Charlton Garner v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs June 12, 2012

CHARLTON GARNER v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 05-07903 J. Robert Carter, Jr., Judge

No. W2011-01861-CCA-R3-PC - Filed June 25, 2012

A Shelby County jury convicted petitioner, Charlton Garner, of second degree murder,
attempted second degree murder, and reckless endangerment. The trial court sentenced him
to an effective twenty-eight years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. After an
unsuccessful direct appeal to this court, he petitioned the Shelby County Criminal Court for
post-conviction relief, alleging ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to present a
witness suggested by petitioner and failure to impeach a State’s witness with prior
convictions. Following an evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied relief.
Discerning no error in the proceedings, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

Tenn R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER and
J EFFREY S. B IVINS, JJ., joined.

R. Todd Mosley, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Charlton Garner.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Senior Counsel;
Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Betsy Weintraub, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Facts

A. Procedural History

In 2005, a Shelby County Grand Jury indicted petitioner for one count of first degree
murder, one count of attempted first degree murder, and one count of aggravated assault. A
jury convicted him of the lesser-included offenses of second degree murder, attempted
second degree murder, and reckless endangerment. He received an effective twenty-eight-
year sentence in the Tennessee Department of Correction. This court affirmed the judgments
of the trial court, and our supreme court denied discretionary review. State v. Charlton
Garner, No. W2007-00821-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 1819243 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 26,
2009), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 23, 2009). Petitioner filed a timely petition for post-
conviction relief on October 14, 2010, and amended petitions on December 13, 2010, and
July 20, 2011, raising double jeopardy claims and multiple instances of ineffective assistance
of counsel. The post-conviction court denied relief on August 18, 2011. This appeal
follows.

B. Trial

On direct appeal, this court summarized the facts presented at trial as follows:

During the course of an evening, the defendant was involved in two
separate shooting incidents which resulted in the charges against him. April
Taylor, the victim of the reckless endangerment, testified during the jury trial
that, on the evening in question, she and her cousin, Terrell Taylor, the victim
of the murder conviction, were riding in her white sports utility vehicle (SUV).
According to Ms. Taylor, she was taking her cousin to sell drugs in the Byfield
area. As they proceeded down the street, they encountered the defendant and
two friends on bicycles. According to Ms. Taylor, she was unable to turn her
vehicle around because the group was blocking the road. Her cousin rolled
down his window and spoke to the men, stating, “[D]on’t you see she is trying
to get her truck through,” and then rolled the window back up. Immediately
thereafter, the defendant fired a shot at the passenger side of the SUV. They
left the area, and Ms. Taylor dropped off her cousin and his friend, Freddie
Bachus, the victim of the attempted murder charge, in the neighborhood.

Mr. Bachus testified that he and Mr. Taylor went riding around in his
car. As the two came to a stop sign at Hillbrook and Maxwell, they were
approached by three males on bicycles. According to Mr. Bachus, without any
words being spoken, the defendant aimed a gun at him and fired one shot into
the car. The bullet first struck Mr. Bachus in the back of the head and then hit
Mr. Taylor in the left temple. Fearing for his safety, Mr. Bachus then left the
area and drove to the fire station on Horn Lake Road. The two men were later
transported to The Med, where Mr. Taylor died.

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 The defendant was indicted by a Shelby County grand jury for first
degree murder, attempted first degree murder, and aggravated assault. At the
subsequent jury trial, the defendant acknowledged that he had committed the
alleged acts but defended himself upon grounds of self-defense. In addition to
the testimony of April Taylor and Freddie Bachus, the State also presented the
testimony of Leroy Williams. Williams was one of the other men with the
defendant on the night of the shootings. According to Williams, he, the
defendant, and a third friend, were on Byfield when a white SUV came down
the street. He testified that the passenger in the SUV ordered them to get out
of the street, and confrontation words were exchanged. He stated that Mr.
Taylor stuck his head out the window, and Williams thought he was going to
shoot them. It was only afterward that the defendant fired the shot at the SUV.
Williams went on to testify that the group proceeded to the Maxwell area
where they were approached by a car that almost hit the defendant. According
to Williams, Freddie Bachus accused the defendant of shooting at his friends,
and more words were exchanged. Williams testified that he heard the
passenger in the car scream “[s]hoot that [man].” He also testified that he saw
shadows in the car bend down as if to get a weapon. It was then that the
defendant fired into the car. The defendant also testified in his own defense.
He acknowledged his commission of the acts but insisted they were done in
self-defense. He testified that he had only committed the acts because he was
frightened and that he had seen guns in the possession of both Mr. Taylor and
Mr. Bachus.

