictions.
However, in light of State v. White, 362 S.W.3d 559 (Tenn. 2012), we must reverse the
appellant’s especially aggravated kidnapping conviction and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

___________________________________
NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE

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