IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs September 7, 2011
LUE HOLCOMB V. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court of Shelby County
No. 09-04878 J. Robert Carter, Judge
No. W2010-02458-CCA-R3-PC - Filed November 9, 2011
The Petitioner filed for post-conviction relief alleging (1) that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel in conjunction with his guilty plea to aggravated assault; and (2) that
his plea was not voluntary as constitutionally required. After an evidentiary hearing, the
post-conviction court denied relief, and the Petitioner has appealed. After a thorough review
of the record, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment
of the Criminal Court Affirmed
J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and
A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.
Jennifer D. Fitzgerald, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Lue Holcomb.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General & Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Assistant Attorney
General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; Marlinee Iverson, Assistant District
Attorney General; for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Factual and Procedural Background
Preliminary Proceedings
Lue Holcomb (“the Petitioner”) was indicted in August 2009 on one count of
aggravated assault and one count of violation of protective order arising from a March 2009
altercation with Petrina Green, the mother of his son. Approximately one month later, Green
testified at the Petitioner’s bond hearing that she wanted the charge dismissed because she
had falsely accused the Petitioner of “putting his hands on” her when it was “just basically
. . . a verbal dispute.” 1
She explained that, on the day she had the Petitioner arrested, she was upset because
the Petitioner’s mother had gained custody of their son. Green “had been drinking” and told
the police “things . . . that weren’t exactly true.” She testified that the Petitioner had not
struck her. On cross-examination, Green acknowledged that both her son and her nephew
had witnessed the altercation between her and the Petitioner and that they both spoke to the
police. The trial judge questioned Green during the bond hearing, learning that she had
obtained an order of protection against the Petitioner and that he had earlier been convicted
of two separate domestic assaults against her.
The Petitioner also testified at his bond hearing, answering affirmatively that he had
been diagnosed with a “mental condition” and was taking medication. In response to
questions by the trial court, he stated that he was unable to make bond even if it was lowered.
At that point, the trial judge stated, “Then we’re wasting our time, then,” and asked, “What
are we having this hearing for?” The Petitioner responded,
That’s on my attorney. I was trying to get it – when I know I didn’t do
nothing, I was trying to see if I could get the charges dismissed off this.
...
I can’t make your bond and that is why I thought that the hearing was for
today, because the consent form was signed [by Green] and the charges were
going to be uplifted off of me. That’s what I was thinking that this was for,
sir.
After the trial court explained that it did not have the authority to dismiss the charges on the
Petitioner’s request at the bond hearing, the Petitioner’s lawyer stated, “With that being the
posture of [the Petitioner,] Your Honor, I would like to withdraw our motion for bond
hearing and enter an order for a mental evaluation and once we get a report on that, we’ll get
a trial date.”
In response to this request, the Petitioner asked for a different attorney. The Petitioner
stated, “I’ve already been through this, though, Your Honor, and I was just trying to get out
of jail. That’s all. And I can’t make bond on a $40,000.00 bond on something that I didn’t
do, Your Honor. I’m competent. I’m very competent of what is going on.” The trial court
1
A transcript of the bond hearing was admitted as an exhibit to the post-conviction hearing.
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granted the defense request for a mental evaluation and denied the Petitioner’s request for
a new lawyer.
Guilty Plea
On October 9, 2009, the Petitioner took a plea bargain consisting of a “best interest”
guilty plea2 to the aggravated assault charge with a sentence of six years on probation as a
Range I offender. The violation of protective order charge was dropped. At the plea
hearing,3 the prosecutor stated that “[t]he State would have, at trial, put on the victim,
Katrina4 Green, to say on 3/30/09 [the Petitioner] came to the home and assaulted her causing
serious bodily injury, this aggravated assault.” The defense attorney stipulated, “that would
[have] been the State’s case had we gone to trial.”
During the plea colloquy between the Petitioner and the trial court, the trial court
established that the Petitioner had reviewed his written plea document with his lawyer and
that he understood it; that he understood his rights to a jury trial, to confront the witnesses
against him, to remain silent, and to counsel at trial and on appeal; that he understood his plea
would “end the matter except for [his] being on probation”; the potential sentence if a jury
convicted him; the terms of the plea bargain; the potential result if he violated his probation;
and that he was entering the plea of his “own free will.”
After the trial court determined that the Petitioner had “made a knowing, intelligent
and voluntary decision to plead guilty and to waive his rights to trial by jury” and had
accepted the Petitioner’s plea, the Petitioner stated, “I just want for the record I was entering
this Alfred [sic] plea because it was the best interest for me to do it even though Brady
material5 was withheld by the State on these cases.” The trial court inquired further, and the
2
See North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37-38 (1970) (holding that, where the prosecution
demonstrated a strong factual basis for the defendant’s guilt, the trial court committed no constitutional error
in accepting guilty plea from the defendant who, while protesting his innocence, deemed the plea to be in
his best interest).