Charlton Garner, 2009 WL 1819243, at *1.

C. Post-Conviction Hearing

The post-conviction court conducted a hearing on the petition for relief. Petitioner
testified that two attorneys represented him at trial. His family retained one of the attorneys
around the time of his arraignment. Petitioner did not meet with the other attorney until the
day of trial and did not recall the second attorney having any involvement in the trial itself.
Petitioner first testified that trial counsel met with him for the first time after he had been
indicted and arraigned; however, on cross-examination, he admitted that trial counsel met
with him approximately four times before the arraignment date.

After arraignment, petitioner and trial counsel met in the attorney meeting room in the
courthouse. Trial counsel reviewed the facts of the offenses with petitioner and discussed
the possibility of a self-defense argument. When they met again, petitioner asked trial
counsel to look for several witnesses. Petitioner specifically asked trial counsel to interview

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and subpoena Kyland Young and Leroy Williams. Petitioner gave trial counsel addresses
and telephone numbers for these witnesses. Trial counsel found Mr. Williams but told
petitioner that they did not need Mr. Young for trial purposes. He also informed petitioner
that he was unable to locate some of the other witnesses petitioner requested.

Petitioner testified that between the first meetings and the trial date, he saw his
attorney on various report dates in court, and counsel would assure petitioner he would come
to visit. Trial counsel visited “every once in a while,” but in petitioner’s opinion, “it wasn’t
often to be working on a capital murder case.” On cross-examination, petitioner testified that
he met with trial counsel approximately ten times during the fourteen months before his trial
date.

Petitioner said that he did not receive notice of any plea offers in his case, and the trial
court did not set a plea deadline. Trial counsel allegedly informed him that there was no
offer and that he was going to trial. On cross-examination, petitioner testified that trial
counsel conveyed to him that the State offered to remove the death penalty from
consideration and allow him to plead guilty to life in prison. He testified that he chose to
reject the State’s offer. Petitioner agreed that he made a good decision in declining the
State’s offer because the jury convicted him of second degree murder, rather than first
degree, and the trial court sentenced him to twenty-eight years instead of “life.”

Petitioner testified that between the last scheduled court date and the day the trial
began, trial counsel did not meet with him, even though petitioner said that he needed to
discuss some issues prior to trial. During his testimony, petitioner equivocated, testifying
that it was “[p]robably a day, or a few weeks” between his last meeting with trial counsel and
the day of the trial; he again changed his statement to reflect that trial counsel visited with
him “[p]robably about four days before” trial. At that meeting, they discussed a self-defense
argument. Petitioner was not specific about the details of the conversation regarding self-
defense. He testified that they did not discuss any strategies by which to argue lesser-
included offenses. Petitioner wanted the jury to consider lesser offenses, not just self-
defense. He testified, “[Trial counsel] should have said something about lesser-included
offense[s], like manslaughter. I don’t know that much about the law, but you don’t get no
[sic] self-defense unless somebody breaks in your house.” He agreed that, even though trial
counsel did not argue lesser-included offenses to the jury, it still convicted him of second
degree murder as a lesser-included offense of first degree murder. Petitioner testified on
redirect that he wanted his attorney to argue all offenses less than second degree murder, but
not second degree murder itself.

Petitioner testified that trial counsel did not properly prepare for his case. To his
knowledge, trial counsel did not utilize an investigator. He felt that the circumstances of

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“how the crime went down and the gun fired” needed to be investigated. Petitioner did not
believe that counsel questioned residents in the neighborhood in which the crimes occurred.
On the day of trial, Leroy Williams was not present. Trial counsel explained to petitioner
that he could not locate Mr. Williams. Petitioner was adamant that Mr. Williams needed to
testify, so he contacted his mother and asked her to locate him. Trial counsel subsequently
subpoenaed Mr. Williams. Petitioner was unsure whether his attorney subpoenaed Kyland
Young.

