IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
November 16, 2011 Session
IN RE: ESTATE OF GEORGE H. STEIL, II
Appeal from the Probate Court for Franklin County
No. P100109 Thomas C. Faris, Judge
No. M2011-00701-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 16, 2012
The only issue in this case is whether a divorced wife was entitled to continue to receive
alimony after the untimely death of her former husband. The wife argued that the support
award was in the nature of alimony in solido, which is for a fixed total amount that does not
abate upon the death of the obligor. She relies upon an Agreed Interim Order that provided
that the husband would pay the wife “spousal support in the amount of $500 per month for
a period of three years. . . .” The executrix of her former husband’s estate contended that the
terms of the Agreed Interim Order were irrelevant, because the order was superseded by the
Marital Dissolution Agreement (MDA), which was incorporated into the final decree of
divorce. The MDA included the $500 per month alimony provision, but provided that the
husband’s alimony obligation would end if the wife remarried, and it did not mention the
three year period or any other time limitation. The executrix accordingly argued that the
MDA award was in the nature of alimony in futuro, which abates upon the death of the
obligor by operation of law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(f)(1). The trial court found
that the omission of the three year period from the MDA was an inadvertent oversight, that
the parties intended the alimony award to be in solido, and that the wife was accordingly
entitled to receive support from her former husband’s estate. We reverse, because the MDA
establishes the award and provided for alimony in futuro.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Probate Court Reversed
P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which F RANK G.
C LEMENT, J R. and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, JJ., joined.
Bradley Joseph Eldridge-Smith, Tullahoma, Tennessee, for the appellant, Christine Ann
Burns.
Jerre Michael Hood, Winchester, Tennessee, for the appellee, Vicki Lee Steil.
OPINION
I. B ACKGROUND
George H. Steil, II (Husband) and Vicki Lee Steil (Wife) were married on July 7,
2002. After several years of marriage, Wife filed a complaint for divorce in the Chancery
Court of Franklin County. On June 26, 2009, the trial court entered an Agreed Interim Order,
which included provisions for temporary sharing of the marital home by Husband and Wife
and for the division of certain marital property. It also declared that “the Defendant
[Husband] shall pay to the Plaintiff [Wife] spousal support in the amount of $500.00 per
month for a period of three years, beginning on July 1, 2009 and ending on July 1, 2012.”
The parties subsequently entered into a Marital Dissolution Agreement (MDA) which
contained a spousal support provision that read in its entirety, “[t]he Husband will pay to the
wife the sum of $500 per month. This alimony shall continue monthly unless the wife shall
remarry and in that event then the alimony payments shall stop.” No mention was made of
a three year period or of a starting or stopping date. The trial court conducted the divorce
hearing on August 21, 2009, and entered a final decree that granted the divorce to both
parties on the ground of irreconcilable differences. The MDA was incorporated into the
decree by reference.
Husband’s support payments under the divorce decree continued until he passed away,
on or about August 28, 2010. Husband’s daughter was appointed as executrix of his estate.
On December 17, 2010, Wife filed a claim against Husband’s estate in the Probate Division
of the General Sessions Court of Franklin County for “[b]alance owing of alimony in solido
as per attached Agreed Interim Order.” She asked the court to award her $11,000,
representing 22 months of unpaid alimony under the interim order. The executrix filed an
objection to the claim, “grounded in the averment that the alimony referenced was not
alimony in solido and therefore said obligation terminated with the death of decedent.”
The Probate Court conducted a hearing on Wife’s claim on January 18, 2011, and
subsequently entered an order allowing the claim. The order stated that the parties had
intended the spousal award to be alimony in solido and that the omission from the MDA of
any mention of the three year period set out in the interim order was an oversight, a mere
drafting error. The court further explained that it reached its determination “[b]ased upon
the testimony of Joe Ford, who was the divorce attorney for the claimant, and a review of his
file and the exhibits tendered to the Court.” The executrix subsequently filed a motion for
a new hearing. The court denied the motion. This appeal followed.
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II. A PPLICABLE L EGAL P RINCIPLES
A marital dissolution agreement is essentially a contract between a husband and wife
in contemplation of divorce proceedings. Pylant v. Spivey, 174 S.W.3d 143, 151 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2003)(citing Towner v. Towner, 858 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tenn. 1993)). When an MDA
is incorporated into a divorce decree, it is said to lose its contractual nature and to become
a judgment of the court. Gray v. Estate of Gray, 993 S.W.2d 59, 63 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).