3
A transcript of the plea hearing was admitted as an exhibit to the post-conviction hearing.
4
The first name of the victim appears to have been either misspoken by the prosecutor or misspelled
by the court reporter.
5
In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), the United States Supreme Court held that
“the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process
where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of
the prosecution.”
(continued...)
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Petitioner claimed that the victim had given a “sworn statement” to the prosecutor. The trial
court asked the Petitioner if he wanted to retract his plea, advising the Petitioner that the trial
court would “order the State to give [the statement] to [him] and [he] can go to trial.” The
Petitioner stated repeatedly that he did not want to go to trial and wanted to enter his guilty
plea. The trial court accepted the plea and entered a judgment of conviction for aggravated
assault with a sentence of six years, suspended to supervised probation. The Petitioner’s
probation was revoked on April 6, 2010.6 The Petitioner filed his petition for post-conviction
relief on May 18, 2010.
Proof at Post-Conviction Hearing
At his post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that, after the bond hearing, he
anticipated going to trial and obtaining a favorable verdict based on Green’s recantation. He
stated that his lawyer (“trial counsel”) visited him only once in jail, but acknowledged that
he saw her in court and that she had mailed him a “discovery package.” He also stated that
he had filed a complaint against trial counsel with the Board of Professional Responsibility
because she had filed a motion for a bond hearing instead of a motion for dismissal based on
Green’s recantation.
The Petitioner testified that a mental evaluation was conducted, but trial counsel did
not discuss the results with him. He also testified that trial counsel advised him to take the
plea bargain because he risked a longer sentence if he went to trial and lost. When asked
why he filed his petition for post-conviction relief, the Petitioner responded, “Because I feel
that I was induced into signing for this guilty plea instead of going to – I just don’t feel I
should have been charged with aggravated assault. . . . [M]y charge didn’t deserve
aggravated assault because it wasn’t aggravated assault.”
On cross-examination, the Petitioner stated that Green had told him that, prior to the
bond hearing, she had gone to the prosecutor’s office “and signed a sworn statement saying
that she . . . was exonerating me of these charges.” The Petitioner did not have a copy of the
statement, however, stating that trial counsel had told him that she “couldn’t obtain that for
me.” On questioning by the judge, the Petitioner acknowledged that he had never seen a
written statement but had the “impression” that Green’s verbal recantation to the prosecutor
had been typed and signed by Green. The Petitioner also acknowledged to the judge that he
5
(...continued)
6
According to the Petitioner’s brief, he was arrested in December 2009 for domestic assault, to
which he pled guilty. This offense formed the basis of the State’s petition to revoke the Petitioner’s
probation.
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knew about Green’s statement prior to pleading guilty. He stated that he pled guilty because
trial counsel was not representing his best interests. He also testified that he contacted a
lawyer to file a post-conviction petition shortly after entering his plea, but he ran out of
money to pay for his representation before the petition could be filed.
Trial counsel testified that the Petitioner called her “on a daily basis” but that she
would have to consult her phone logs to state specifically the number of times she spoke with
him over the phone. She explained to the Petitioner that she “didn’t have the authority to
dismiss charges or have charges dismissed, that it was – whether or not a case is prosecuted
remains in the Prosecutor’s discretion.” She testified that she wrote the Petitioner a detailed
letter in August 2009, including a plea bargain offer from the State of six years in
confinement. The State revised its offer to six years on probation on October 5, 2009, and
she advised the Petitioner of the revised offer the same day. She explained to him that his
prior convictions established him as a Range II offender, and the offer from the State allowed
him to be sentenced as a Range I offender. She also explained to him that day that his mental
evaluation had established that he was competent.
Some time between October 5 and October 9, the Petitioner contacted trial counsel
and she then had the guilty plea paperwork prepared. She took it to the jail where she met
with the Petitioner and explained the process and the plea.
Trial counsel never saw a written statement by Green although she was allowed to
review the State’s file. On questioning by the trial judge, trial counsel testified that she had
explained to the Petitioner that the State could proceed with its prosecution in spite of
Green’s recantation, but the Petitioner resisted the notion that the State could proceed against
him when the alleged victim had stated repeatedly that she did not want him prosecuted.
