IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
January 18, 2007 Session
IN RE: ESTATE of MARY GERTRUDE RALPH, deceased.
PATRICIA BUTLER, CO-EXECUTOR of the ESTATE of MARY
GERTRUDE RALPH
v.
WAYNE RALPH
An Appeal from the Chancery Court for Tipton County
No. P2272 Dewey C. Whitenton, Chancellor
No. W2006-01619-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 25, 2007
This is a will contest. The decedent was an 89-year-old woman with eight grown children. In May
2004, the decedent was diagnosed with senile dementia. Shortly thereafter, the trial court established
a conservatorship for the decedent. On August 2, 2004, the decedent executed a will that divided
her estate equally among her children. After the decedent died in 2005, the will was submitted for
probate. One of the decedent’s sons contested the August 2004 will, asserting that the decedent
lacked testamentary capacity when it was executed, and submitted for probate an earlier will whose
terms favored him and disinherited three of the children. After a bench trial, the trial court found
that the decedent had the mental capacity to execute the August 2, 2004 will and admitted it for
probate. The will contestant now appeals, arguing that the trial court erred in placing the burden of
proving testamentary capacity on him instead of placing it on the will’s proponent, and that the trial
court also erred in finding that the decedent had testamentary capacity to execute the August 2, 2004
will. We affirm, finding that the issue turns primarily on the trial court’s assessment of the
credibility of the witnesses and that the evidence preponderates in favor of the trial court’s finding
that the decedent had testamentary capacity to execute the August 2, 2004 will.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Chancery Court is Affirmed.
HOLLY M. KIRBY , J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, J., and DAVID
R. FARMER , J., joined.
J. Barney Witherington, IV, Covington, Tennessee, for Contestant/Appellant Wayne Ralph.
J. Houston Gordon, Covington, Tennessee, for Proponent/Appellee Patricia Butler, Co-executor of
the Estate of Mary Gertrude Ralph.
OPINION
Mary Gertrude Ralph (“Decedent”) died on November 18, 2005, at the age of 89. She had
three daughters, Florence Fee, Ellen Newman, and Appellee Patricia Butler, and five sons, Kem
Ralph, Roger Ralph, Allen Ralph, Gayle Ralph, and Appellant Wayne Ralph. At the time of her
death, the Decedent owned three tracts of real property amounting to approximately 233 acres of
land, a large portion of which was farmland. In addition, the Decedent had about $40,0001 in a
checking account.
On May 10, 2004, a year and a half before her death, the Decedent was diagnosed by her
treating physician of seven years, Dr. Travis L. Bolton (“Dr. Bolton”), as having senile dementia.
Fifteen days later, Patricia Butler, along with three siblings, filed a petition to establish a
conservatorship for the Decedent. The petition attached Dr. Bolton’s medical report and affidavit,
and asserted that the Decedent suffered from senile dementia and was unable to physically and
mentally care for herself, her needs, or her estate. Subsequently, on June 25, 2004, the Decedent’s
eldest son, Wayne Ralph, along with his brother, Kem Ralph, filed a response to the petition,
contesting the conservatorship and denying that the Decedent suffered from senile dementia. The
trial court granted the conservatorship.
About three months later, on August 2, 2004, Wayne Ralph drove the Decedent to the office
of attorney T.D. Forrester (“Forrester”). Years earlier, Forrester had assisted Decedent in the
handling of the estate of her deceased husband. Forrester met with the Decedent and was given a
copy of an earlier will, dated June 27, 2003 and purportedly signed by the Decedent.2 The Decedent
told Forrester that she did not recall signing the earlier will and that she wanted to prepare a new
will. That afternoon, in the presence of Forrester and two attesting witnesses, the Decedent executed
the August 2, 2004 will, which left all of her property, both real and personal, in equal shares to her
eight children. The August 2, 2004 will designated daughter Patricia Butler and son Kem Ralph as
co-executors of the Decedent’s estate.
Several months later, in January 2005, the Semmes-Murphy Clinic confirmed Dr. Bolton’s
earlier diagnosis of senile dementia and also diagnosed the Decedent with Alzheimer’s disease.
Subsequently, on November 18, 2005, the Decedent died.
On December 22, 2005, Proponent/Appellee Patricia Butler (“Butler”) filed a petition to open
estate proceedings and to authorize and direct production of a copy of the Decedent’s August 2, 2004
1
In the appellate record, there is some testimony to the effect that a significant portion of the Decedent’s money
was transferred by one or more of the Decedent’s children to another bank. No issue regarding these allegations is raised
on appeal.