However, it is still construed in the same manner as a contract. Johnson v. Johnson, 37
S.W.3d 892, 896 (Tenn. 2001); Pylant v. Spivey, 174 S.W.3d at 151.
The proper interpretation of a contract is a matter of law, and the trial court’s
interpretation is accordingly not entitled to a presumption of correctness on appeal. Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 13(d); Doe v. HCA Health Services of Tennessee, 46 S.W.3d 191 (Tenn. 2001).
Thus, this court must review the MDA ourselves and we must make our own determination
regarding its meaning and its legal import. Pylant v. Spivey, 174 S.W.3d at 151; Hillsboro
Plaza Enterprises. v. Moon, 860 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).
“The central tenet of contract construction is that the intent of the contracting parties
at the time of executing the agreement should govern.” Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress
& Warehouse Co., Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002). The purpose of interpreting a
written contract is to ascertain and give effect to the contracting parties’ intentions, and
where the parties have reduced their agreement to writing, their intentions are reflected in the
contract itself. Id.; Frizzell Constr. Co. v. Gatlinburg, L.L.C., 9 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tenn. 1999).
“The intent of the parties is presumed to be that specifically expressed in the body of the
contract . . . .” Planters Gin Co., 78 S.W.3d at 890. Therefore, the court’s role in resolving
disputes regarding the interpretation of a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties
based upon the usual, natural, and ordinary meaning of the language used. Guiliano, 995
S.W.2d at 95; Bob Pearsall Motors, Inc. v. Regal Chrysler-Plymouth Inc., 521 S.W.2d 578,
580 (Tenn. 1975).
Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, its literal meaning
controls the outcome of contract disputes, Planters Gin Co., 78 S.W.3d at 890, and it is the
court’s duty to interpret it and enforce it as written, Koella v. McHargue, 976 S.W.2d 658,
661 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citing Book-Mart of Florida, Inc. v. National Book Warehouse,
Inc., 917 S.W.2d 691 (Tenn. Ct. App. App. 1995)). The court may not consider extraneous
evidence that would alter, contradict or vary the terms of a clear and unambiguous written
agreement. Book-Mart of Florida, Inc. v. National Book Warehouse, Inc., 917 S.W.2d at 694
(citing Faithful v. Gardner, 799 S.W.2d 232, 235 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)).
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III. T YPES OF S POUSAL S UPPORT A T I SSUE
Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-121 establishes the types of alimony that a court
is authorized to award and provides definitions describing the characteristics of the different
types of spousal support. These include alimony in futuro, alimony in solido, rehabilitative
alimony and transitional alimony. For the purposes of this appeal, only alimony in solido and
alimony in futuro are relevant. Alimony in solido is defined in Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-5-121(h) as follows:
(1) Alimony in solido, also known as lump sum alimony, is a form of long
term support, the total amount of which is calculable on the date the decree is
entered but which is not designated as transitional alimony. Alimony in solido
may be paid in installments; provided, that the payments are ordered over a
definite period of time and the sum of the alimony to be paid is ascertainable
when awarded. . . .
(2) A final award of alimony in solido is not modifiable, except by agreement
of the parties only.
(3) Alimony in solido is not terminable upon the death or remarriage of the
recipient or the payor.
The parties agree that the total amount of support provided for by the Agreed Interim
Order ($18,000) was calculable on the date the order was entered and, thus, that the interim
support provision meets the definition of alimony in solido. Accordingly, if the support
provision in the Agreed Interim Order is the governing document, Husband’s estate would
indisputably be liable for the remainder of three full years of support, because “[a]limony in
solido is not terminable upon the death or remarriage of the recipient or the payor.” Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-5-121(h)(3).
On the other hand, the executrix asserts that MDA incorporated into the final order
is the governing document. She contends that the support provision in the MDA does not
meet the definition of alimony in solido, but, instead, is a classic example of an award of
alimony in futuro. Alimony in futuro is described in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(f) as
follows:
(1) Alimony in futuro, also known as periodic alimony, is a payment of
support and maintenance on a long term basis or until death or remarriage of
the recipient. . . .
(2) . . .
(3) An award for alimony in futuro shall terminate automatically and
unconditionally upon the death or remarriage of the recipient. The recipient
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shall notify the obligor immediately upon the recipient’s remarriage. Failure
of the recipient to timely give notice of the remarriage shall allow the obligor
to recover all amounts paid as alimony in futuro to the recipient after the
recipient’s marriage. Alimony in futuro shall also terminate upon the death of
the payor, unless otherwise specifically stated.