The post-conviction court took the matter under advisement and subsequently issued
a comprehensive written order denying relief. The court stated succinctly the Petitioner’s
real complaint: “He blames his attorney for failing to get the case dismissed.” The court also
noted that, although the Petitioner had testified at his post-conviction hearing that he began
to investigate his options for post-conviction relief immediately after pleading guilty, the
Petitioner did not actually file his petition until after his probation had been revoked and he
was placed in custody. The court reviewed the transcript of the plea hearing and determined
that the plea had been entered knowingly and voluntarily and in compliance with the
constitutional mandates of Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242-44 (1969). The post-
conviction court noted that “it is clear that this is a case of ‘change of mind’” rather than an
unknowing or involuntary plea. The post-conviction court also determined that the Petitioner
“had the benefit of effective trial counsel.”
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Analysis
Standard of Review
Relief pursuant to a post-conviction proceeding is available only where the petitioner
demonstrates that his or her “conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the
abridgment of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of
the United States.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103 (2006). To prevail on a post-conviction
claim of a constitutional violation, the petitioner must prove his or her allegations of fact by
“clear and convincing evidence.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2006). See Momon v.
State, 18 S.W.3d 152, 156 (Tenn. 1999). This Court will not overturn a post-conviction
court’s findings of fact unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Pylant v.
State, 263 S.W.3d 854, 867 (Tenn. 2008); Sexton v. State, 151 S.W.3d 525, 531 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2004). We will defer to the post-conviction court’s findings with respect to the
witnesses’ credibility, the weight and value of their testimony, and the resolution of factual
issues presented by the evidence. Momon, 18 S.W.3d at 156. With respect to issues raising
mixed questions of law and fact, however, including claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel and challenges to the validity of a guilty plea, our review is de novo with no
presumption of correctness. See Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 867-68; Jaco v. State, 120 S.W.3d
828, 830-31 (Tenn. 2003); Sexton, 151 S.W.3d at 531.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 9 of the
Tennessee Constitution guarantee a criminal defendant the right to representation by counsel
at trial.7 Both the United States Supreme Court and the Tennessee Supreme Court have
recognized that this right is to “reasonably effective” assistance, which is assistance that falls
“within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn.
1975). The deprivation of effective assistance of counsel at trial presents a claim cognizable
under Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103;
Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 868.
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner must
establish two prongs: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Goad v. State, 938
7
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is applicable to the States through the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. See Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342 (1963); State
v. Howell, 868 S.W.2d 238, 251 (Tenn. 1993).
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S.W.2d 363, 370 (Tenn. 1996). The petitioner’s failure to establish either prong is fatal to
his or her claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. Accordingly,
if we determine that either prong is not satisfied, we need not consider the other prong. Id.
To establish the first prong of deficient performance, the petitioner must demonstrate
that his lawyer’s “acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of
‘reasonableness under prevailing professional norms.’” Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106,
116 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688)). Our Supreme Court has explained
that:
[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is counsel
reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance. It
is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a criminal
defendant of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or incompetence.
Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary
training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his
client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.
Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35 (quoting Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir.
1974)). When a court reviews a lawyer’s performance, it “must make every effort to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell
v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).
Additionally, a reviewing court “must be highly deferential and ‘must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance.’” State v. Honeycutt, 54 S.W.3d 762, 767 (Tenn. 2001) (quoting Strickland, 466
U.S. at 689). We will not deem counsel to have been ineffective merely because a different
strategy or procedure might have produced a more favorable result. Rhoden v. State, 816
S.W.2d 56, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). We recognize, however, that “deference to tactical
choices only applies if the choices are informed ones based upon adequate preparation.”
Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992) (citing Hellard v. State, 629
S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982)).
As to the prejudice prong, the petitioner must establish a “reasonable probability that
but for counsel’s errors the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Vaughn,
202 S.W.3d at 116 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). In the context of a guilty plea, our
analysis of this prong
focuses on whether counsel’s constitutionally ineffective performance affected
the outcome of the plea process. In other words, in order to satisfy the
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“prejudice” requirement, the [petitioner] must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and
would have insisted on going to trial.
Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985). See also Calvert v. State, 342 S.W.3d 477, 486
(Tenn. 2011).
The Petitioner’s Allegations of Ineffective Assistance
In his brief before this Court, the Petitioner declares that his “main contention for
ineffective assistance of counsel [is] . . . that [trial counsel] did not provide him with an
exculpatory written statement which the victim, Ms. Green had given to the State which
would have exonerated the [Petitioner].” This claim is without merit. The Petitioner has
adduced no proof that such a written statement was ever created. Indeed, the Petitioner even
admits that he simply had the impression that a written statement had been prepared after
Green’s oral recantation. A lawyer cannot be deficient for failing to provide a defendant with
a document that does not exist. Cf. Pylant, 263 S.W.3d at 869 (“To succeed on a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to call a witness at trial, a post-conviction
petitioner should present that witness at the post-conviction hearing.”) (citing Black v. State,
794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). Trial counsel did not perform deficiently in
this regard.
