IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
December 7, 2009 Session
CARROLL C. MARTIN, v. JIMMY BANKSTON, et al.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
No. 07-0145 Hon. Howell N. Peoples, Chancellor
No. E2009-00993-COA-R3-CV - FILED FEBRUARY 24, 2010
Plaintiff sued defendants, seeking to enforce the restrictive covenants on defendants' property
as to an outbuilding constructed on defendants' property and seeking an injunction against
defendants' alleged operation of a business on their premises in violation of the restrictive
covenants. The Trial Court ruled in favor of defendants, and plaintiff has appealed. We
affirm the Judgment of the Trial Court.
Tenn. R. App. P.3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed.
H ERSCHEL P ICKENS F RANKS, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which C HARLES D.
S USANO, J R., J., and. D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., joined.
Bryan B. Martin, Johnson City, Tennessee, for the appellant, Carroll C. Martin.
James W. Clements, III., Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jimmy Bankston and
Cathy Bankston.
OPINION
Plaintiff's Complaint against the defendants alleged that both parties own property in the
Morning Glory Farms development, and that defendants had violated the restrictive covenants.
Further, that defendants built an outbuilding that violated the covenants, and they partially operated
a business, Bankston Heating and Air, from this property, in violation of the covenants.
Defendants Answered, denying they had violated any of the covenants, and denied that their
garage was not in compliance with the restrictions, and that plaintiff had waived any right to enforce
the covenants because there had been numerous other violations in the neighborhood.
The parties entered an agreed Protective Order, which stated that certain documents,
including the tax returns and other financial documents of Bankston Heating & Air and Mr. and Mrs.
Bankston would be filed under seal.
After the Court denied a Motion for summary Judgment an evidentiary hearing was held and
plaintiff was the first witness. He testified that he was retired, but had been involved in the
development of Morning Glory Farms. Plaintiff identified the restrictions that applied to the
defendants' property, and the restrictions stated that the tracts were to be residential and the
restrictions further stated that each resident had to provide a garage space for a minimum of two cars.
Plaintiff testified the defendants' home, as it was originally built, had a two car attached
garage, but that defendants later enclosed it and converted it into living space. Plaintiff testified that
he became aware they were engaging in a commercial activity, when they erected a large outbuilding
on their property and put a sign out front that said Bankston Heating & Air. He said he told
defendants they could not operate the business on the property, and the sign disappeared. Plaintiff
later saw a listing in the yellow pages for Bankston Heating & Air with defendants’ home address.
He further testified that there were about 200 homes in Morning Glory, but only 7 other
homes were subject to the same restrictions as defendants’.
Plaintiff admitted that Bankston testified in his deposition that he had lived in that house for
15 years, and had operated his business the entire time. Plaintiff admitted that he had no idea about
the business until 2006, and that he had not seen any commercial activity occurring at defendants’
home, other than on an occasion seeing an HVAC unit sitting on a trailer. He said he had no problem
with defendant answering the phone for his business at his home, and that he had no problem with
a detached garage when the home was large. He admitted that the house next door to defendants had
a detached garage.
Plaintiff testified that he had drafted the restrictive covenants, and the restriction did not say
"no commercial activity".
Bankston was the next to testify, and said that he purchased the property in 1992, and he was
employed in the heat and air business as a service technician at the time. He said he had his
business license at that time, and then opened his own service business in the mid-1990's. He said
that he parked his business van at his home, but otherwise his business activities were not open and
obvious, and the only employees were him and his wife, and all other technicians were
subcontractors. He said they had no other office besides their residence, and his wife did
bookkeeping and billing for the company from his home.
Bankston testified that his distributor placed the phone book ad and not him, so he was not
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aware of it until it was shown to him. He testified that he did not do any advertising on his own, and
that his company serviced and installed heat and air units all away from his premises. He testified
that they built an outbuilding on their property in 2001, which was approximately 100 feet from the
house, and that only about twice a year he might have an HVAC unit on his trailer overnight. He
testified that the outbuilding was built with the intention of having more storage for lawn mowers
and such, and that they later enclosed their attached garage in 2003 or 2004, and that the money for
the outbuilding came from their personal account.
