IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs March 1, 2011
DUSTY B. HAYNES v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Dyer County
No. 09-CR-31 Lee Moore, Judge
No. W2010-01406-CCA-R3-PC - Filed June 3, 2011
The petitioner, Dusty Haynes, appeals the order of the post-conviction court that denied him
post-conviction relief from his guilty plea conviction for burglary but nonetheless granted
him a delayed appeal of his sentence. The petitioner argues that the post-conviction court
instead should have reversed his conviction and granted him a new trial. Following our
review, we affirm the denial of post-conviction relief and reverse the granting of a delayed
appeal.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in
Part and Reversed in Part
A LAN E. G LENN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER
and C AMILLE R. M CM ULLEN, JJ., joined.
Clifford K. McGown, Jr., Waverly, Tennessee (on appeal); James E. Lanier, District Public
Defender; and H. Tod Taylor, Assistant Public Defender (at hearing and on appeal), for the
appellant, Dusty B. Haynes.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Assistant Attorney
General; and C. Phillip Bivens, District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTS
The petitioner was indicted by the Dyer County Grand Jury on one count of burglary,
a Class D felony, and one count of theft under $500, a Class A misdemeanor, based on his
having stolen approximately twelve cartons of cigarettes from the storage room of a gasoline
station. On August 12, 2009, the day that his case was set for trial, the petitioner pled guilty
to the burglary count of the indictment, with the sentencing to be determined by the trial court
at a later sentencing hearing. The theft count of the indictment was dismissed. The
prosecutor set forth the factual basis for the plea at the guilty plea hearing:
Your Honor, the proof would be that on December 18, 2008 officers
were dispatched to Murphy Oil – that’s the gas station area of Wal-Mart – here
in Dyersburg due to a theft. The complainant stated that sometime around 7:30
and again at 8:00 a white male got into the storage area of the store and took
12 cartons of cigarettes. When officers viewed the video it showed a white
male in his early to mid-twenties, they were estimating, come to the side door
of the gas station, take three cartons of cigarettes, put them down his pants and
under his jacket, and the same male came back about a half hour later with a
blue bag and did fill it with cartons of cigarettes and left again. After
inventory was done, employees did estimate that the value of the cigarettes
taken w[as] $460.80.
. . . Ms. Walls of Murphy Oil said that she had been advised by a person
anonymously that the subject who took the cigarettes was [the petitioner,] and [the
petitioner] was taken into custody. He did confess that he did take them. So he was
cooperative once officers did contact him.
At the end of the September 29, 2009 sentencing hearing, the trial court noted that the
enhancement factor of the defendant’s previous criminal history applied to the conviction.
The court also noted that the petitioner had made no attempts toward paying restitution in the
case. Accordingly, the court denied the petitioner’s request for judicial sentencing and
sentenced him as a Range III, persistent offender to eight years in the Department of
Correction, the minimum sentence in the range. No direct appeal of the sentencing was filed.
On November 17, 2009, the petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief
in which he raised claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and an unknowing and
involuntary guilty plea. In his amended petition filed after the appointment of post-
conviction counsel, he alleged that trial counsel was ineffective for, among other things,
failing to advise him of the sentencing range to which he would be subjected upon his plea
of guilty, thereby rendering his guilty plea unknowing and involuntary; and for failing to
advise him of his right to appeal the sentencing determinations, thereby denying him of his
constitutional right to appeal.
At the evidentiary hearing, the petitioner testified that he had been under the
impression that he was pleading guilty to the theft under $500 count of the indictment. He
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insisted that no burglary was involved in his crime and said that he would have chosen to go
to trial rather than enter a guilty plea had he realized he was pleading guilty to burglary rather
than theft. The petitioner acknowledged that he talked with counsel several times before he
entered his plea but indicated that he felt counsel never really communicated with him about
the case. He said he tried to meet with counsel on a number of occasions, but counsel would
not return his phone calls and in general was difficult to reach. Counsel told him that it
would be in his best interest to let the trial court sentence him upon his plea of guilty, and he
took counsel at his word. Counsel, however, never told him that he was facing an eight- to
twelve-year sentence at forty-five percent; instead, counsel told him that he would have to
serve about one year, with perhaps six months in jail and six months in rehabilitation.
