IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
April 23, 2008 Session
STATE FARM FIRE & CASUALTY CO. v. DAVID STONE, ET AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Blount County
No. 05-090 Telford E. Forgety, Jr., Chancellor
No. E2007-02342-COA-R3-CV - FILED MAY 21, 2008
State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. filed a “Complaint for Declaratory Relief” with respect to the claim
of David Stone seeking damages arising out of the death of his wife, Rhonda Stone,1 who was killed
by the alleged negligent driving of an uninsured motorist. At the time of the accident, the Stones
had a personal liability “umbrella” insurance policy with State Farm, which provided $1 million in
personal liability coverage above and beyond the Stones’ underlying insurance policies, including
their automobile liability insurance policy. Their umbrella policy does not, by its language, include
uninsured motorist (“UM”) coverage. However, Mr. Stone argues that UM coverage should be read
into their umbrella policy because the Stones did not reject such coverage in writing, which Mr.
Stone says is required by the applicable statute. State Farm argues that the statute in question, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(a) (2000), applies only to automobile insurance policies and does not impose
the rejection-in-writing requirement on umbrella policies. Based upon the parties’ “Agreed
Stipulations,” the lower court, at a bench trial, agreed with Mr. Stone’s interpretation of the statute.
We disagree with the interpretation placed upon the statute by Mr. Stone and the trial court.
Accordingly, we reverse.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Reversed; Case Remanded
CHARLES D. SUSANO , JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which HERSCHEL P. FRANKS, P.J.,
and D. MICHAEL SWINEY , J., joined.
David C. Hollow, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, State Farm Fire & Casualty Co.
David T. Black, Maryville, Tennessee, for the appellees, David Stone, individually and as surviving
spouse of Rhonda Stone, and Laura Beth Stone, a minor, by and through her surviving parent, David
Stone.
1
The record is inconsistent with regard to the spelling of Mrs. Stone’s first name. Several documents drafted
by Mr. Stone’s counsel refer to her as “Ronda.” However, the policy documents, the court’s memorandum and order,
and various other filings use the spelling “Rhonda.” The parties’ “Agreed Stipulations” use both “Ronda” and “Rhonda.”
We do not know the proper spelling, but we have adopted the spelling used by the trial court.
OPINION
I.
The facts are not in dispute. Mrs. Stone was struck and killed by an uninsured motorist as
she walked across a street in Maryville. At the time of the accident, the Stones had automobile
insurance, including uninsured motorist coverage, with the United Services Automobile Association.
They also had a State Farm personal liability umbrella insurance policy – the policy at issue in this
case. The State Farm policy provides as follows:
If you are legally obligated to pay damages for a loss, we will pay
your net loss minus the retained limit [i.e., “the total limits of liability
of your underlying insurance”]. Our payment will not exceed
[$1,000,000].
(Formatting omitted.) As already noted, their umbrella policy does not, on its face, provide UM
coverage.
In the wake of Mrs. Stone’s tragic death, United Services paid Mr. Stone $250,000 under the
UM provision of the Stones’ automobile insurance policy. Mr. Stone then sought payment from
State Farm under his umbrella policy. State Farm filed a complaint in the instant case, asking the
trial court to declare that it has no liability arising out of Mrs. Stone’s accident because, so the
argument goes, the Stones’ umbrella policy does not provide UM coverage. However, the trial court
reached the opposite conclusion, stating as follows in its memorandum and order:
[T]he issue is whether an umbrella policy which does not expressly
provide uninsured motorist coverage nevertheless provides such
coverage where the insured has not rejected it in writing. It appears
that this is a matter of first impression in Tennessee. The Court
concludes that the umbrella policy here does provide uninsured
motorist coverage because the insured did not reject it in writing.
(Emphasis in original.) State Farm timely appealed.
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II.
A.
This case presents a pure question of statutory interpretation. “We review questions of law,
including issues of statutory construction, de novo without a presumption of correctness.” Davidson
v. Lewis Bros. Bakery, 227 S.W.3d 17, 19 (Tenn. 2007). Our inquiry is guided by well-established
principles of statutory interpretation:
This Court’s role in statutory interpretation is to ascertain and to
effectuate the legislature’s intent. Generally, legislative intent shall
be derived from the plain and ordinary meaning of the statutory
language when a statute’s language is unambiguous. If a statute’s
language is expressed in a manner devoid of ambiguity, courts are not
at liberty to depart from the statute’s words. Accordingly, courts are
restricted to the “natural and ordinary” meaning of a statute unless an
ambiguity necessitates resorting elsewhere to ascertain legislative
intent.
