IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
December 1, 2009 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANDOR WILLIAMS
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 08-00983 John T. Fowlkes, Jr., Judge
No. W2009-00818-CCA-R3-CD - Filed May 27, 2010
A Shelby County jury convicted the defendant, Andor Williams, of one count of possession
with intent to sell marijuana and one count of possession with intent to deliver marijuana.
The trial court merged the convictions and sentenced the defendant, as a Range II multiple
offender, to serve a four-year sentence in the workhouse. On appeal, the defendant argues
that the evidence at trial was insufficient to sustain his conviction and that the trial court
erred when sentencing him. After reviewing the record, the parties’ briefs, and applicable
law, we affirm the judgment of the Shelby County Criminal Court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
J.C. M CL IN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which T HOMAS T. W OODALL and JOHN
E VERETT W ILLIAMS, JJ., joined.
William C. Gosnell, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Andor Williams.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney
General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Stacy McEndree, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Facts and Background
A Shelby County grand jury indicted the defendant, Andor Williams, on one count
of possession with intent to sell marijuana and one count of possession with intent to deliver
marijuana. The Shelby County Criminal Court held a jury trial February 9 -11, 2009, and
the parties presented the following evidence.
Officer Brad Deckard, with the Memphis Police Department, testified that on July 24,
2007, he was on uniform patrol with his partner, Officer Selygna Brown. The officers were
at the intersection of Lamar Avenue and South McLean Boulevard when they saw the
defendant pulling into “a cove [at] the southwest corner of Lamar and McLean.” The cove
had “three houses on the west side and on the east side [there was] just a fence line.” Officer
Deckard said that maybe one or two cars were parked along the curb, and “there was one car
in the middle of the road.” The defendant and a passenger, who Officer Deckard believed
to be the defendant’s girlfriend, were in the car in the middle of the road. Officer Deckard
explained that the defendant had backed the car into the cove facing Lamar Avenue.
According to Officer Deckard, that area was “known to be a high drug trafficking spot . . .
because it’s kind of out of view. . . .”
Officer Deckard said that “something just didn’t seem right,” so the officers pulled
into the cove, along the right side of the defendant’s vehicle, and walked up to the vehicle.
The windows on the vehicle were down, and the officers smelled marijuana “pretty much as
soon as [they] got out of the car” and began to walk over there. Officer Deckard had the
opportunity to smell marijuana and cigarette smoke during his tenure as a police officer, and
he said that the odor coming from the vehicle “smelled like in [his] past experience what .
. . had been marijuana.” Officer Deckard asked the defendant for his driver’s license, and
Officer Brown went to the passenger side of the vehicle. The defendant told Officer Deckard
that he only had an identification card because his driver’s license was suspended. Officer
Deckard requested that the defendant exit the vehicle and arrested the defendant for driving
with a suspended license.
When the defendant exited the vehicle, Officer Deckard saw “little baggies of . . . a
green leafy substance that looked like marijuana and then half of what look[ed] like a brown
cigarette or brown cigar that was sitting beside it on the passenger front floorboard.” Officer
Deckard testified that the marijuana was in nine separate plastic bags “like it was ready to
sell like you’d commonly see on the street.” Officer Brown asked the passenger to exit the
vehicle, and the defendant told the officers that the drugs were his. According to Officer
Deckard, the defendant said that he was “just trying to take care of [his] kids.” Officer
Deckard took the defendant back to his car, ran the defendant’s vehicle tags, and discovered
that the vehicle was unregistered. Officer Deckard searched the vehicle and found a license
plate, which did not belong to any vehicle, in the trunk. The passenger had a valid driver’s
license, and the officers released the car, which they believed to be hers, to her. Officer
Deckard transported the defendant, and Officer Brown turned the items taken from the
vehicle into the property room. On cross-examination, Officer Deckard testified that he did
not test or weigh the marijuana. He also did not see the defendant sell any drugs.