The issue in this appeal is whether the husband’s support obligation ended with his
death or survived it. The answer to that question lies in the type of alimony awarded. The
parties agree that the Agreed Interim Order includes support payments that are appropriately
characterized as alimony in solido. Consequently, our first task is to determine whether the
MDA establishes alimony in futuro or alimony in solido.
IV. T YPE OF A LIMONY IN MDA
As set out earlier, the two types of alimony are defined by statute. Alimony in solido
is for a specific sum of money, which is ascertainable when awarded, even if it is ordered to
be paid in installments. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(h)(1). In contrast, the total amount
payable under an award of alimony in futuro cannot be accurately calculated, because the
periodic payments are subject to uncertain contingencies such as the remarriage of the
recipient or the death of either the recipient or the payor. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(f)(3).
The Tennessee Supreme Court has explained the difference between the two types of
alimony, in solido and in futuro, stating:
Whether alimony is in futuro or in solido is determined by either the
definiteness or indefiniteness of the sum of alimony ordered to be paid at the
time of the award. McKee v. McKee, 655 S.W.2d 164, 165 (Tenn. App. 1983).
Alimony in solido is an award of a definite sum of alimony. Spalding v.
Spalding, 597 S.W.2d 739, 741 (Tenn.App.1980). Alimony in solido may be
paid in installments provided the payments are ordered over a definite period
of time and the sum of the alimony to be paid is ascertainable when
awarded. Id. Alimony in futuro, however, lacks sum-certainty due to
contingencies affecting the total amount of alimony to be paid. McKee, 655
S.W.2d at 165–66 (holding alimony was in futuro where husband was ordered
to pay the mortgage note until either the son turned twenty-two or the house
was sold). It is therefore clear that the duration of an award of alimony in
futuro may be affected by contingencies agreed upon by the parties or imposed
by courts.
The continued payment of alimony in the case now before us was
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subject to three contingencies: remarriage, death, or the passage of March 1,
1996. These contingencies affected the duration of the alimony. Accordingly,
the sum of the alimony payable to Mrs. Waddey was not determinable
when the alimony was awarded. . . . The award of alimony in solido must be
ascertainable when ordered, not years later when a contingency terminates the
award.
Waddey v. Waddey, 6 S.W.3d 230, 232-33 (Tenn. 1999) (emphasis added). See also Burlew
v. Burlew, 40 S.W.3d 465, 471 (Tenn. 2001) (relying upon Waddey for definitions of the two
kinds of alimony).
Thus, to determine the type of alimony created, courts must look at the award of
alimony at the time the award is made and determine if the sum of the alimony to be paid was
definite and ascertainable at that time. In the case before us, the MDA did not specifically
name the kind of alimony provided for therein. The support provision stated only the
following:
The Husband will pay to the wife the sum of $500 per month. This alimony
shall continue monthly unless the wife shall remarry and in that event then the
alimony payments shall stop.
A fair reading of this language leads to the conclusion that the alimony described
therein does not meet the definition of alimony in solido. It is not “an award of a definite
sum of alimony.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. While the MDA provides for monthly
payments, those payments are not “ordered over a definite period of time,” and the “sum of
the alimony to be paid” is not “ascertainable when awarded.” Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-5-121(h)(1). Because the MDA’s spousal support provision did not set a duration of the
monthly obligation, the amount of support ordered was not calculable at the time the decree
was entered. To constitute alimony in solido, “the sum of the alimony to be paid [must be]
ascertainable when awarded.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 233.
Further, the MDA stated that the alimony obligation would terminate upon Wife’s
remarriage. Thus, the alimony created in the MDA “lacks sum-certainty due to contingencies
affecting the total amount of alimony to be paid.” Waddey, 6 S.W.3d at 232. That
circumstance is the hallmark of alimony in futuro.
Wife argues that the inclusion of the remarriage provision in the MDA did not
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“change”1 the nature of Husband’s support obligation from alimony in solido to alimony in
futuro. She cites the case of Grissom v. Grissom, 15 S.W.3d 474 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999) in
support of that proposition. The parties in that case, as in the case at bar, included an
alimony provision in an MDA that was incorporated into a divorce decree. That provision
stated:
Husband shall pay the Wife as alimony in solido the sum of $221,000.00,
which alimony in solido shall be payable $425 per week for ten (10) years, or
520 consecutive weeks, on Fridays of each week, beginning the first Friday
after the Final Judgment of Divorce is entered, however, the alimony in solido
monthly payments shall terminate upon the Wife’s death.
Grissom, 15 S.W.3d at 474.
