IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 17, 2011
WILLIAM B. FRANCIS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County
No. 2005-C-2419 J. Randall Wyatt, Jr., Judge
No. M2010-01062-CCA-R3-PC - Filed June 9, 2011
In 2006, a jury convicted the petitioner, William B. Francis, of second degree murder, a Class
A felony, and the trial court sentenced him as a Range I, violent offender to twenty-five years
in the Tennessee Department of Correction. A panel of this court affirmed his conviction and
sentence. See State v. William B. Francis, Jr., No. M2006-02177-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL
4224629, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Nov. 30, 2007). In his post-conviction
petition, the petitioner alleged ineffective assistance of counsel. The post-conviction court
denied relief. On appeal, the petitioner argues that his counsel were ineffective for failing
to present a complete defense and for not preventing the state from referring to the
petitioner’s residence as a halfway house. Following our review, we affirm the judgment of
the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
J.C. M CL IN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and J AMES
C URWOOD W ITT, J R., JJ., joined.
Ashley Preston, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, William B. Francis.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Nicholas W. Spangler, Assistant
Attorney General; Victor S. Johnson III, District Attorney General; Amy Eisenbeck and
Katrin Miller, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Background
Trial
A jury convicted the petitioner, William B. Francis, of the July 2, 2005, second degree
murder of Davenia Grant, his girlfriend. See State v. William B. Francis, Jr., No.
M2006-02177-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 4224629, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Nashville, Nov.
30, 2007). The panel of this court that heard the petitioner’s direct appeal summarized the
facts of the case:
According to witnesses, the victim visited the [petitioner] at the halfway house
where he had been living for several months. The two went into the
[petitioner]’s room, and witnesses then heard sounds of a struggle coming
from the room. Johnny Campbell and Raymond Perez, residents of the
halfway house, inquired into the well-being of the [petitioner] and the victim,
and the [petitioner] responded that everything was “fine.” Both Mr. Campbell
and Mr. Perez confirmed that they heard the victim tell the [petitioner], “Stop.”
A short time later, Mr. Perez heard the [petitioner] in the kitchen and then saw
him move the victim’s car to the opposite side of the street. He then told Mr.
Perez, “[W]e’re leaving,” and left in the victim’s car alone.
When Mr. Perez realized that the victim did not leave with the
[petitioner], he went into the bedroom to check on her. He eventually saw her
body in the [petitioner]’s closet wrapped in blankets. Mr. Perez testified that
he had seen the [petitioner] spread those same blankets on the floor just prior
to the victim’s arrival. After Mr. Perez alerted Mr. Campbell to the presence
of the victim’s body, Mr. Campbell telephoned the police and the house
manager, Milton McClain.
Lieutenant Aubrey Turner of the Metro Police Department was the first
officer on the scene. He was directed to the [petitioner]’s closet, where he
discovered the victim’s still warm body underneath a blanket that had been
“folded perfectly.” Tennis shoes and other items had also been arranged
neatly on top of the victim’s body.
Doctor Stacy Turner testified that the cause of death was “multiple
sharp force injuries,” four of which were stab wounds. Two stab wounds to
the neck were “potentially lethal.” Doctor Turner classified incisions and
abrasions to the victim’s face and hands as defensive wounds. Doctor Turner
confirmed that the victim was not pregnant at the time of her death. Testing
revealed the presence of both parent cocaine and cocaine metabolites in the
victim’s blood.
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Rutherford County Deputy Sheriff David Alford found the [petitioner]
sitting in the victim’s car in his parents’ driveway. Clothing had been rolled
up in the windows to form a curtain concealing the interior of the car.
Both Mr. Campbell and Mr. Perez testified that the [petitioner]’s
relationship with the victim was rocky. Mr. Campbell stated that the
[petitioner] displayed “rough” behavior toward the victim while the
[petitioner] and the victim were on the telephone. He recalled that after one
conversation with the victim, the [petitioner] threatened to “kill that bitch,” but
no one took him seriously. He conceded that he never heard the [petitioner]
communicate any threat to the victim. Mr. Perez, who was the [petitioner]’s
roommate, testified that he heard the [petitioner] arguing with the victim while
on the telephone. Approximately two weeks before the murder, the
[petitioner] told Mr. Perez that the victim was pregnant and that he did not
believe that they should bring another child into the world. He told Mr. Perez
that he was going to kill the victim or cause her to miscarry. The victim’s
cousin, Marjorie Tyler Grant, also overheard the [petitioner] and the victim
arguing on several occasions. She recalled that on the day that the [petitioner]
and the victim went to court regarding the order of protection the victim took
on the [petitioner], the [petitioner] told the victim “[I]f I can’t have you, no one
else can.” Over defense objections, the State introduced into evidence a
certified copy of the [petitioner]’s conviction for assaulting the victim in
March 2005 and a certified copy of the order of protection.