Officer Brown testified that she was working with Officer Deckard on July 24, 2007,
when they encountered the defendant. She was in the passenger seat of the patrol vehicle and
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noticed two vehicles, facing different directions, parked side by side on a dead end street.
She said that the vehicles were on the side of the street without the houses. Officer Brown
testified that she saw “a male black leaning over into the defendant’s vehicle and . . . smoke
coming out of the vehicle . . . .” She told Officer Deckard to drive over to where the man
was, and the man that was leaning into the defendant’s vehicle got in his car and left the
scene.
Officer Brown got out of the patrol car and walked over to the passenger side of the
vehicle. When she approached the vehicle, she noticed “a strong smell of marijuana emitting
from the vehicle . . . .” After they asked the vehicle occupants to exit, Officer Brown heard
the defendant tell the police officer that his license had been suspended, and he only had an
identification card. While she was pulling the passenger from the vehicle, Officer Brown
saw nine baggies of what appeared to be marijuana on the passenger side floorboard and a
“blunt” in the ashtray between the front seats. Officer Brown had the passenger go to the
curb, and the defendant said the marijuana was his and not the passenger’s. She said that the
defendant’s statement was not in response to a question. She testified that the defendant also
said that he was “struggling to support [his] kids.” After the officers patted the defendant
down, they placed him in the squad car. She said that they did not arrest the passenger
because the defendant “took the blame for it. He said she didn’t have anything to do with
it. It was his.” Officer Brown later testified, on cross-examination, that she did not see the
defendant sell any drugs.
Officer Brown took the items from the vehicle to the police station at 201 Poplar
Avenue. She had the substance tested and placed it in the property room. She said the
procedure was for the people in the property room to take the envelope, test and weigh the
substance, place it in an evidence bag, and seal the bag. She was present while they
conducted a field test, and she saw the results. After they field tested the items, she left the
property room; however, the substance remained at the facility. At trial, she identified the
envelope that contained a “blunt” and the substance, which had tested positive as marijuana,
and the state entered the envelope into evidence.
Delinda Franklin, with the Memphis Police Department Organized Crime Unit,
testified that she took the evidence in this case from the property room to the Tennessee
Bureau of Investigation (“TBI”) for testing on November 19, 2008. TBI Special Agent
Forensic Scientist Melanie Johnson testified, as an expert, that she tested the evidence in this
case on December 17, 2008. She stated that the evidence consisted of 16.3 grams of
marijuana and one hand-rolled marijuana cigar. According to Ms. Johnson, it was TBI’s
policy to count cigarettes and cigars rather than weigh them. Ms. Johnson said that the
evidence bag contained “a total of [eleven] clear plastic bags.” She further said that she only
tested seven of those bags “because the cut off is 14 grams.” She explained that
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once [she reached] the cut off, [she] just [stopped] because the additional four
bags, the total gross weight . . . was only 6.3 grams. So [she] didn’t have to
weigh the additional four bags or test . . . the additional four bags because it’s
not going to get [her] to the next cut off which is 10 pounds.
Ms. Johnson did a microscopic examination and a chemical color change test on seven of the
bags and found that the bags contained marijuana. Although Ms. Johnson did not do a
microscopic examination of the 6.3 grams contained in the four remaining bags, she weighed
them to determine if they would move the weight to the next cut off level for charging the
defendant. She testified that the four untested bags were consistent with the seven bags that
she tested. Ms. Johnson tested the cigar and found that it contained marijuana.
The defendant, Andor Williams, testified the marijuana contained in the evidence bag
was his, and he was smoking marijuana on July 24, 2007. He denied that he intended to sell
the marijuana and that he told the officers he had the marijuana because he was trying to take
care of his kids. The defendant said that he intended to eventually smoke the marijuana that
the police officers seized.
On cross-examination, the defendant stated that he was thirty years old and had four
kids. He stated that he did not know where the officers got the idea that he was selling
marijuana to take care of his kids. He further stated that he did not know the officers and
agreed that they would not have known that he had kids. The defendant had no previous
problems with the officers and did not recognize them at the trial.