In Grissom, the wife remarried within one year of the divorce, and the husband filed
a petition to modify his support obligation. He argued that the wife’s remarriage
automatically terminated his support obligation, in reliance upon an earlier version of Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-5-121(f), which, as we have seen, provides for automatic termination of
alimony in futuro upon the death or remarriage of the recipient.2 Thus, the husband’s
argument depended on his assertion that the MDA’s support provision created alimony in
futuro.
This court noted that the statutory section the husband was relying upon only applied
to alimony in futuro, and we found that the parties intended an award of alimony in solido.
We noted that the MDA specifically designated the award as alimony in solido, and that it
set out a total sum to be paid, the weekly amount of the installment payments, and the
duration of the award. The appellate court found significant that the parties had repeatedly
characterized the alimony as in solido and held that the termination upon death contingency
did not defeat the nature of the alimony award as in solido as part of an agreed-upon MDA.
We also concluded that “the fact that payments would terminate upon the wife’s death does
1
Wife uses “change” because the Agreed Interim Order’s support provision was for alimony in
solido.
2
At the time that Grissom v. Grissom was decided, spousal support and child support were both
governed by a single statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101. That statute became extremely long and unwieldy
over time, and our legislature decided in 2005 to divide the one statute into two. Child support continued
to be governed by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101, while alimony became the subject of a newly numbered
statute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121 [2005 Acts, ch. 287 § 2]. However, the basic distinctions between
alimony in solido and alimony in futuro were not changed by the statutory reorganization.
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not render the amount indefinite.” Grissom, 15 S.W.3d at 476.
There are significant differences in the support provision in Grissom and the one in
the MDA in the case before us. The total amount of the alimony award was specifically
stated in the Grissom MDA. The duration of the weekly installments was definite, ten years,
and the sum of those payments totaled the amount awarded as alimony in solido. In the
Grissom MDA, the parties made three specific references to the agreed-upon support as
alimony in solido. The MDA in the case before us includes none of those indications of
intent. The MDA herein does not state a total amount to be paid. It recites a monthly
obligation, but does not refer to the duration of that obligation, so there is no way to calculate
the total amount to be paid. Nor does the MDA refer to the Agreed Interim Order or state
that the parties intend the award to be one type of alimony or another.
We acknowledge that Grissom stands for the proposition that a termination upon
remarriage provision in an MDA is not necessarily inconsistent with an award of alimony in
solido. We simply do not find that principle relevant to the case before us. In Schmidt v.
Schmidt, 2005 WL 2240960 (Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 15, 2005), this court examined Grissom
and a few other decisions, including Waddey. We concluded that in those cases, the ultimate
decision was consistent with the characterization of the alimony in the divorce decree, i.e.,
alimony in solido or alimony in futuro. Id., at *6.
We agree that where there is an MDA, the intent of the parties as expressed in their
negotiated agreement is generally the determinative factor. As explained above, in all
contract interpretations, our purpose is to ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intentions.
Those intentions are reflected in the written contract itself. It is the court’s responsibility to
ascertain the intention of the parties based upon the usual, natural, and ordinary meaning of
the language used. Where, as here, the parties did not expressly state any intention that the
alimony be in futuro or in solido, we must look to the language actually used and apply the
test established by statute and by the Tennessee Supreme Court, as set out in Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 36-5-121(h) and 36-5-121(f) and in Waddey v. Waddey.
There are no indices in the MDA before us that the parties intended that the award be
alimony in solido or be anything other than what the language they chose actually states.
That language clearly includes an indefinite duration and a contingency that makes
calculation of the total amount awarded impossible. Such an award is alimony in futuro.
We conclude that the support provision in the MDA constitutes an award of alimony
in futuro. Since we have determined that the Agreed Interim Order and the MDA
incorporated into the final order provide for different types of alimony, we must decide
which of the orders, either or both, establishes the spousal support obligation of Husband
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V. T HE I NTERIM O RDER AND THE MDA
Wife contends that the parties intended that the three-year provision found in the
Agreed Interim Order be included in the MDA, but that it was omitted due to a drafting
error.3 If the Agreed Interim Order is considered to have been incorporated into the final
order and MDA, then the MDA would include a provision fixing the duration of the alimony
payments. Wife argues that the Agreed Interim Order provides a way of ascertaining the
total amount of the alimony obligation, thus making the Grissom argument more relevant and
persuasive.
The trial court reached the conclusion that the parties had intended that the three year
provision be included or incorporated into the MDA, but that it was inadvertently left out.
The court stated that it based its determination largely on the testimony of Wife’s attorney.