Metro Detective Robert Russell interviewed the [petitioner] and
recorded his statement. According to Detective Russell, the [petitioner]
admitted killing the victim but claimed that he did not intend to kill her. The
[petitioner] claimed that the victim pulled a knife on him as they argued about
money. He stated that he was able to gain control of the knife and stab the
victim.
Id. at *1-2. This court affirmed the petitioner’s conviction and sentence. Id. at *1. The
supreme court denied his application for permission to appeal on April 14, 2008. Id.
Post-Conviction
The petitioner filed his original petition for post-conviction relief on October 9, 2008.
The post-conviction court appointed counsel, who filed an amended petition on December
9, 2008. The post-conviction court held a hearing on the petition on March 15, 2010, at
which the petitioner and counsel A testified.
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The petitioner testified that two attorneys from the public defender’s office
represented him at trial, counsel A and counsel B. He said that they met with him at the
county jail “from time-to-time.” The petitioner testified that the victim was stabbed while
he was fighting her for the knife with which she attacked him. He said that he told his
version of her death to counsel, including that the victim produced the knife. The petitioner
said that he sustained injuries on his hands, neck, and chest during the struggle. He testified
that counsel took pictures of the injuries but did not show the pictures at trial. The petitioner
testified that his understanding of the defense strategy was that counsel would show that he
was sorry for the situation. He agreed that the court instructed the jury regarding self-
defense, but he stated that the jury did not have enough evidence to consider self-defense.
The petitioner said that he did not testify at trial because his understanding was that
his testifying would result in greater punishment. He believed that the jury would have
reached a different conclusion if he had testified and that it was a mistake for his counsel to
advise him against testifying.
The petitioner recalled that one of the state’s witnesses and one of the district
attorneys general characterized his residence as a halfway house. He agreed that it was a
halfway house but alleged that presenting it as such damaged him in the view of the jury
because it appeared that he was there because of substance abuse or under court order. The
petitioner testified that he lived at the halfway house voluntarily, to help the people who lived
there. He believed that if the jury had heard why he lived there, it would have put him in a
better light.
Counsel A testified that he had practiced exclusively criminal law with the public
defender’s office for approximately ten years prior to the petitioner’s case. Counsel B
assisted him with this case. Counsel A testified that he spent approximately 160 hours on
the petitioner’s case and met with the petitioner approximately twenty times. He recalled
discussing the petitioner’s self-defense theory, but in his opinion, it would have been difficult
to explain the petitioner’s theory to the jury considering the evidence against him. Counsel
A agreed that the petitioner’s statement to the police, which the state introduced at trial,
showed that the petitioner told the police that he acted in self-defense. He further agreed that
the court charged the jury with the self-defense instruction. Counsel A testified that the
public defender’s office investigator took pictures of the petitioner’s injuries, but Counsel
A was unable to see any injuries in the pictures. He said that they took the pictures in
October 2005, several months after the incident. He said that he should have taken the
pictures sooner, but he did not recall seeing any injuries at the petitioner’s preliminary
hearing. Counsel A stated that he believed that pictures that did not display injuries would
have hurt the petitioner with the jury. He testified that he and the petitioner discussed
whether the petitioner would testify, and it was the petitioner’s decision not to testify.
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Counsel A stated that he never told the petitioner that his sentencing range would increase
if he testified.
On cross-examination, Counsel A testified that they included self-defense in their
defense strategy but “were more leaning towards a voluntary manslaughter type argument
. . . because we felt the proof would be very difficult for self-defense.” Counsel A clarified
that he wished that he had taken the pictures of the defendant’s hands earlier, but he said that
“the problem [was] just [he] couldn’t really see much of anything,” despite the petitioner’s
insistence that he was injured and that he was still injured in October, when the pictures were
taken. Counsel A said that the only proof presented at trial that the victim pulled the knife
first was the petitioner’s statement to police. He testified that the only other person who
could have testified in that regard would have been the petitioner. Counsel A said that he and
counsel B thoroughly discussed the pros and cons of the petitioner’s testifying, and they used
a motion hearing as a “dry run” to see how the petitioner might testify. Counsel A said that
the petitioner was “evasive and willing to say anything to get out of trouble” during the
motion hearing testimony, so they strongly advised him against testifying. Counsel A
testified that he was aware that the petitioner voluntarily lived in the halfway house. He said
that he should have filed a motion in limine to prevent the state from referring to the
residence as a halfway house. He recalled objecting when the police detective began
testifying about the halfway house, and the court instructed the state to refrain from referring
to the residence as a halfway house. Counsel A said that he did not continue to object to such
references, but he could not recall whether the decision not to object was a strategic decision.
He agreed that nothing was done to clarify for the jury that the petitioner lived in the halfway
house voluntarily.