Petitioner recalled that Leroy Williams testified for the State at trial. Mr. Williams
was a friend of petitioner’s from junior high school. Petitioner felt that Mr. Williams could
shed some light on the people in the vehicle who were threatening his life. Petitioner was
satisfied with trial counsel’s questioning of Mr. Williams. Petitioner recalled that Kyland
Young was present but was not called as a witness. He felt that Mr. Young’s testimony
would have been as important as Mr. Williams’s testimony. However, Mr. Williams did not
testify about seeing the victim with a gun, and petitioner was unsure of whether Mr. Young
would testify that he saw a gun. He simply thought that the jury should have heard Mr.
Young’s version of the events.

Petitioner said his trial counsel coerced him into testifying that he was a high school
drop-out. Counsel allegedly told petitioner that the jury would be more lenient on him if it
viewed him as “just an old country boy.” According to petitioner, trial counsel “flat out” told
him to testify falsely. Petitioner testified on his own behalf at trial, after being advised of the
risks and making the decision jointly with trial counsel.

Petitioner thought that trial counsel should have presented character witnesses on his
behalf. He testified that someone should have been able to speak for him because the mother
of the deceased victim was able to testify at the sentencing hearing. He also thought that trial
counsel should have objected more; petitioner believed that counsel did not argue about
many points. Petitioner, in hindsight, felt that trial counsel’s statement in closing argument
that “there’s nothing worse than being wrongly accused” backfired on him. He recalled that
trial counsel argued self-defense in his closing argument but did not emphasize lesser-
included offenses. He thought that trial counsel should have argued lesser-included offenses.

Petitioner testified that trial counsel failed to raise “double jeopardy” or
“constitutional rights” at the sentencing hearing. At the motion for a new trial, trial counsel
only argued sufficiency of the evidence. Petitioner also felt wronged because trial counsel
did not object to consecutive sentencing. He thought that trial counsel failed him by not
raising the point that petitioner was a first-time offender, as well as other mitigating factors.

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 Petitioner presented Kyland Young as a witness at the post-conviction hearing. Mr.
Young testified that he was not necessarily a witness to the shooting but “saw a dude
reaching for a gun” during the incident in question. He recounted the facts of the case,
stating that he was one of the three bicyclists who were confronted by a group of people in
an SUV. They were riding their bicycles to a store where Mr. Young could buy cigarettes.
Petitioner wanted to stop on Fairfield Road, but Mr. Young did not think they should travel
that way because the people who frequented the area were “nothing but trouble.” While on
Fairfield Road, the young men were accosted by people in a truck. A female was driving,
and Mr. Young could see that she was accompanied by a male. The male lowered his
window and cursed at the three young men. Mr. Young did not know the man who cursed
them. In colorful language, the man told them to get their bicycles out of the street. At that
point, Mr. Young informed petitioner that he was leaving the area. As Mr. Young was
leaving, he heard gunshots from a distance.

Mr. Young rode his bicycle slowly, trying to calm down. He topped a hill, where he
found petitioner and the other young man.1 They were talking in the street. A vehicle driven
by Freddie Bachus approached “like he didn’t know how to drive” and bumped Mr. Young’s
ankle. Mr. Young first testified that Mr. Bachus’s passenger was the same male who cursed
them earlier, but upon further questioning, acknowledged that he was not sure if it was the
same man. Mr. Bachus said something about “big daddy,” and “you did something to my kin
folk”; however, Mr. Young could not hear the words very well because he was trying to get
out of the street. As he turned around, he saw Mr. Bachus’s shoulders move as though he
were reaching for a weapon. Mr. Young was approximately one foot away from the vehicle.
When Mr. Young saw Mr. Bachus reach, he felt it was time to leave. He pedaled as fast as
he could to get to his home. He heard shots fired but testified that he heard gunshots all of
the time and was not sure where they originated.

Police visited Mr. Young the following evening. He testified that the police kept
“cutting him off” and that they “wanted to hear what they wanted to hear . . . .” He tried to
tell the truth and tell police that he saw Mr. Bachus reaching for a gun, but they said that their
only concern was who fired the gun. The police took his statement and read it back to him
because he could not read. He did not correct the police because they told him that if he did
not tell the police what they needed to hear, they would charge him, as well. Mr. Young
testified that he spoke with petitioner after the shooting. Petitioner confessed to Mr. Young
that he shot the man in the car.