The petitioner testified that he did not see counsel after the guilty plea hearing until
the day of sentencing and that the first time he had seen counsel since sentencing was the day
of the post-conviction evidentiary hearing. Counsel never discussed his appellate rights and
the petitioner, therefore, took it upon his own initiative to attempt to appeal his case by filing
his pro se post-conviction petition approximately six to seven weeks following the
sentencing hearing. The petitioner acknowledged that he had signed the guilty plea
agreement, which listed burglary as the offense to which he was entering a plea. He
indicated, however, that he had not read it, testifying that he had trusted counsel and took him
at his word. On cross-examination, the twenty-nine-year-old petitioner testified that he had
completed the ninth grade and was able to read and write. He also acknowledged that he had
nine prior guilty plea convictions in Dyer and Crockett Counties.
Trial counsel testified that before the petitioner entered his plea he discussed in detail
with him the range of sentencing that he could receive. He said they spoke about the
possibility of the petitioner’s receiving some sort of alternative sentence involving treatment
for his alcohol addiction, but the rehabilitation was conditioned upon the petitioner’s making
restitution. Although this condition was explained to the petitioner in detail, the petitioner
made no effort to pay restitution, even after counsel cut his fee and urged the petitioner to
apply that money toward restitution.
Trial counsel acknowledged that he made no argument to the court for an alternative
sentence, instead merely stating that he would submit the issue to the court. He explained
that he did so based on his many years of experience and his familiarity with the judge who
presided over the sentencing hearing. As he recalled, the trial court was very upset about the
petitioner’s failure to make any effort toward restitution. In his opinion, the court “might
very likely” have granted the petitioner’s request for alternative sentencing had the petitioner
followed counsel’s advice about paying restitution before the sentencing hearing.
Trial counsel testified that the petitioner never tried to get in touch with him during
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the time between the guilty plea and sentencing hearings. On the contrary, counsel was
unable to get the petitioner to respond to him “in any form or fashion.” Counsel elaborated
that he repeatedly tried to call the petitioner to “admonish him about getting the restitution
up that was a key to all of this,” but the petitioner “never contacted [him]” and “never did
anything.” In addition, the petitioner, who told counsel that he had drunk alcohol every day
since the age of sixteen, had been drinking on the several occasions when he came to
counsel’s office before the date of the guilty plea hearing.
Trial counsel further testified that he informed the petitioner about his appellate rights
in the courtroom on the day he entered his plea, telling him that in his opinion there was no
basis for an appeal because the judge had sentenced him to the minimum sentence, but if the
petitioner was interested in appealing to let him know. He said he never heard from the
petitioner.
Amanda Haynes, the petitioner’s wife, testified that she and the petitioner went to trial
counsel’s office at least nine times a month before the sentencing hearing but were never able
to see him and, although they left their name and number with his receptionist each time,
counsel never called them back. On cross-examination, she acknowledged that she was
separated from the petitioner during the relevant time period. She insisted, nonetheless, that
she had repeatedly accompanied him to trial counsel’s office.
Michelle Bryant, the petitioner’s mother, testified that she had accompanied the
petitioner to counsel’s office three times and been present on six different occasions when
the petitioner attempted to reach counsel by telephone. She said they were able to see
counsel on only one of the three occasions they went to his office and that he never returned
any of the telephone calls. On cross-examination, she acknowledged that the petitioner drank
“[j]ust about everyday” during the period between the entry of his guilty plea and the
sentencing hearing.
The petitioner, testifying in rebuttal, said that he could not recall counsel having said
anything to him about his appellate rights: “I don’t even remember [counsel] saying nothing.
I mean, all I remember is the judge sentenced me to eight years at forty-five percent. . . . All
[counsel] did was shook his head, put his head down and took me straight out the door.”
At the end of the hearing, the post-conviction court issued oral findings of fact and
conclusions of law, followed by a written order entered on May 10, 2010. Among other
things, the court found that the petitioner’s guilty plea was knowing and voluntary and that
the petitioner had not shown any deficiency in counsel’s performance or any prejudice to his
case, other than the fact that no direct appeal of his sentence was filed. Accordingly, the
court denied the petition for post-conviction relief from the conviction but granted the
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petitioner’s request for a delayed appeal of his sentence.