Freeman v. Marco Transp. Co., 27 S.W.3d 909, 911-12 (Tenn. 2000) (citations omitted). “[A]
statute should be construed, if practicable, so that its component parts are consistent and reasonable;
inconsistent phrases should be harmonized, where possible, so as to reach the legislative intent.”
State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 30 (Tenn. 1996). “[C]ourts must presume that the legislature is
aware of prior enactments and of the decisions of the courts when enacting legislation.” Ki v. State,
78 S.W.3d 876, 879 (Tenn. 2002).
The statutory section at the heart of this dispute, Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(a), provides,
in its entirety, as follows:
(a) Every automobile liability insurance policy delivered, issued for
delivery or renewed in this state, covering liability arising out of the
ownership, maintenance, or use of any motor vehicle designed for use
primarily on public roads and registered or principally garaged in this
state, shall include uninsured motorist coverage, subject to provisions
filed with and approved by the commissioner, for the protection of
persons insured thereunder who are legally entitled to recover
compensatory damages from owners or operators of uninsured motor
vehicles because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including
death, resulting therefrom.
(1) The limits of such uninsured motorist coverage shall be equal to
the bodily injury liability limits stated in the policy.
(2) However, any named insured may reject in writing such uninsured
motorist coverage completely or select lower limits of such coverage
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but not less than the minimum coverage limits in § 55-12-107. Any
document signed by the named insured or legal representative which
initially rejects such coverage or selects lower limits shall be binding
upon every insured to whom such policy applies, and shall be
conclusively presumed to become a part of the policy or contract
when issued or delivered, irrespective of whether physically attached
thereto. Unless the named insured subsequently requests such
coverage in writing, the rejected coverage need not be included in or
supplemental to any continuation, renewal, reinstatement, or
replacement of such policy, or the transfer of vehicles insured
thereunder, where the named insured had rejected the coverage in
connection with a policy previously issued by the same insurer;
provided, that whenever a new application is submitted in connection
with any renewal, reinstatement or replacement transaction, the
provisions of this section shall apply in the same manner as when a
new policy is being issued.
(3) No uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage need be
provided in this state by an excess or umbrella policy of insurance.
(Emphasis added.) Subsection (a)(3) was added by a 1996 amendment. 1996 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch.
825. State Farm argues that subsection (a)(3) exempts umbrella policies from all of the requirements
of § 56-7-1201(a). Mr. Stone, on the other hand, contends that subsection (a)(3) exempts umbrella
policies only from subsections (a) and (a)(1), not from (a)(2), and that insurers therefore must still
procure a written rejection from the insured in order to issue an umbrella policy without UM
coverage. The trial court appears to be correct that this case presents an issue of first impression,
insofar as it concerns the applicability, if any, of subsection (a)(2) to umbrella policies in the wake
of the 1996 amendment.2
2
In Holt v. Pyles, No. M2005-02092-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 1217264 (Tenn. Ct. App. M .S., filed April 24,
2007), a section of this court upheld an umbrella policy that did not include UM coverage even though the insurer
apparently did not get a written rejection, but the issue of statutory construction present in the instant case does not
appear to have been raised or argued, and is not mentioned in the opinion. In Weiss v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 107
S.W.3d 503, 505 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001), the court appeared to assume, though it did not specifically hold, that Tenn.
Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(a)(2) applies to umbrella policies – but although the case was decided in 2001, and although
the court cites the current version of the statute, the written rejection occurred in 1993, prior to the 1996 amendment.
Similarly, Beam v. United Services Auto. Ass’n, No. 03A01-9802-CH-00055, 1998 WL 823134, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App.
E.S., filed November 23, 1998), although decided in 1998, finds § 56-7-1201(a)(2) applicable to an umbrella policy on
the basis of pre-1996 facts. Beam specifically mentions the recent amendment in a footnote, apparently implying the
court’s awareness that the outcome might be different under the new statute – but the court does not elaborate on this
point.
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B.
