Artis Reese v. State of Tennessee

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs December 6, 2011

ARTIS REESE V. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court of Shelby County
No. 03-07242 James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge

No. W2011-00609-CCA-MR3-PC - Filed January 26, 2012

Artis Reese (“the Petitioner”) filed for post-conviction relief from his convictions of two
counts of aggravated robbery and one count of aggravated criminal trespass, alleging that he
received ineffective assistance of counsel at his jury trial and that one of his convictions
offends due process. After a hearing, the post-conviction court denied relief, and this appeal
followed. Upon our review of the record, we affirm the post-conviction court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment
of the Criminal Court Affirmed

J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which N ORMA M CG EE O GLE and
A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.

David Christensen, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant, Artis Reese.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Senior Counsel; Amy
Weirich, District Attorney General; Anita Spinetta, Assistant District Attorney General; for
the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Factual and Procedural Background

A jury convicted the Petitioner of two counts of aggravated robbery1 arising out of a
carjacking incident. The proof at trial established that three men accosted the victim Gladys

1
The jury convicted the Petitioner of two counts of aggravated robbery, charged in the alternative,
as to each of the two victims. The trial court subsequently merged the convictions so as to leave in place one
conviction of aggravated robbery as to each victim.
Malone while she was driving her vehicle, accompanied by her two-year-old daughter and
her adult friend, Stacy James, who was sitting in the front passenger seat. Both Malone and
James were allowed out of the vehicle and Malone was able to retrieve her daughter before
one of the perpetrators drove off in Malone’s car. A phone charger that belonged to James
remained in the car as it was driven off. The Petitioner received an effective sixteen-year
sentence.

The Petitioner appealed, alleging that the evidence was not sufficient to support his
convictions. This Court affirmed the Petitioner’s convictions. State v. Artis Reese, No.
W2006-00378-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 551341, at *3-4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 21, 2007).
The Petitioner subsequently filed for post-conviction relief, claiming that his trial lawyer was
ineffective at trial and at sentencing, and that his conviction of the aggravated robbery of
James offends due process. A brief review of the facts adduced at trial will assist in our
review of the Petitioner’s claims.

Proof at Trial

Stacy James testified that, on June 16, 2003, she was in the front passenger seat of a
car driven by Gladys Malone. As they were approaching a stoplight, three men in a
Roadmaster on their right side were “trying to flag [them] down.” Malone kept driving but
had to stop when the light changed to red. At this time, the Roadmaster was behind them.
The driver of the Roadmaster got out, as did the passenger in the back seat. The two men
approached from either side of Malone’s car and told the women to get out. The man that
approached James’s side of the car pulled a gun “just out enough where [she] could see it.”
He did not say anything, but the man on Malone’s side told them to get out of the car. James
testified that she was “scared” and got out of the car. As she did so, she was able to retrieve
her purse and her phone but left her phone charger in the car.

James identified the Petitioner at trial as the gunman who came to her side of the car.
She also testified about her picking the Petitioner’s photograph out of a six-photo
photographic line-up after the incident. She testified that she was “positive” of her
identification, adding, “I can’t forget it. I can’t forget it. I can’t forget it.” She also
identified a photograph of a Roadmaster as the one from which the Petitioner emerged.

On cross-examination, James testified that the Petitioner got back in the Roadmaster
after the carjacking. She acknowledged that she originally told the police that she saw the
Petitioner get out of the front passenger seat of the Roadmaster.

Gladys Malone testified that, while she was stopped at the light, she was looking in
her rearview mirror and saw the door of the Roadmaster behind her open. A man approached

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her side of the car, pointed a gun at her, and told her to get out. She got out of the car, he got
in, and she ran to get her two-year-old daughter out of the backseat. When the prosecutor
asked Malone if she saw the person on James’s side of the car, she replied, “No.” However,
she then testified that she had made a tentative identification of that person from a
photographic array after the crime. According to Malone, the officer told her then that she
had picked out the same person that James had. Over the defense lawyer’s objection, the trial
court permitted the State to show Malone the photo-spread on which James had circled the
photograph of the Petitioner. On cross-examination, the defense established that Malone’s
primary concern had been retrieving her daughter.