1
While Mr. Young does not name the third individual, the trial record reflects that Mr. Young was
referring to Leroy Williams.

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 Mr. Young never spoke with any defense attorneys about the case; no one representing
petitioner asked to speak with him. Mr. Young talked to the prosecutors and told them the
same version of the events. The State subpoenaed Mr. Young, and he was present at trial.
However, neither party called him to testify. He testified at the post-conviction hearing that
he would have said the same thing at trial, that his “story will never change,” but he could
not control what detectives wrote in their reports.

Petitioner presented trial counsel as a witness at the evidentiary hearing. At the time
of the hearing, he had been practicing law for twenty-five years and had tried over two
hundred cases, more than ten of which were first degree murder trials. He has also instructed
other attorneys on trial techniques.

Trial counsel did not recall whether he was retained or appointed. If he had been
retained but not paid in full, his representation of petitioner would not have been affected.
Trial counsel did not recall whether he had an investigator assisting him with the case;
however, because counsel lived in the area of the crime, he investigated the case himself.
He and co-counsel visited the crime scene together in preparation for trial.

Counsel had represented defendants who wanted to testify but had criminal records.
He would inform them that they had a right to testify but that the State would likely question
them about their criminal convictions. He would tell them that the jury may not believe their
testimony because of their prior criminal history.

Trial counsel, however, did not believe it was important to question a witness about
prior criminal convictions and did not employ the practice. He understood that the State used
the method to damage the credibility of witnesses. Trial counsel did not recall specifically
why he did not attack Mr. Bachus’s credibility at trial with his prior convictions, but
generally there were numerous reasons he would not do so. If he felt that questioning the
witness about prior convictions would not accomplish anything, he would not do it. He
acknowledged that the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions included an instruction regarding
impeachment of witnesses with their prior criminal history. On cross-examination, the State
referred to the trial transcript and reminded trial counsel that Mr. Bachus testified that he was
in jail at the time of trial for violation of probation on a drug-related conviction and for
another unnamed offense. Considering Mr. Bachus’s trial testimony along with the fact that
he testified in jail clothing, trial counsel believed that impeaching him was “just a waste of
time.”

Trial counsel did not recall whether he spoke with Kyland Young while preparing for
trial. He recalled receiving discovery from the State but did not recall whether it included
Mr. Young’s statement. Trial counsel stated that he tried to talk to as many witnesses as

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possible before a trial but did not recall a reason why he would not have spoken with Mr.
Young in this case. In preparing for trial, if a defendant gave him names of witnesses,
whether he interviewed the witnesses depended on what his client said the witness would say.
If trial counsel received a statement from a witness, either written by the witness or provided
by the police, he relied on the statement as representing the subject matter of the witness’s
testimony. Trial counsel was shown Mr. Young’s statement to the police. After reading the
statement, trial counsel determined that the witness would not have been essential to the
defense’s case, which was primarily self-defense.

In focusing on self-defense in his closing arguments, trial counsel testified that he
thought that an argument of self-defense and an argument for lesser-included offenses were
mutually exclusive. In his words, “I don’t think you can ride two horses.” Based on the facts
of the case, trial counsel still thought that the jury should have acquitted petitioner based on
self-defense. Although second degree murder was not what he wanted, he thought it was the
best he could do.

Trial counsel did not recall whether he filed a timely motion for a new trial in
petitioner’s case, and if he did, what issues he raised. He did not investigate a double
jeopardy issue because he did not believe that the facts supported such an issue. In preparing
a motion for new trial, counsel would generally review his notes and the notes of any other
attorney who may have been with him. He would try to include all issues that could be raised
to preserve the issues for appeal.

The State, in questioning trial counsel, told him that petitioner testified that counsel
told him to lie. Counsel replied, “I don’t care what you’re getting ready to say, I never do
that. So he’s lying.” He said that his law license was too important for him to instruct
someone to lie on the stand. Trial counsel testified that he did everything within his power
to represent petitioner to the best of his ability.