Mr. Stone acknowledges that the 1996 amendment means, in his words, “umbrella policies
are no longer required to provide UM coverage in Tennessee as a condition of doing business in
Tennessee.” In point of fact, umbrella insurers were never literally required to provide such
coverage; rather, prior to 1996, they were required (as regular automobile insurance providers still
are) to provide UM coverage unless the customer rejects it.3 Therefore, when Mr. Stone argues that
“while umbrella policies are not required to provide UM coverage, the providers . . . still must obtain
a written rejection from the insured in order not to provide such coverage,” he is describing precisely
the state of the law before the 1996 amendment. (Underlining in original.) If we were to accept this
formulation as an accurate description of present law, we would be declaring that the 1996
amendment changed nothing. “The Court has a duty to construe a statute so that no part will be
inoperative, superfluous, void or insignificant.” McGee v. Best, 106 S.W.3d 48, 64 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2002).
The old rule, that UM coverage was “required” unless “rejected,” essentially meant that
umbrella insurers were required to offer UM coverage, and the offer was presumed to be accepted
unless it was specifically rejected in writing. In the absence of a written rejection, coverage was
automatically read into any umbrella policy as a matter of law. Mr. Stone’s argument implies that
this is still the state of the law, but if the 1996 amendment means anything at all, it must mean that
umbrella insurers are no longer required to offer UM coverage. Whereas providers’ options were
once limited to either offering umbrella policies with UM coverage (subject to rejection by the
customer) or not selling umbrella insurance in Tennessee at all, they now have the discretion to offer
umbrella policies without UM coverage, if they so choose.
Mr. Stone appears to endorse the view that umbrella insurers are no longer required to offer
UM coverage, as he approvingly quotes the trial court’s statement that “an umbrella carrier may, but
is not required to offer uninsured motorist coverage.” (Emphasis in original.) Yet this principle
conflicts irreconcilably with Mr. Stone’s contention that an insurer who wishes to sell an umbrella
policy without UM coverage must first procure a written rejection of such coverage by the insured.
Taken together, these contentions imply that, although offering UM coverage is no longer
mandatory, UM coverage is still imposed by law on all umbrella policies unless the customer
“reject[s] [it] in writing” – even if such coverage was never offered. We find this reading of the
statute deeply illogical. One cannot “reject” something unless one has been offered that thing. Since
there is no requirement that UM coverage be offered, there can be no requirement that it be rejected.
3
This was always the state of affairs under the UM statute, and indeed it remains the governing rule for regular
automobile insurance policies. The original version of the statute, which took effect in 1968, stated that “the coverage
required under this section shall not be applicable where any insured named in the policy shall reject the coverage[.]”
1967 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 371; Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-1148 (1968). In 1982, the same amendment that added umbrella
policies to the statute’s ambit also changed the wording of the rejection rule to its present form. 1982 Tenn. Pub. Acts,
ch. 835. In any event, whatever its wording, a provision that allows a customer to “reject” the “required” coverage has
always been a part of the statutory scheme.
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Prior to 1996, § 56-7-1201(a) gave insurers no discretion: if they wished to sell umbrella
insurance in Tennessee, they were required to offer UM coverage, and the only discretion resided
with the customer, who would be presumed to accept the coverage but could choose to reject it. As
we have said, the 1996 amendment changed this rule, giving umbrella insurers discretion as to
whether they would offer UM coverage. Mr. Stone purports to recognize this change in the law, yet
his argument that the statute still mandates UM coverage unless the customer “reject[s] [it] in
writing” is impossible to square with the plain meaning of the word “reject.” The logical flaw in this
argument is demonstrated by a statement made by Mr. Stone’s counsel at oral argument: “They don’t
have to write it,” he said of the UM coverage, but “[t]hey’ve still got to tell you, the customer, that
you’re rejecting it.” Such a formulation is backwards. An offeror does not “tell” an offeree “that
you’re rejecting” an offer. That simply makes no sense. Yet this statement captures perfectly the
essence of Mr. Stone’s argument. In his effort to construct a interpretation of the 1996 amendment
that does not result in the rejection of his claim of coverage, he is arguing that the statutory language
allowing the insured to “reject” UM coverage should be read as imposing a requirement on the
insurer to procure, in essence, a sham “rejection” of this non-mandatory coverage, even when it is
not offered (which, Mr. Stone acknowledges, it need not be). This interpretation unambiguously
contradicts the plain meaning of the statute.
In its memorandum and order, the trial court stated, imprecisely, that the insurance company
“must get a written rejection or acknowledgment from the insured if the coverage is not provided.”