Moreover, while the record establishes that Green made oral statements in which she
claimed that the Petitioner had not assaulted her, the Petitioner was fully aware of these
statements prior to entering his guilty plea. When he claimed in his plea hearing that the
State had withheld Green’s written statement, the Petitioner persisted in his plea even after
the trial court told him that it would order the State to produce the alleged document. We
agree with the State that this evidence strongly refutes the Petitioner’s claim that, had trial
counsel provided him with the statement, he would not have pled guilty and insisted on a
trial. The Petitioner is entitled to no relief on this basis.
The Petitioner also alleges that trial counsel failed to communicate with him
sufficiently, pointing to a single personal visit in jail in support of this allegation. However,
the record establishes that trial counsel communicated with the Petitioner by phone, by letter,
and by visiting him in court as well as in jail. The Petitioner has not demonstrated that trial
counsel failed to communicate to him information relevant or necessary to his defense. This
allegation is without merit.
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The Petitioner also complains about trial counsel’s representation of him at the bond
hearing. During the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that, after trial counsel
filed a motion for a bond hearing,
instead of her asking the Judge to lower my bond, she asked the Judge to give
me a mental evaluation, and I couldn’t understand why would she ask the
Judge to give me a mental evaluation after she had just put the victim on the
stand exonerating me of these charges.
The transcript of the bond hearing establishes, however, that it was only after the Petitioner
told the trial court that he could not make bond even if it was lowered, that he suffered from
a “mental condition,” and that what he wanted from the hearing was a dismissal of his
charges, that trial counsel requested a mental evaluation. The Petitioner has failed to
establish that trial counsel’s efforts on his behalf at the bond hearing were deficient in any
way.
Having failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that trial counsel’s
performance was deficient, the Petitioner is not entitled to post-conviction relief on the basis
of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Validity of Guilty Plea
The Petitioner also asserts that his plea is constitutionally infirm. Although his brief
does not focus on this argument, the Petitioner complains that he was “forced, or coerced into
the guilty plea because otherwise he would have to remain in jail while awaiting trial.” The
Petitioner points to trial counsel’s failure to get his bond lowered at the bond hearing,
requesting instead that a mental evaluation be ordered. We agree with the post-conviction
court that the Petitioner has failed to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that his
guilty plea did not pass constitutional muster.
To be valid, a guilty plea must be entered knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.
See Boykin, 395 U.S. at 242-44; State v. Mackey, 553 S.W.2d 337, 340 (Tenn. 1977). A plea
meets constitutional muster when the defendant understands both what the plea connotes and
its consequences, Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993) (citing Boykin,
395 U.S. at 244), and makes a voluntary and intelligent choice from the alternative courses
of action available to plead guilty. Jaco, 120 S.W.3d at 831 (citing North Carolina v. Alford,
400 U.S. 25, 31 (1970)). In Mackey, 553 S.W.2d at 341, our Supreme Court set forth the
procedure that a trial court should follow when accepting a guilty plea in order to ensure that
a defendant’s plea is knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. See also Tenn. R. Crim. P. 11(b).
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A trial court must “substantially comply” with this procedure. State v. Newsome, 778
S.W.2d 34, 38 (Tenn. 1989).
When conducting a guilty plea colloquy, a trial court is required by Tennessee law to,
among other things, inform the defendant that the conviction may be used to enhance the
punishment for subsequent convictions. State v. McClintock, 732 S.W.2d 268, 273 (Tenn.
1987). Our review of the transcript of the guilty plea hearing indicates that the trial court
omitted this particular piece of information. This omission is not, however, a constitutional
violation and so is not cognizable in a post-conviction proceeding. See State v. Neal, 810
S.W.2d 131, 137, 138 (Tenn. 1991), overruled in part on other grounds by Blankenship, 858
S.W.2d at 902; Rocky Hipps v. State, No. 03C01-9807-CC-00237, 1999 WL 782473, at *3
(Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 28, 1999); see also Rigger v. State, 341 S.W.3d 299, 308 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 2010). Accordingly, the Petitioner is not entitled to post-conviction relief on this
basis.
As to the Petitioner’s contention that he was “coerced” into pleading guilty in order
to get out of jail because trial counsel failed to get his bond lowered, the record establishes
that the Petitioner told the trial court at the bond hearing that he could not make bond even
if it was lowered. Trial counsel is not responsible for the Petitioner’s inability to make bond,
and the record refutes the Petitioner’s contention that he was coerced into pleading guilty as
a result of the bond hearing or otherwise. The Petitioner is entitled to no relief on this basis.
Conclusion
The Petitioner has failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that his guilty plea
was entered as the result of ineffective assistance of counsel or that it is constitutionally
infirm. We therefore affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court denying relief.
_________________________________
JEFFREY S. BIVINS, JUDGE
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