The defendant said that he went into the dead end cove to turn around, and “[b]y the
time [his] car turned around, [the police officers] had pulled in front of him.” The defendant
denied that a vehicle was beside his and said that the man at the window was his uncle. The
defendant agreed that he and the passenger were sitting in the car smoking the marijuana, and
his uncle was smoking the “blunt” with him. According to the defendant, he purchased the
marijuana packaged in little baggies. The defendant did not have rolling papers for the
marijuana when the officers arrested him; however, he said that he had cigars in the car. The
defendant admitted that on July 24 he had a suspended license and was driving a car that had
a “bad tag.” He further admitted that he had previous convictions for two aggravated
burglary offenses, three thefts of property offenses, one failure to answer. The defendant
said that “[b]eing convicted in these past situations, [he] knew that [he] had committed those
crimes that’s why [he] pleaded guilty.” The defendant testified that in this case, he could not
“plead guilty to something that [he knew he] didn’t have no [sic] intention [of] doing.” He
denied committing the thefts and robberies to support his kids and said that he did those
crimes to support his drug habit.
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After deliberating, the jury found the defendant guilty of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance with intent to sell, and unlawful possession of a controlled substance,
with intent to deliver. The defendant timely appealed.
Analysis
On appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence and
his sentence.
1. Sufficiency of Evidence
The first issue the defendant raises is the sufficiency of the convicting evidence.
Specifically, the defendant contends that the state did not present evidence of the sale of the
marijuana, the defendant’s intent to sell the marijuana, or that the defendant knowingly
possessed the marijuana. The state responds that “the jury could properly infer that the
defendant did not intend to use the drugs personally, as he asserted, but possessed the drugs
with the intent to either deliver or sell them.” We agree with the state.
It is well established that once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her presumption
of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v. Evans, 838
S.W.2d 185, 191 (Tenn. 1992). Therefore, on appeal, the convicted defendant has the burden
of demonstrating to this court why the evidence will not support the jury’s verdict. State v.
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914
(Tenn. 1982). To meet this burden, the defendant must establish that no “rational trier of
fact” could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); State v.
Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 236 (Tenn. 2003); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). In contrast, the
jury’s verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the state’s witnesses and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the state. State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). The state is
entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from that evidence. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 558. Questions concerning the
credibility of the witnesses, conflicts in trial testimony, the weight and value to be given to
the evidence, and all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact and
not this court. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). We do not attempt to
re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence. State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006).
Likewise, we do not replace the jury’s inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence
with our own inferences. State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 277 (Tenn. 2002). These rules are
applicable to findings of guilt predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or
a combination of both direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d
389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999).
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The jury convicted the defendant of possession with intent to sell or deliver. To
obtain the conviction, the state had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant
knowingly “[p]ossess[ed] a controlled substance with intent to manufacture, deliver or sell
the controlled substance.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-17-417(a)(4). “It may be inferred from the
amount of a controlled substance or substances possessed by an offender, along with other
relevant facts surrounding the arrest, that the controlled substance or substances were
possessed with the purpose of selling or otherwise dispensing.” Id. § 39-17-419; see also
State v. John Fitzgerald Belew, No. W2004-01456-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 885106, at *5
(Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Apr. 18, 2005) (concluding that “this statute permits the jury
to draw an inference of intent to sell or deliver when the amount of the controlled substance
and other relevant facts surrounding the arrest are considered together”).
Examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, we conclude that the
evidence is sufficient to support the defendant’s convictions. When the officers searched the
vehicle that the defendant was driving, they found marijuana packaged in several individual
baggies. Officer Deckard testified that marijuana packaged in this manner was consistent
with marijuana used in drug sales. Both officers testified that the defendant claimed the
marijuana and said that he was trying to support his kids. The jury obviously accredited the
testimony of the police officers. We conclude that the jury could properly infer that the
defendant possessed the marijuana with the intent to sell or deliver it. Accordingly, the
defendant is without relief as to this issue.