The post-conviction court denied post-conviction relief in an order filed April 12,
2010. Regarding the petitioner’s claim that counsel failed to present a comprehensive trial
strategy, the post-conviction court found little evidence in the record to support a self-defense
strategy and remarked that presenting self-defense “as the sole defense might have appeared
disingenuous to the jury.” The court found that counsel presented a reasonable defense by
attempting to mitigate any notion of premeditation. Regarding the claim that counsel failed
to timely object to the state’s use of the term “halfway house,” the court found that counsel’s
objection was sufficient and further objection might have inflamed the jury. The court stated
that failure to file a motion in limine on that issue did not place counsel’s representation
below the range of competence of an attorney in a criminal case.
The petitioner moved this court to waive the thirty-day limit for filing a notice of
appeal. This court found, under Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a), that waiver
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was appropriate in this case and granted the motion. Subsequently, the petitioner filed his
notice of appeal on June 21, 2010.1
Analysis
The petitioner argues that he was denied the effective representation of counsel.
Specifically, he contends that counsel failed to present a comprehensive trial strategy by not
presenting a self-defense theory, which would have been bolstered by the petitioner’s
testimony and photographs of his defensive injuries. He further contends that counsel’s
failure to file a motion in limine or to timely object during trial to the state’s characterization
of the petitioner’s residence as a halfway house demonstrated counsel’s ineffective
assistance.
The burden in a post-conviction proceeding is on the petitioner to prove his grounds
for relief by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f). On appeal, this
court is bound by the post-conviction court’s findings of fact unless the evidence
preponderates against those findings. State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999). Our
review of the post-conviction court’s factual findings is de novo with a presumption that the
findings are correct. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 457-58 (Tenn. 2001). Our review of
the post-conviction court’s legal conclusions and application of law to facts is de novo
without a presumption of correctness. Id.
To establish the ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner bears the burden of
proving that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense rendering the outcome unreliable or fundamentally unfair. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see also Arnold v. State, 143 S.W.3d 784, 787
(Tenn. 2004). Deficient performance is shown if counsel’s conduct fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional standards. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
688; see also Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975) (establishing that
representation should be within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal
cases). A fair assessment of counsel’s performance “requires that every effort be made to
eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; see also Nichols. v. State, 90 S.W.3d 576, 587 (Tenn. 2002).
Deference is made to trial strategy or tactical choices if they are informed ones based upon
adequate preparation. Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982). The fact that a
particular strategy or tactical decision failed does not by itself establish ineffective assistance
of counsel. Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996). Once the petitioner proves
1
The state urges this court to dismiss this appeal based on the late-filed notice of appeal; however,
this argument is moot in light of this court’s previous order waiving the time limitation.
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that counsel’s representation fell below a reasonable standard, the petitioner must also prove
prejudice. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. Prejudice is shown if, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding
would have been different. Id. Both deficient performance and prejudice must be
established to prove ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 697. If either element of
ineffective assistance of counsel has not been established, a court need not address the other
element. Id.
Regarding the petitioner’s contention that counsel were ineffective for failing to
develop and present a comprehensive trial strategy, counsel A testified that the defense
strategy, essentially, was to show that the petitioner did not premeditate the killing. Counsel
A testified that they decided not to pursue self-defense as the sole strategy because of the
difficulty presenting that theory to the jury in light of the proof against the petitioner.
Counsel A further testified that, while it might have been better for him to take pictures of
alleged defensive wounds sooner than October 2005, he never saw any such wounds on the
petitioner. Counsel A’s testimony, as accredited by the post-conviction court, was that
counsel fully advised the petitioner about his right to testify and never led the petitioner to
believe that his sentencing range would increase. Furthermore, counsel’s advice to petitioner
that he not testify was based on petitioner’s testimony at a motions hearing. Additionally,
the jury heard the petitioner’s self-defense theory through admission of his statement to
police, and the trial court gave the jury the self-defense instruction. Therefore, we conclude
that counsel developed a comprehensive strategy that included decisions to not solely pursue
a self-defense theory, to not present photographs that did not display defensive injuries, and
to advise the petitioner not to testify. Counsel’s strategy was successful insofar as the jury
acquitted the petitioner of first degree murder. We defer to counsel’s informed strategy and
conclude that the petitioner has not shown that counsel was ineffective for failing to develop
and present a comprehensive trial strategy. See Hellard, 629 S.W.2d at 9.
As for the allegation that counsel should have filed a motion in limine to prevent the
state from referring to the petitioner’s residence as a halfway house, we conclude that the
petitioner has not shown any proof that there is a reasonable probability that the result would
have been different but for the error. Because the petitioner has not proven the prejudice
prong of the Strickland analysis, we decline to determine whether such error amounted to
deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. Therefore, the petitioner is without relief
in this matter.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the denial of post-conviction relief.
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___________________________________
J.C. McLIN, JUDGE
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