In rebuttal, the State called the trial prosecutor. At the time of the evidentiary hearing,
she had practiced law for twenty-eight years and had participated in over three hundred trials.
The prosecutor reviewed Mr. Young’s statements to the police and to the district attorney
general’s office. She did not consider the statements to be exculpatory because neither
statement indicated petitioner was not the shooter or that there was a justifiable reason for
the shooting. She testified that in a given case, if two witnesses could testify about the crime,
and one was more articulate than the other, she would call the more articulate witness to
testify. The prosecutor’s policy regarding discovery was generally “open file.” However,
she did not always release witness statements prior to trial if they were not exculpatory in
nature. Her case file bore a notation that she provided discovery to trial counsel.

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 II. Analysis

Petitioner pursues two claims of ineffective assistance of counsel: whether trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to call Kyland Young as a witness at trial and whether trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach a State’s witness.

A. Standard of Review

A post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his or her factual allegations
by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2010); Lane v. State,
316 S.W.3d 555, 562 (Tenn. 2010) (citing Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 216 (Tenn.
2009)). “‘Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt
about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” Lane, 316 S.W.3d at 562
(quoting Grindstaff, 297 S.W.3d at 216).

Appellate courts do not reassess the trial court’s determination of the credibility of
witnesses. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 292 (Tenn. 2009) (citing R.D.S. v. State, 245
S.W.3d 356, 362 (Tenn. 2008)). Questions regarding the credibility of witnesses is a matter
entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact. Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d at 292 (citing State v.
Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). The post-conviction court’s findings of fact carry
the weight of a jury verdict and are conclusive on appeal unless the preponderance of the
evidence is otherwise. Rigger v. State, 341 S.W.3d 299, 307 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2010) (citing
Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn. 1997)); Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)). However, conclusions of law receive no presumption of correct-
ness on appeal. Rigger, 341 S.W.3d at 306 (citing Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tenn.
2001)). As a mixed question of law and fact, this court’s review of petitioner’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claims is de novo with no presumption of correctness. Dellinger, 279
S.W.3d at 294 (citing Finch v. State, 226 S.W.3d 307, 315 (Tenn. 2007)).

To prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, petitioner must
demonstrate both that his lawyer’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency
prejudiced the defense. Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 315; Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106, 116
(Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)); Baxter v. Rose,
523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)). To prove that counsel’s performance was deficient,
petitioner must establish that his attorney’s conduct fell below an objective standard of
“reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.” Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 315 (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688). As our supreme court has previously held:

‘[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is counsel
reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance. It is

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 a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a criminal defendant
of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or incompetence . . .
Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary
training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his
client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.’

Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35 (quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir.
1974)). On appellate review of trial counsel’s performance, this court “must make every
effort to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of
counsel’s conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.”
Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689); see
Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 316; see also Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982) (noting
that on appeal, counsel’s conduct will not be measured by “20-20 hindsight”). The failure of
trial counsel’s strategy or tactic will not, standing alone, establish ineffective assistance of
counsel. Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996). However, on appeal, this court
will grant deference to strategic and tactical choices of counsel only if the choices are
informed and based upon adequate preparation. Id. (citing Hellard, 629 S.W.2d at 9; Cooper
v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App.1992)).

To establish that petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficient
performance, petitioner “‘must establish a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors
the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 316 (quoting
Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116). “A ‘reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116 (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694); see Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 316. As such, petitioner must establish that his
attorney’s deficient performance was of such magnitude that he was deprived of a fair trial
and the reliability of the outcome was called into question. Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116
(citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 463 (Tenn. 1999)).

Petitioner must establish both deficient performance and prejudice therefrom to be
entitled to post-conviction relief. Id. (citing Howell, 185 S.W.3d at 326). It follows that if
this court holds that either prong is not met, we are not compelled to consider the other
prong. Id. (citing Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tenn. 2004)).

B. Failure to Present Kyland Young as a Witness at Trial

Petitioner argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present Kyland
Young as a witness at trial. Mr. Young testified at the post-conviction hearing regarding
what he witnessed during the offenses committed by petitioner. Petitioner’s primary
complaint, established by his testimony at the post-conviction hearing, is simply that the jury

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should have heard Mr. Young’s recitation of the facts. Petitioner did not know if Mr. Young
saw Mr. Bachus with a gun or would have testified that he saw a gun.

One of the witnesses petitioner requested that trial counsel subpoena to trial was Leroy
Williams, who testified for the State. However, Mr. Williams testified fully regarding what
he witnessed at the scenes of both confrontations and was thoroughly cross-examined by trial
counsel. At trial, Mr. Williams told the jury that he heard Mr. Bachus’s passenger, Terrell
Taylor (the victim of the murder conviction), shout to Mr. Bachus to shoot at the men on the
bicycles. He also testified that he saw “shadows in the car bend down as if to get a weapon.”