ANALYSIS
The petitioner argues on appeal that the post-conviction court erred by limiting its
relief to the granting of a delayed appeal rather than setting aside the plea in its entirety and
remanding for a new trial. The State argues that the denial of post-conviction relief from the
conviction should be affirmed and the matter remanded for the post-conviction court to make
appropriate findings as to whether a delayed appeal of the sentence is warranted in the
interest of justice.
Post-conviction relief “shall be granted when the conviction or sentence is void or
voidable because of the abridgment of any right guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee
or the Constitution of the United States.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-103 (2006). The
petitioner bears the burden of proving factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence.
Id. § 40-30-110(f). When an evidentiary hearing is held in the post-conviction setting, the
findings of fact made by the court are conclusive on appeal unless the evidence
preponderates against them. See Wiley v. State, 183 S.W.3d 317, 325 (Tenn. 2006). When
reviewing factual issues, the appellate court will not reweigh the evidence and will instead
defer to the trial court’s findings as to the credibility of witnesses or the weight of their
testimony. Id. However, review of a trial court’s application of the law to the facts of the
case is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. See Ruff v. State, 978 S.W.2d 95, 96
(Tenn. 1998). The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel, which presents mixed questions
of fact and law, is reviewed de novo, with a presumption of correctness given only to the
post-conviction court’s findings of fact. Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001);
Burns v. State, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn. 1999).
To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner has the burden
to show both that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced the outcome of the proceeding. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984); see State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (noting
that same standard for determining ineffective assistance of counsel that is applied in federal
cases also applies in Tennessee). The Strickland standard is a two-prong test:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so
serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
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466 U.S. at 687.
The deficient performance prong of the test is satisfied by showing that “counsel’s
acts or omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness
under prevailing professional norms.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996)
(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)). The
prejudice prong of the test is satisfied by showing a reasonable probability, i.e., a “probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,”that “but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.
In the context of a guilty plea, the petitioner must show a reasonable probability that were
it not for the deficiencies in counsel’s representation, he would not have pled guilty but
would instead have insisted on proceeding to trial. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985);
House v. State, 44 S.W.3d 508, 516 (Tenn. 2001).
When analyzing a guilty plea, we look to the federal standard announced in Boykin
v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 (1969), and the state standard set out in State v. Mackey, 553
S.W.2d 337 (Tenn. 1977). State v. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d 540, 542 (Tenn. 1999). In Boykin,
the United States Supreme Court held that there must be an affirmative showing in the trial
court that a guilty plea was voluntarily and knowingly given before it can be accepted. 395
U.S. at 242. Similarly, in Mackey, our supreme court required an affirmative showing of a
voluntary and knowledgeable guilty plea, namely, that the defendant has been made aware
of the significant consequences of such a plea. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d at 542.
A plea is not “voluntary” if it results from ignorance, misunderstanding, coercion,
inducements, or threats. Blankenship v. State, 858 S.W.2d 897, 904 (Tenn. 1993). The trial
court must determine if the guilty plea is “knowing” by questioning the defendant to make
sure he fully understands the plea and its consequences. Pettus, 986 S.W.2d at 542;
Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904. Because the plea must represent a voluntary and intelligent
choice among the alternatives available to the defendant, the trial court may look at a number
of circumstantial factors in making this determination. Blankenship, 858 S.W.2d at 904.
These factors include: (1) the defendant’s relative intelligence; (2) his familiarity with
criminal proceedings; (3) whether he was represented by competent counsel and had the
opportunity to confer with counsel about alternatives; (4) the advice of counsel and the court
about the charges against him and the penalty to be imposed; and (5) the defendant’s reasons
for pleading guilty, including the desire to avoid a greater penalty in a jury trial. Id. at
904-05.
We conclude that the record fully supports the findings and conclusions of the post-
conviction court that the petitioner received effective assistance of counsel and that his guilty
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plea was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. The petitioner, who acknowledged at the
evidentiary hearing that he could read and write and had signed the guilty plea agreement,
affirmed at the guilty plea hearing that he understood each of the constitutional rights he was
waiving, that counsel had reviewed with him the range of punishment he faced, that he was
satisfied with counsel’s representation, that he was submitting his case to the court to
determine his sentencing, and that he realized that, although there had been some discussion
about the possibility of a sentence involving rehabilitation, there was no promise that he
would receive that type of sentence. The petitioner also affirmed that he understood that by
pleading guilty he was waiving his right to appeal his conviction with respect to the issue of
his guilt or innocence, but that he would “still have the right to appeal the sentence if [he]
fe[lt] that the sentence [was] unfair.”