(Emphasis added.) Yet the statute says nothing about an “acknowledgment”; it speaks only of a
“rejection.” Specifically, again, it states that “any named insured may reject in writing such
uninsured motorist coverage” – not that the insurance company must procure an “acknowledgment”
from the insured that no such coverage is being provided. As noted earlier, we must give statutory
language its plain and ordinary meaning, and the word “reject” plainly means something different
than the word “acknowledgment.” Mr. Stone asserted at oral argument that the “purpose” of the
rejection requirement “is to inform the customer that they’re not getting uninsured [motorist]
coverage.” But that is not what the word “reject” means. The plain language of the statute is clear
and unambiguous: prior to 1996, an umbrella insurer was required to offer UM coverage, and all
discretion resided in the customer to either “reject” or accept that coverage. After 1996, there is no
requirement that UM coverage be offered, and thus there can be no requirement that it be either
“rejected” or else provided automatically.
C.
In addition to misconstruing the word “reject,” Mr. Stone also errs in his analysis of the
statute’s structure. In his brief, he states that subsection (a)(3) “create[s] an exception to subsections
(a)-(a)(1), while leaving the requirements of subsection (a)(2) intact as to umbrella policies.” In and
of itself, however, subsection (a)(2) imposes no “requirements.” Rather, (a)(2) is itself an
“exception” to the “requirements” of (a) and (a)(1). Subsection (a) declares that certain specified
insurance policies “shall include uninsured motorist coverage,” and subsection (a)(1) mandates
certain policy limits. Subsection (a)(2) imposes no additional requirements, but rather outlines the
circumstances under which a policy that would otherwise be covered by (a) and (a)(1) may be
exempted from the requirements of those subsections: namely, via a written rejection by the insured.
If such a written rejection is received, then the requirements of subsections (a) – that the policy
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“shall include” UM coverage – and (a)(1) – that the coverage shall have certain specified limits –
are waived. Otherwise, the requirements remain in force. The key point is that the requirements
themselves are imposed by subsections (a) and (a)(1), not by (a)(2). Subsection (a)(2) is an
exception to the requirements.
It is therefore illogical to declare, as Mr. Stone does, that subsection (a)(3) removes umbrella
insurance policies from the ambit of (a) and (a)(1), but not from the ambit of (a)(2). Subsection
(a)(2) is entirely meaningless without (a) and (a)(1). Without its antecedents, (a)(2) is an exception
to a nonexistent rule. It has no applicability to this case unless (a) and (a)(1) are applicable – which,
as Mr. Stone correctly acknowledges, they are not, because subsection (a)(3) “create[s] an exception
to subsections (a)-(a)(1)” for umbrella insurance policies.
On this latter point, the statutory language could hardly be clearer: “No uninsured or
underinsured motorist coverage need be provided in this state by an excess or umbrella policy of
insurance.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(a)(3). This is not, as the trial court held and Mr. Stone
argues, a disfavored “repeal by implication.” Rather, it is a very explicit and direct repeal of this
statute’s applicability to umbrella policies. Subsection (a)(3) declares that UM coverage shall no
longer be mandatory under (a) and (a)(1) for umbrella policies, and thus (a)(2) has no further
relevance because, on these facts, it is an exception to a rule that has already been excepted from.
D.
There is an additional basis for finding in favor of State Farm, albeit one that is given little
attention in the briefs. The parties focus primarily on the current language of subsection (a)(3), as
amended in 1996. However, the 1996 amendment did not merely add language to the statute; it also
deleted language from the statute. Specifically, it deleted the previous incarnation of subsection
(a)(3), which stated as follows:
(3) Any umbrella insurance policy that includes automobile liability
insurance shall comply with the provisions of this section so long as
the underlying limits of uninsured motorist coverage are equal to the
underlying limits of automobile liability insurance.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 56-7-1201(a)(3) (1994). This earlier version of subsection (a)(3) had been
present in the statute since 1982, when it was added as part of a “complete re-drafting of sections
56-7-1201 and 1202.” Dockins v. Balboa Ins. Co., 764 S.W.2d 529, 530 (Tenn. 1989); 1982 Tenn.
Pub. Acts, ch. 835. It was deleted in its entirety in 1996, and replaced with the earlier-quoted
language stating that no UM coverage “need be provided” in an umbrella policy.
The parties argue extensively over the proper interpretation of the new, post-1996 language.