On cross-examination, Bankston admitted that his business tax returns listed his home
address, and that they showed the company paying rent to him and his wife for the use of the home.
He testified that the way his business operated was that a customer would call him for service and
he would go to the customer’s home and perform his services at that address. He said he kept no
inventory at his home, and only on a few occasions would pick up a unit in the afternoon and store
it at his house to take to a site the next morning. He said customers did not come to his house, and
he did not do any fabrication work at his home, and had no signs out on the lawn. He admitted on
one occasion that he put a “job site” sign at his residence, which he would do at any residence where
he was working which advertised his services, and at the time he put one in front of his house, he
was replacing his own unit.
Following an evidentiary hearing, the Trial Court said that defendants receiving calls at their
home was no different than lawyers, doctors, plumbers, etc., who received calls at home and then
took their tools and went elsewhere to do the work. The Court found the residence was primarily
used for a residence, and only incidentally used for commercial activity. The Court held that this
activity would not violate the restriction, because there was no evidence that any service work took
place at the home.
Regarding the garage, the Court found that plaintiff testified that it was okay to have a
detached garage if the house was large enough. The Court found the developer could not pick and
choose how the restrictions could be enforced, and that the restrictions were somewhat ambiguous,
because number one said that other structures could be built, and number three said that there had
to be garage space to accommodate two cars, but did not say that the garage had to be attached to the
dwelling.
In the Court's final Order, the Court held that the evidence did not prove sufficient
commercial activity to rise to the level precluded by the restriction, and that the restriction as to the
outbuilding was ambiguous as to whether the garage had to be attached to the dwelling. The suit was
dismissed.
On appeal, plaintiff raises these issues:
1. Whether the Trial Court erred in concluding that plaintiff’s evidence failed to prove
commercial activity by the defendants in violation of the restrictive covenants?
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2. Whether the Trial Court erred in concluding that the restrictive covenant applicable
to garages was ambiguous as to whether the garage had to be attached to the
dwelling?
Plaintiff insists the Trial Court erred in finding that plaintiff failed to show sufficient
commercial activity by defendants to violate the restrictive covenants. The applicable restriction
states that all “tracts in the development shall be used, known and described as residential tracts.”
It goes on to state that, “No building or structure shall be erected, altered, placed, or permitted to
remain on any residential tract other than a single-family residential dwelling and, if any, its
customary and usual accessory structures, and those structures that are customary and usual to a
ranch or farm.” Further, plaintiff insists that defendants violated these covenants by operating a
heating and air service business from their home.
The evidence established that defendants kept books and records at the residence, answered
the phone at the residence and took service calls, and then went out to individuals’ homes to perform
the work. Defendants had an ad in the yellow pages that advertised their business with a number that
they answered at their home and their home address. Defendants had a business license and filed
business tax returns showing a profit for the business. There were no signs or other indicia of a
business at the home, except that Mr. Bankston testified that once or twice a year he would have an
HVAC unit on his truck overnight, to take to a job site the next morning. The business has no
employees, no customers come to the home, and no deliveries are made to the home.
We conclude from the evidence that the home was being used for residential purposes and
not commercial purposes, in violation of the restrictions as found by the Trial Court. While
defendant answered the phone for service calls at home and kept his business records there, no work
was performed at the residence, other than bookkeeping.
Appellant argues this case is similar to the case of Kerney v. Endres, 2009 WL 1871933
(Tenn. Ct. App. June 30, 2009), where the defendants were operating a beauty salon from their
home. In that case, the restrictions stated that the use of the property was to be “exclusively
residential” and that there should be no “commercial undertaking”. Id. Defendants had converted
a room in their home to a beauty salon, where they worked by appointment only, a few days per
week. Id. They estimated that they saw 63 customers per month there, and earned a profit. Id. They
had no signs nor any other exterior indicia of the business, and did not have any employees, and
received no business deliveries there. Id.