Sgt. Dale Hensley testified that he showed the photographic arrays to both James and
Malone. He explained, “[w]hen I showed the photospread to Ms. James, almost as soon as
it hit the table, she pointed to [the Petitioner].” He also explained that Malone was not able
to make a positive identification. Rather, she pointed to the picture of the Petitioner and said,
“she thought it could be one of the individuals, but she wasn’t certain.”

Officer Ray Jenkins testified that he was involved in confiscating a Roadmaster and,
during the inventory of the vehicle, he “observed [a] hand gun in the front portion of the
vehicle under the armrest.” He also identified the handgun recovered from the vehicle.

Tony Clayborn testified that he knew the Petitioner in June 2003. He was aware that
the Petitioner had been driving a Roadmaster for a “couple of months.” In June 2003, some
officers came to the location where he and the Petitioner were sitting. A Roadmaster was
parked nearby. When the officers approached, the Petitioner “took off running.” Clayborn
remained and spoke with the officers. Clayborn did not see the Petitioner again that day.
Clayborn had no knowledge about a robbery and had never seen the Petitioner with a gun.

Officer Rodney Askew stated that he attempted to obtain fingerprints from the
Roadmaster that law enforcement had confiscated. He found one “possible” print. No one
testified that this possible print matched the Petitioner.

Jenny Franklin testified that she was resting at home on June 27, 2003. She noticed
some police officers outside, but did not know the reason for their presence. As she was
resting, someone kicked her door in. She identified this person as the Petitioner, whom she
had never seen before. He came in her residence and asked if he could take a bath. She told
him “go ahead” so that she could get out. She said that he just had pants on and that he went
to her bathroom. She saw him take his pants off and get in the bathtub. She then ran out.
She later identified the Petitioner from a photo array.

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 Officer Keith Rogers testified that he arrested the Petitioner on June 27, 2003. He had
seen him running into an apartment complex and “heard a loud thump like he had kicked a
door in or something like that.” As he followed, a woman ran out and told him, “He’s in my
apartment.” Officer Rogers called for back-up, and as they started to approach the woman’s
apartment, the Petitioner ran out. Officer Rogers testified, “He was totally nude.” After a
brief chase, Officer Rogers took the Petitioner into custody. Officer Rogers identified the
Petitioner at trial.

On the basis of this proof, the jury convicted the Defendant of the aggravated robbery
of Malone and of the aggravated robbery of James. Prior to the sentencing hearing, the State
filed a “Notice of Intent to Seek Enhanced Punishment Pursuant to TCA § 40-35-202”
which identified two prior misdemeanor theft convictions. At the sentencing hearing, the
presentence report was admitted as an exhibit. The presentence report reflects five
misdemeanor assault convictions and a misdemeanor conviction for possession of marijuana
in addition to the two misdemeanor theft convictions. Defense counsel lodged no objection
regarding the presentence report, and no testimony was elicited at the hearing. The trial court
sentenced the Petitioner as a Range I standard offender to eight years on each of his two
aggravated robbery convictions and six months on the aggravated criminal trespass charge.
Additionally, the trial court ordered the two aggravated robbery sentences to be served
consecutively, for an effective sentence of sixteen years, after finding the Petitioner to be a
dangerous offender. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-115(b)(4) (2003). In making this
determination, the trial court relied on the assault convictions reflected in the presentence
report.

Proof at Post-Conviction Hearing

At the evidentiary hearing, only the Petitioner and his trial lawyer (“Trial Counsel”)
testified. The Petitioner complained that his lawyer did not locate an alibi witness; that he
did not file a motion to suppress; that he did not provide street clothes for the Petitioner to
wear during his trial; and that he did not adequately cross-examine the State’s witnesses.
Trial Counsel testified that there was no basis for filing a motion to suppress. He stated that
he did not remember specifically being provided information about an alibi witness, but
explained that, if the Petitioner had given him such information, he “would [have] tried to
track them down.” He did not recall the issue about the Petitioner’s clothing, but explained
that he would have offered clothes kept in Trial Counsel’s office for the Petitioner to wear.
As to his examination of the State’s witnesses, he stated that he had read the trial record and
that, in retrospect, he did not know of anything that he would have done differently. As to
sentencing, he could not recall the issue concerning the misdemeanor assaults that were not
included in the State’s notice but that were included in the presentence report.