We have already held that State Farm’s interpretation is the correct one. However, it also appears
to this court that the deletion of the old, pre-1996 language would be enough by itself to resolve the
dispute in State Farm’s favor, even if the new language were absent. Simply put, the legislature in
1996 removed the requirement that “[a]ny umbrella insurance policy that includes automobile
liability insurance shall comply with the provisions of this section,” and absent this language, there
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appears to be no statutory basis for asserting that umbrella insurance policies are governed by any
provision of § 56-7-1201(a).
The very first words of § 56-7-1201(a) state that the statute applies to “[e]very automobile
liability insurance policy delivered, issued for delivery or renewed in this state, covering liability
arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of any motor vehicle designed for use primarily
on public roads and registered or principally garaged in this state[.]” (Emphasis added.) There is no
language indicating that the statute applies to any other type of insurance policy – such as, for
instance, umbrella personal liability policies. Again, there used to be such language, before 1996,
when the old subsection (a)(3) stated that “[a]ny umbrella insurance policy that includes automobile
liability insurance shall comply with the provisions of this section[.]” But that language is no longer
part of the statute. Thus, cases such as Mullins v. Miller, 683 S.W.2d 669, 670 (Tenn. 1984), which
recite the applicability of § 56-7-1201(a) to umbrella policies, are no longer good law on that point,
because the statute they are interpreting has been amended to eliminate the “hook” that previously
brought umbrella policies within the statute’s coverage.
In order to conclude that the Stones’ umbrella policy falls under the ambit of the current
version of § 56-7-1201(a), we would have to find that it is an “automobile liability insurance policy
. . . covering liability arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of any motor vehicle
designed for use primarily on public roads and registered or principally garaged in this state[.]” We
are unable to make such a finding, because the Stones’ policy simply is not an “an automobile
liability insurance policy.” This is true for at least two reasons.
First, basic rules of statutory construction make clear that the legislature intended to draw
a distinction between “automobile liability insurance polic[ies]” and “umbrella insurance polic[ies]
that include[] automobile liability insurance.” By writing the latter language into the statute in 1982,
the legislature implicitly, necessarily acknowledged that these two types of insurance policies are
not the same thing. This acknowledgment was reaffirmed when the legislature removed the old
subsection (a)(3) language in 1996, which we must presume was done with the intention of changing
the statute. If we were to hold that “umbrella insurance polic[ies] that include[] automobile liability
insurance” are “automobile liability insurance polic[ies]” – that these two distinct types of policies
are actually one and the same – we would be declaring that the statutory language which prevailed
from 1982 to 1996 was, throughout that 14-year period, entirely superfluous and unnecessary. We
would also be announcing that the removal of that same language in 1996 did nothing to change the
meaning of the statute. This we cannot do.
Secondly, the nature of umbrella insurance generally, and the Stones’ policy in particular,
makes clear that it is not an “automobile liability insurance policy.” The Stones’ policy is a personal
liability policy. Whereas auto insurance follows the automobile, personal liability insurance follows
the person. The umbrella policy at issue in this case required the Stones to have not just underlying
automobile liability insurance, but also underlying recreational motor vehicle liability insurance,
watercraft liability insurance, personal residential liability insurance, and residential rental liability
insurance. The “umbrella” nature of the policy means that it could be triggered by personal liability
in any of these contexts, or others. As stated earlier, the basic description of coverage simply says:
“If you are legally obligated to pay damages for a loss, we will pay your net loss minus the retained
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limit[.]” This is far broader than any “automobile liability insurance policy.” Indeed, even the
automobile-related terms of the umbrella policy are broader than standard, per-vehicle automobile
insurance. The policy states that it will cover liability arising out of the use of “an automobile,
recreational motor vehicle, or watercraft owned by, rented by, or loaned to the named insured[.]” The
particular automobile or automobiles driven by the insured are not listed on the policy documents
in the record, and there is no language in the policy paralleling the statutory description of “any
motor vehicle designed for use primarily on public roads and registered or principally garaged in this
state[.]” Again, this is not insurance for an automobile or automobiles, but insurance for a person
or persons. It is simply a fundamentally different type of policy than what is envisioned by §
56-7-1201(a). Accordingly, we conclude that the Stones’ policy is not an “automobile liability
insurance policy” and therefore is not governed by § 56-7-1201(a).
III.
For all of the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is reversed. Judgment is
hereby rendered in favor of State Farm. Costs on appeal are taxed to the appellee David Stone.
_______________________________
CHARLES D. SUSANO, JR., JUDGE
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