Wife asks us to affirm the trial court, invoking the well-known rule that in the absence of a
transcript of the evidence or a statement of the evidence, the trial court’s findings of facts are
conclusively presumed to be supported by the evidence and to be correct. Fayne v. Vincent,
301 S.W.3d 162, 169-70 (Tenn. 2009); Word v. Word, 937 S.W.2d 931, 932 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1996); Sherrod v. Wix, 849 S.W.2d 780, 783 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Gotten v. Gotten, 748
S.W.2d 430, 432 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987).
That maxim, however, only applies where there is a factual question involved, i.e.,
where testimony is relevant to the issues. However, trial courts are not entitled to consider
any evidence as to what the parties to a contract intended when the contract is clear and
unambiguous. Planters Gin Co., 78 S.W.3d at 890. Courts may not consider extraneous
evidence that would alter, contradict or vary the terms of such a written agreement.
The case of Brandon v. Brandon, 135 S.W.2d 929 (Tenn. 1940) involved a factual
situation similar to the one before us, and it illustrates the principle that extraneous evidence
must be excluded when a judgment is unambiguous. In that case, the trial court granted the
wife a divorce and awarded her monthly alimony. The husband died sixteen years later,
bringing into play the common law rule (which had apparently not yet been enacted into
statute) that a husband’s liability for the support of his wife necessarily ends with his death.
The wife contended that the husband’s estate was obligated to continue paying her alimony
because her husband had told her that she would receive alimony for as long as she lived.
3
If there was, in fact, a drafting error, there were other means at Wife’s disposal to correct it, such
as a Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60.02(1) motion for relief from a final judgment for “mistake, inadvertence, surprise
or excusable neglect.” The one year time limitation for relief under Rule 60.02(1) had passed by the time
of Husband’s death, but if Wife’s attorney had wished, he could have tried to correct the purported error
before it became evident that it would prove detrimental to Wife’s entitlement to continuing support.
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The trial court excluded her testimony, and our Supreme Court affirmed, stating that “[t]he
decree entered by the court must control and is not subject to alteration or change by prior
statements of the parties.” Brandon v. Brandon, 135 S.W.2d at 930.
The support provision in the MDA before us is a brief and straightforward recitation
of an obligation agreed to by both the parties, as evidenced by their signatures: “The Husband
will pay to the wife the sum of $500 per month. This alimony shall continue monthly unless
the wife shall remarry and in that event then the alimony payments shall stop.” We do not
find any ambiguity in that provision. It denominates a specific amount of monthly support
as an alimony obligation, and it sets out a possible contingency, the occurrence of which
would cause the obligation to cease. To read into the MDA the terms of the Agreed Interim
Order or the three-year provision included in it would be to vary or alter the clear language
of the support provision of the MDA.
Because the MDA’s support provision is unambiguous, there was no basis for the trial
court to admit extraneous testimony to determine the parties’ intentions. Thus, the trial court
erred in allowing Wife’s attorney to testify to an intent that varies markedly from the actual
provisions that are clearly set out in the MDA.
Husband’s executrix also argues that the Agreed Interim Order is not relevant to our
inquiry into the nature of the support obligation at issue because it was just a preliminary or
pendente lite order. She contends that the interim order was superseded by the Final Decree
of Divorce (and the MDA incorporated into that Decree) which fully and conclusively
determined those rights. In a case involving a question of child support, this court discussed
the difference between an interim order and a final order:
An interim order is one that adjudicates an issue preliminarily; while a final
order fully and completely defines the parties’ rights with regard to the issue,
leaving nothing else for the trial court to do. Until a judgment becomes final,
it remains within the trial court’s control and may be modified any time prior
to the entry of a final judgment.
State ex rel McAllister v. Goode, 968 S.W.2d 834, 840 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)(citing Stidham
v. Fickle Heirs, 643 S.W. 2d 324, 328 (Tenn. 1982)). See also Hoalcraft v. Smithson, 19
S.W.2d 822, 827 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).
We agree. The Agreed Interim Order was simply that, an interim order. The support
obligation therein did not survive the entry of a final order incorporating the final support
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obligation as set out in the MDA. The MDA and final order made no reference to the
support provision of the Agreed Interim Order. The parties did not include language
incorporating the Agreed Interim Order or language establishing a specific term for the
alimony obligation. Husband’s post-final-judgment support obligation was the obligation
set out in the MDA.
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VI. C ONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is reversed. We remand this case to the Probate
Division of the General Sessions Court of Franklin County for any further proceedings
necessary. Tax the costs on appeal to the appellee, Vicki Lee Steil.
____________________________
PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE
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