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 After the hearing, the post-conviction court denied relief by written order, finding that
Trial Counsel had “provided proper and adequate representation.” The post-conviction court
also rejected the Petitioner’s claim that his conviction for the aggravated robbery of James
violated due process, ruling that this was, in essence, a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence and that this claim had been previously determined on direct appeal.

Before this Court, the Petitioner argues that his lawyer was ineffective by failing to
cross-examine Malone adequately and by failing to object at the sentencing hearing to the
assault convictions that were reflected on the Petitioner’s presentence report but that were
not included in the State’s motion to enhance the Petitioner’s sentence. The Petitioner also
persists in his claim that his aggravated robbery conviction as to James is unconstitutional.

Analysis

Standard of Review

A petitioner is entitled to post-conviction relief only when the petitioner demonstrates
that his or her “conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgment of any
right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103 (2006). To prevail on a post-conviction claim of a
constitutional violation, the petitioner must prove his or her allegations of fact by “clear and
convincing evidence.” Id. § 40-30-110(f) (2006). See Momon v. State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156
(Tenn. 1999). This Court will not overturn a post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless
the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Pylant v. State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 867 (Tenn.
2008); Sexton v. State, 151 S.W.3d 525, 531 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004). We will defer to the
post-conviction court’s findings with respect to the witnesses’ credibility, the weight and
value of their testimony, and the resolution of factual issues presented by the evidence.
Momon, 18 S.W.3d at 156. With respect to issues raising mixed questions of law and fact,
however, including claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, our review is de novo with
no presumption of correctness. See Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 867-68; Jaco v. State, 120 S.W.3d
828, 830-31 (Tenn. 2003); Sexton, 151 S.W.3d at 531.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

The Petitioner contends that Trial Counsel was ineffective in his cross-examination
of Gladys Malone and at sentencing. We disagree.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the
Tennessee Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to representation by counsel

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at trial.2 Both the United States Supreme Court and the Tennessee Supreme Court have
recognized that this right is to “reasonably effective” assistance, which is assistance that falls
“within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn.
1975). The deprivation of effective assistance of counsel at trial presents a claim cognizable
under Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103;
Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 868.

In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must
establish two prongs: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Goad v. State, 938
S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). The petitioner’s failure to establish either prong is fatal to
his or her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. Accordingly,
if we determine that either prong is not satisfied, we need not consider the other prong. Id.

To establish the first prong of deficient performance, the petitioner must demonstrate
that his lawyer’s “acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of
‘reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’” Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106,
116 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688)). Our Supreme Court has explained
that:

[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is counsel
reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance. It
is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a criminal
defendant of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or incompetence.
Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary
training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his
client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.

Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35 (quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir.
1974)). When a court reviews a lawyer’s performance, it “must make every effort to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell
v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
Additionally, a reviewing court “must be highly deferential and ‘must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional

2
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is applicable to the States through the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342 (1963); State
v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 251 (Tenn. 1993).

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assistance.’” State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 767 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689). We will not deem counsel to have been ineffective merely because a different
strategy or procedure might have produced a more favorable result. Rhoden v. State, 816
S.W.2d 56, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). We recognize, however, that “deference to tactical
choices only applies if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation.”
Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Hellard v. State, 629
S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982)).

As to the prejudice prong, the petitioner must establish a “reasonable probability that
but for counsel’s errors the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Vaughn,
202 S.W.3d at 116 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
“That is, the petitioner must establish that his counsel’s deficient performance was of such
a degree that it deprived him of a fair trial and called into question the reliability of the
outcome.” Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 869 (citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 463 (Tenn.
1999)). “A reasonable probability of being found guilty of a lesser charge . . . satisfies the
second prong of Strickland.” Id.

The Petitioner’s theory of defense at trial was that he was not the perpetrator.
However, James testified steadfastly that the Petitioner was the armed man who had accosted
her on her side of Malone’s car. Additional circumstantial evidence corroborated the
Petitioner’s identity, including the circumstances of his capture. See State v. Zagorski, 701
S.W.2d 808, 813 (Tenn. 1985) (“A defendant’s flight and attempts to evade arrest are
relevant as circumstances from which, when considered with the other facts and
circumstances in evidence, a jury can properly draw an inference of guilt.”) (citing Sotka v.
State, 503 S.W.2d 212, 221 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972)). We have no doubt that the jury would
have convicted the Petitioner as charged regardless of the degree to which Trial Counsel
discredited Malone’s testimony about her tentative identification of the Petitioner. The
Petitioner has therefore failed to establish that he suffered any prejudice as a result of Trial
Counsel’s alleged inadequate cross-examination of Malone. Accordingly, the Petitioner is
not entitled to post-conviction relief on this basis.