In his brief, petitioner asserts that Mr. Young’s testimony “was not beneficial for the
State,” thus, by implication, it would have been beneficial to petitioner’s defense. The
prosecutor’s testimony contradicts his assertion. She testified that when she has two
witnesses with similar testimony, and one is more articulate than the other, she calls the more
articulate witness to testify at trial. The prosecutor’s decision to call Mr. Williams as a
witness rather than Mr. Young was based solely on their demeanor and communication skills,
not on the value or importance of Mr. Williams’s testimony over Mr. Young’s.

Mr. Williams’s testimony at trial was more in-depth than the testimony Mr. Young
offered at the post-conviction hearing. Mr. Williams testified about a threat from Mr.
Bachus’s passenger while Mr. Young did not hear any threat come from Mr. Bachus’s
passenger. Mr. Young’s testimony regarding seeing a figure bend down as if to retrieve a
weapon was already before the jury and would have been cumulative to Mr. Williams’s
testimony. See Howard Eugene Buchanan v. State, No. M2003-01815-CCA-R3-PC, 2004
WL 1114589, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 19, 2004) (upholding denial of post-conviction
relief where testimony of proffered witness was “largely cumulative” to testimony presented
at trial).

Petitioner correctly cites Plyant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 874 (Tenn. 2008), for the
proposition that, under certain circumstances, failure of trial counsel to present a witness can
result in ineffective assistance of counsel. However, Plyant involved trial counsel’s failure
to call a witness who made statements to other people incriminating herself in the murder of
the victim. The facts of Plyant are easily distinguished from the instant case wherein counsel
failed to present cumulative testimony. Petitioner also maintains that the post-conviction
court erred because it did not make the necessary findings regarding Mr. Young’s testimony
pursuant to Plyant. The Plyant court held that “if the proffered testimony is both admissible
and material, the post-conviction court must assess whether the witness is credible.” Plyant,
263 S.W.3d at 869-70.

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 The post-conviction court summarized Mr. Young’s testimony at the evidentiary
hearing, ultimately finding that “[h]is testimony, that the police just wouldn’t listen, is not
credible.” The court did not specifically make a finding of whether the testimony would have
been admissible and material. However, a written finding on this issue is not necessary to
comply with the mandate of Plyant, and the post-conviction court made satisfactory implicit
findings. Cf. Donald L. Seiber v. State, No. E2010-00285-CCA-R3-PC, 2011 WL 1484173,
at *5 (Tenn Crim. App. Apr. 19, 2011) (noting that, in Plyant, the supreme court “did not add
to the post-conviction court’s duties under [Tennessee Code Annotated] section 40-30-111
a requirement that the court make explicit written credibility findings” for every witness
presented at the post-conviction hearing).

First, the post-conviction court actively ruled on whether certain witnesses would be
appropriate or admissible in the arena of post-conviction proceedings, forbidding petitioner
from presenting a proffered witness whose testimony would be inadmissible. By permitting
Kyland Young to testify, the post-conviction court implicitly found that the testimony would
have been admissible at trial.

Second, the trial court implicitly ruled that Mr. Young’s testimony was not material
to petitioner’s defense, stating in its order:

Even if [Mr. Young] had testified, he would have been impeached by two
separate prior inconsistent statements. Even if true, his testimony would only
repeat the claim made by Petitioner at the trial.

Thus, the post-conviction court found that Mr. Young’s testimony was cumulative and would
not have been material to petitioner’s defense because it was impeachable.

Finally, although the post-conviction court was not required to make a credibility
finding after implicitly finding that Mr. Young’s testimony was admissible yet immaterial,
the court found that Mr. Young’s testimony was, indeed, not credible, writing, “Only now,
at the Post-Conviction hearing, does the witness claim to see the victim pulling out a gun.”
The post-conviction court implicitly made the required findings, and ultimately found that
Mr. Young’s testimony was not credible. As noted above, questions regarding the credibility
of witnesses is a matter entrusted to the trial judge as the trier of fact. Dellinger, 279 S.W.3d
at 292 (citing State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). Based on the foregoing, the
post-conviction court found that petitioner failed to carry his burden of proof on the issue of
ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to call Mr. Young as a witness.