2. Sentence
Next, the defendant argues that the trial court erred when it sentenced the defendant.
The defendant asserts that “considering his age, prior criminal history, and potential for
rehabilitation or treatment,” the trial judge should have found him “eligible for drug
dependency treatment or some other form of alternative program.” The state contends that
the record support the sentence imposed by the trial court.
A challenge to the length, range, or manner of service of a sentence requires this court
to conduct a “de novo review . . . with a presumption that the determinations made by the
court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This
presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court
considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v.
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991).
The burden of showing the impropriety of a sentence is on the defendant. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing Commission Comments; Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. In
determining whether a defendant has overcome the burden, this court considers the
following: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and sentencing hearing; (2) the
presentence report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
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alternatives; (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (5) any
statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (6) any statistical information provided by the
administrative office of the courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in
Tennessee; and (7) any statement made by the defendant regarding sentencing. Tenn. Code
Ann. §§ 40-35-102 -103, 210; see Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168.
The crime for which the jury convicted the defendant occurred on July 24, 2007, after
the enactment of the 2005 amendment to our sentencing law. The 2005 sentencing
amendment deleted the sentencing provision granting a defendant a presumptive favorability
for an alternative sentence. Under the 2005 amendment, a defendant convicted of a Class
C, D, or E felony and sentenced as a standard or mitigated offender “should be considered
as a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the absence of evidence to the
contrary.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6). Evidence to the contrary may be established
by showing that:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who
has a long history of criminal conduct;
(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective deterrence
to others likely to commit similar offenses; or
(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant[.]
Id. § 40-35-103(1)(A)-(C). However, the statute specifically states that “[a] court shall
consider, but is not bound by, this advisory sentencing guideline.” Id. § 40-35-102(6).
In making its determination, the trial court shall also consider the mitigating and
enhancing factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-113 and -114. Id.
§ 40-35-210(b)(5) (2006); State v. Boston, 938 S.W.2d 435, 438 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
In addition, a trial court should consider a defendant’s potential or lack of potential for
rehabilitation when determining if an alternative sentence would be appropriate. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-103(5); Boston, 938 S.W.2d at 438.
Because the jury convicted the defendant of a Class E felony, his sentence was ten
years or less, and the statute did not specifically exclude the offenses for which the jury
convicted him, he was entitled to be considered as a favorable candidate for an alternative
sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6), -303(a) (2006).
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Although probation must be considered, “the defendant is not automatically entitled
to probation as a matter of law.” Id. § 40-35-303(b) (2006), Sentencing Comm’n Cmts; State
v. Hartley, 818 S.W.2d 370, 373 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Rather, a defendant is required
to establish his “suitability for full probation.” State v. Mounger, 7 S.W.3d 70, 78 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1999); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b). Among the factors applicable to
probation consideration are the circumstances of the offense; the defendant’s criminal record,
social history, and present condition; the deterrent effect upon the defendant; and the best
interests of the defendant and the public. State v. Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978).
From the record, we glean that the trial court imposed a sentence of confinement
based primarily on the finding that the defendant had an extensive history of prior
convictions and criminal behavior and a poor history when courts granted him alternative
sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(A), (C). The trial court also found that the
defendant’s testimony that he wanted to seek treatment for his drug problem was not
credible. In denying the defendant’s request for alternative sentencing, the trial court stated
that “the expectation with regard to rehabilitation . . . is poor in light of [the defendant’s]
track record . . . .” The court noted that had the defendant been an adult when he committed
several of his juvenile offenses, the offenses would have resulted in felony charges and
convictions. Upon review, we note that the defendant’s presentence report shows a history
of criminal conduct beginning with juvenile adjudications as early as 1991. The defendant
continued to accrue criminal offenses until the present case. Therefore, the record supports
the court’s denial of alternative sentencing, and we discern no abuse of discretion in the
court’s sentence of confinement. The defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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J.C. McLIN, JUDGE
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