The Trial Court ruled that the use of the residence as a beauty salon was merely incidental
and did not violate the restrictions, but this Court disagreed. Id. This Court stated:
The courts enforce restrictions according to the clearly expressed intentions of the parties
manifested in the restrictions themselves. We give the terms used in restrictions their fair
and reasonable meaning, and we decline to extend them beyond their clearly expressed
scope. We also construe the terms of a restriction in light of the context in which they
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appear.
When the restriction’s terms are capable of more than one construction, we should adopt
the construction that advances the unrestricted use of the property. . . . [W]e should resolve
all doubts concerning a covenant’s applicability against applying the covenant.
Kerney, at p. 4, quoting Maples Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., v. T & R Nashville Ltd. Partnership, 993
S.W.2d 36 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). We held that the restriction in that case was clear and
unambiguous and prohibited operation of a beauty salon in the subdivision, as it stated that the
property was to be used only for residential purposes, and also contained a “broad negative
prohibition against ‘any commercial undertaking.’” Kerney, at p. 5.
It is not disputed that the restrictions in this case state that the property is to be used for
residential purposes, just as the restrictions did in Kerney.1 They do not, however, contain the
secondary prohibition against any commercial activity, but that is not dispositive in this instance.
The Kerney case is clearly distinguishable. The activity taking place in this case, as opposed to the
commercial activity shown in Kerney, is that Kerney involved a business that was operated
completely on the subject property, such that customers came to the home to have a service
performed. All income generated by the beauty salon was generated on the premises, vis a vis this
case wherein no activity (other than record keeping and answering the phone) occurred on
defendants' property. No customers or employees come to the home, no deliveries were brought
there, and no equipment or inventory was kept at the home. There is no outward indicia of any
business activity at the home, and no income-generating work takes place in the home.
Other cases that have a found a similar violation involved significant activity taking place
on the subject property, such as using the home as a “tourist home” or a vacation rental property,
which this Court found to be in the same usage as a hotel, or where personal training services were
performed within a gym inside the home. These usages involved the general public coming to the
residential property and all business activity taking place thereon. See Carr v. Trivett, 143 S.W.2d
900 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1940); Shields Mtn. Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Teffeteller, 2006 WL 408050
(Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 22, 2006); Island Brook Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. Aughenbaugh, 2007 WL
2917781 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 5, 2007); Kerney, supra. These authorities are clearly distinguishable
from the instant case, and the Trial Court properly found that the activity involved in this case did
not rise to the level of a violation of the restrictive covenant. Clearly, defendants' property in the
words of the restrictive covenant is "used, known and described" as residential property.
Plaintiff also argues that the Trial Court erred in ruling that the restrictive covenant regarding
garages was ambiguous as to whether the garage had to be attached to the dwelling. As we have
noted, restrictive covenants must be strictly construed, and any ambiguity must be resolved against
applying the covenant. The restriction at issue states that “[e]ach single-family residential dwelling
1
In Kerney, the restriction is "exclusive residential" vis a vis herein "known and described" as
residential.
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erected on any tract in the development shall provide garage space for a minimum of two
conventional automobiles.” As the Trial Court found, this paragraph is ambiguous regarding
whether the garage space must be attached to the dwelling. Plaintiff testified that he authored the
restrictions at issue, and he did not believe that the garage had to be attached if the house itself was
large enough. As such, we “adopt the construction that advances the unrestricted use of the
property.” Kerney, at p. 4. We therefore affirm the Trial Court's finding that the defendants'
property violated none of the restrictive covenants.
The Judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed, and the cause remanded, with the cost of the
appeal assessed to the plaintiff, Carroll Martin.
_________________________________
HERSCHEL PICKENS FRANKS, P.J.
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