Moreover, trial counsel’s testimony at the evidentiary hearing, which was specifically
accredited by the post-conviction court, established that he discussed the plea agreement with
the petitioner in detail, including the range of punishment the petitioner faced and the fact
that the prosecutor’s recommendation of a sentence involving rehabilitation was conditioned
upon the petitioner’s paying restitution. Counsel’s testimony also established that he
informed the petitioner of his right to appeal the sentence, although he advised him that he
thought he would be unsuccessful. We, therefore, affirm the portion of the post-conviction
court’s order denying the petitioner post-conviction relief from the conviction.
We, however, reverse the portion of the post-conviction court’s order granting the
petitioner a delayed appeal of the sentence. Tennessee’s Post-Conviction Procedure Act
provides that when a trial judge finds that the petitioner was denied the right to an appeal
from the original conviction in violation of the United States or Tennessee Constitution, and
there is an adequate record of the original trial proceeding available for review, the trial judge
can grant a delayed appeal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-113(a)(1) (2006). A defendant may
receive a delayed appeal where there has been a denial of the effective assistance of counsel
in violation of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section
9 of the Tennessee Constitution. Wallace v. State, 121 S.W.3d 652, 656 (Tenn. 2003). In
determining whether a defendant has been denied effective assistance of counsel, courts
apply the two-pronged deficiency and prejudice test set forth in Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).
In its brief, the State characterizes the post-conviction court’s granting of a delayed
appeal as a “judicial afterthought,” which was not supported by appropriate findings of the
court. We agree. After the post-conviction court issued its oral ruling, in which it found that
the guilty plea was knowing and voluntary, counsel was not deficient in his representation,
and the petitioner had suffered no prejudice, the petitioner asked the court to rule on his
request for a delayed appeal. The post-conviction court responded that it “had no problem
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with that.” When reminded by the attorney general that it needed to make findings in support
of the grant of a delayed appeal, the court responded:
[Trial counsel] says that he discussed that issue with him and possibly he
should have discussed that issue further with him, but so if it’s necessary to
have that finding, the Court will make a finding that there should have been
some further discussion about the appeal.
In the written order that followed, the post-conviction court found that the petitioner
failed “to carry his burden in showing deficient performance by [trial counsel] . . . and failed
to further show any prejudice . . . other than that no appeal was sought as to the sentence.”
This court has previously held that “before post-conviction relief in the form of a
delayed appeal or any other type of relief can be granted to a petitioner, he must show not
only that his counsel performed deficiently, but also that the deficiency resulted in prejudice
to him.” Terry Smithson v. State, No. 88-203-III, 1989 WL 28311, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App
Mar. 28, 1989) (citing Strickland 466 U.S. at 700). The post-conviction court’s oral findings
that counsel “possibly” should have discussed the petitioner’s appellate rights further with
him and that “there should have been some further discussion about the appeal,” while
arguably constituting a finding that counsel was deficient in this respect, contradicts its
written order finding that counsel was not deficient in his performance. Moreover, the record
does not support a finding of either deficiency in counsel’s performance or resulting
prejudice with respect to this claim. Trial counsel testified that he informed the petitioner
he had a right to appeal the sentence and told him to contact him if he wished to do so, but
he never heard from the petitioner. We note that the trial court also informed the petitioner
of his right to appeal the sentencing determinations at the time it accepted his guilty plea.
In addition, the post-conviction court, which had presided over the sentencing hearing,
observed that the court rarely sentenced Range III offenders to alternative sentencing and that
the petitioner, in its opinion, was fortunate to have received the minimum sentence in the
range. We, therefore, conclude that the petitioner has not shown that he was denied his right
to file a direct appeal of his sentence.
CONCLUSION
Based on our review, we affirm the denial of post-conviction relief but reverse the
granting of a delayed appeal.
_________________________________
ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE
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