If the post-conviction court determines that the proffered testimony would not
have been admissible at trial or that, even if admissible, it would not have

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 materially aided the petitioner’s defense at trial, the post-conviction court is
justified in finding that trial counsel was not deficient in failing to call that
witness at trial.

Plyant, 263 S.W.3d at 869. Petitioner has failed to demonstrate either deficient performance
or prejudice accruing therefrom with respect to trial counsel’s failure to call Mr. Young as
a witness. Thus, this issue is without merit.

C. Failure to Impeach a State’s Witness with Prior Convictions

Petitioner argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to impeach the surviving
victim, Freddie Bachus, with his prior criminal history. He asserts that if trial counsel had
impeached Mr. Bachus with his four prior felony convictions, the trial court could have
instructed the jury, pursuant to the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instructions, that it could use those
convictions in assessing his credibility.

Trial counsel testified that he was aware that a witness could be impeached with prior
criminal convictions but that he did not often choose to employ that tactic, opining that it
rarely accomplished anything. The post-conviction court cited trial counsel’s testimony and
the trial transcript and found that Mr. Bachus, the surviving victim, testified while he was
incarcerated. Therefore, he wore jail clothes at the trial. Mr. Bachus also admitted to the
jury that he was involved in selling drugs. For those reasons, trial counsel did not believe it
was necessary to impeach Mr. Bachus with prior convictions. The post-conviction court
determined that trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to impeach Mr. Bachus with his
prior convictions.

We agree that trial counsel could have impeached Mr. Bachus’s testimony with proof
of his prior criminal history, thereby justifying a jury instruction on impeaching the
credibility of the witness with prior convictions. However, “[c]ounsel should not be deemed
to have been ineffective merely because he failed to employ additional modes of
impeachment which may or may not have produced a different result.” Raymon Haymon v.
State, No. W2005-01303-CCA-R3- PC, 2006 WL 2040434, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. July
10, 2006) (citing Williams v. State, 599 S.W.2d 276, 279-80 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980)).
Postulating about one more thing that trial counsel could have done does not mandate a
finding that he did not perform effectively.

Moreover, petitioner has failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by counsel’s
failure to impeach the witness with his prior convictions. The jury saw the witness in jail
clothes. It knew that he was in jail on a probation violation. The witness told the jury that
the probation he violated was imposed pursuant to a drug-related conviction. The witness

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further admitted that the probation violation was not the only reason he was incarcerated.
The jury had knowledge of at least two instances of criminal activity and could assess the
witness’s credibility without the necessity of formal impeachment. The trial court properly
instructed the jury, “Every fact and circumstance in the case you may consider in arriving at
your verdict,” and:

You are the exclusive judges of the facts in this case. Also, you are the
exclusive judges of the law under the direction of the court. You should apply
the law to the facts in deciding this case. You should consider all evidence in
the light of your own observations and experience in life.

(emphasis added). By the court’s instructions, the jury was free to assess the credibility of
the witnesses using “every fact and circumstance” and its “own observations and experience
in life.” The jury could have properly considered the witness’s jail clothing, current
incarceration, and admitted criminal convictions. The post-conviction court concluded that
petitioner did not meet his burden of proving either deficient performance or prejudice at the
evidentiary hearing and that “[t]his was simply a matter of a jury refusing to believe that the
[p]etitioner acted in self-defense.” We agree with the post-conviction court. Petitioner is not
entitled to relief on the issue of trial counsel’s failure to impeach Mr. Bachus with his
criminal history.

D. Claims Abandoned on Appeal

While petitioner raised double jeopardy claims and multiple claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel in his petition, he acknowledged in his brief that he has waived or
abandoned all issues with the exception of those addressed above. See Ronnie Jackson, Jr.
v. State, No. W2008-02280-CCA-R3-PC, 2009 WL 3430151, at *6 n.2 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Oct. 26, 2009) (“[w]hile the Petitioner raised additional issues in his petition for
post-conviction relief, he has abandoned those issues on appeal”). Accordingly, those issues
have not been addressed on appeal.

III. Conclusion

Based on our review of the post-conviction proceedings, the briefs of the parties, and
relevant case law, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

_________________________________
ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

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