The Petitioner also complains about Trial Counsel’s performance at the sentencing
hearing. Specifically, he complains that Trial Counsel did not object to the misdemeanor
assault convictions that were included in the presentence report but not in the State’s notice
of intent to seek an enhanced sentence. While the trial court did not rely on the assault
convictions in order to enhance the Petitioner’s sentencing range from Range I to Range II,
see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-202(a) (2003), the trial court did rely on the multiple assault
convictions reflected in the presentence report in determining that the Petitioner should serve
his sentences consecutively.

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 We agree with the post-conviction court that the trial court was entitled to consider
these convictions for that purpose. A trial court is statutorily required to consider the
presentence report in imposing sentence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(2) (2003). The
presentence report is statutorily mandated to include “[t]he defendant’s record of prior
convictions[.]” Id. § 40-35-207(a)(4) (2003). The Petitioner has identified no factual or
legal basis for a sustainable objection to the trial court’s consideration of the convictions
listed in the presentence report. And, “[t]his Court has consistently held that information in
a presentence report is reliable hearsay which may be admitted if the opposing party is
offered the opportunity to rebut the same.” Gerald Deon Jenkins v. State, No. E2010-00938-
CCA-R3-PC, 2011 WL 810770, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 9, 2011), perm. appeal denied
(Tenn. May 25, 2011) (citing State v. Baker, 956 S.W.2d 8, 17 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997);
State v. Richardson, 875 S.W.2d 671, 677 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993)). Accordingly, the
Petitioner has failed to demonstrate that he suffered any prejudice from Trial Counsel’s
failure to object to the trial court’s consideration of the misdemeanor assault convictions
included in the presentence report for purposes of consecutive sentencing. Therefore, the
Petitioner is entitled to no relief for ineffective assistance of counsel on this basis.

Due Process Violation

Apart from his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the Petitioner maintains that
his conviction for the aggravated robbery of James is constitutionally infirm because the
taking of her cell phone charger was merely incidental to the theft of the car from Malone.
See State v. Anthony, 817 S.W.2d 299, 306 (Tenn. 1991) (due process precludes a conviction
for kidnapping where the confinement, movement, or detention on which the kidnapping is
based is “essentially incidental to the accompanying felony”), abrogated in part by State v.
Dixon, 957 S.W.2d 532, 535 (Tenn. 1997). The post-conviction court concluded that this
argument was simply a rephrasing of an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence. We agree.
The key component of the Petitioner’s argument is that “[t]he State produced no proof that
[the Petitioner] intentionally or knowing[ly] took the phone charger from Stacy James.” This
argument is based on the statutory elements of the offense of aggravated robbery, which
include “the intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another.” Tenn.
Code Ann. §§ 39-13-401(a), -402(a) (2003). In short, the Petitioner is claiming that the State
failed to prove its case by the requisite degree of proof. This issue was decided by this Court
on direct appeal. See State v. Artis Reese, 2007 WL 551341, at *3-4. We, therefore, are
precluded from considering it in this post-conviction proceeding. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
30-106(h) (2006); Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)
(recognizing that “the sufficiency of the convicting evidence is not cognizable in a post-
conviction proceeding”); Ricky G. Aaron v. State, No. M2006-01983-CCA-R3-PC, 2008 WL
203394, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Jan. 22, 2008) (rejecting post-conviction challenge to

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sufficiency of the evidence where determined on direct appeal even where post-conviction
claim was recast in terms of constitutional free speech principles).

Conclusion

The Petitioner has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that Trial Counsel
was ineffective with regard to either his trial or his sentencing hearing. The Petitioner’s
claim that the evidence is not sufficient to support his conviction for the aggravated robbery
of Stacy James has been previously determined. Accordingly, the Petitioner has failed to
establish that he is entitled to post-conviction relief. We therefore affirm the judgment of the
post-conviction court denying relief.

_________________________________
JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE

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