2
The purported June 27, 2003 will provided that Kem Ralph be given the right to purchase 173 acres of the
Decedent’s real property for $1,000 per acre, that W ayne Ralph be given the right to purchase the remaining 60 or so
acres, also for $1,000 per acre, and that the remainder of the estate be given to Kem Ralph, W ayne Ralph, Patricia Butler,
Florence Fee, and Gayle Ralph. The purported will disinherited three of the decedent’s children.
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will. In the petition, Butler alleged that the original August 2, 2004 will had been lost, destroyed,
or was being withheld by “others,” and that the drafting attorney, Forrester, refused to disclose a
copy of the will without court authorization. Butler asked that the trial court open the estate, direct
Forrester to produce a copy of the August 2, 2004 will, and permit discovery, including the issuance
of subpoenas duces tecum, to locate the original will. After a hearing, a copy of the August 2, 2004
will was submitted to the trial court.
Subsequently, on February 22, 2006, Butler filed a petition to admit the August 2, 2004 will
for probate in solemn form and for appointment of an executrix. She attached a copy of the August
2, 2004 will and asserted that the original will remained in the control of either Wayne Ralph or his
counsel. In addition, Butler noted that Kem Ralph, named co-executor in the August 2, 2004 will,
was a convicted felon and alleged that he had previously converted assets of the Decedent and co-
mingled them with his own in order to avoid a judgment creditor. Consequently, Butler asked that
she be appointed sole executrix of the estate.
In response, on April 19, 2006, Contestant/Appellant Wayne Ralph filed a notice of contest,
challenging the validity of the August 2, 2004 will. He noted that the Decedent was declared
incompetent by medical professionals in the context of the conservatorship proceedings and that,
during those proceedings, Butler had alleged that the Decedent was incompetent to handle her own
affairs. As a result, Wayne Ralph claimed that Butler was estopped from asserting that the Decedent
was competent to execute a Last Will and Testament on August 2, 2004. He argued that the August
2, 2004 will should not be admitted to probate because, at the time of execution, the Decedent was
incompetent and suffering from senile dementia, and sought to admit for probate the earlier
purported will, dated June 27, 2003.
A bench trial was held on May 25, 2006. At trial, Butler testified along with her brother,
Roger Ralph, regarding the circumstances surrounding the petition for conservatorship that preceded
the execution of the August 2, 2004 will. During their testimony, both witnesses indicated that, in
May 2004, they became concerned that the Decedent’s finances were being depleted by both Wayne
Ralph and Kem Ralph. Butler said that “[c]hecks were being written on [the Decedent’s] account”
and “[h]er assets were depleting” to the point that they “were afraid that she wasn’t going to have
enough money to sustain her.” In addition, the Decedent was having trouble remembering to take
her medicine at the right times and in the appropriate amounts, and she was becoming disoriented.
Despite the basis for the conservatorship, Butler and Roger Ralph also testified that the
Decedent continued to maintain an active life; she remained involved in her church, gossiped on the
telephone with her friends, followed sports on the television, walked in her yard, talked about her
flowers, and kept up with the status of her farm. Both witnesses stated that, in August 2004, the
Decedent was aware of the properties she owned, knew all of her children by name, and was able
to carry on a rational conversation.
The trial court also heard testimony from Forrester, the attorney who drafted the August 2,
2004 will, and the two attesting witnesses for that will. Forrester testified that, on August 2, 2004,
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he met with the Decedent and her eldest son, Wayne Ralph. When he learned that the Decedent
wanted to prepare a will, he asked Wayne Ralph to leave the room so that he could meet with her
privately. Forrester said that he talked with the Decedent “basically all afternoon” regarding her will.
Because she was elderly, he initially sought to determine whether she was competent and not
laboring under any undue influence. They first “talked about her age, her date of birth, [and] her
children.” Forrester said that “she knew all of those.” He also talked with her about her land and
she “went through the various farm tracts that she owned.” Following this discussion with the
Decedent, Forrester testified, he went out and met with Wayne Ralph to confirm that what the
Decedent had told him about her property was correct. Forrester then excused himself from the
meeting and went to the courthouse to “review her land holdings to make sure that what she was
telling was basically accurate.” From his review of the courthouse records, Forrester said, “it was.”
After that, Forrester asked the Decedent about her wishes for her property, and she indicated
to him that she thought that was a “hard question.” According to notes he took during their meeting,
the Decedent told Forrester that she wanted to be fair and decided that she wanted to divide her estate
equally. Forrester said that, initially, the Decedent showed some reserve about an equal division,
commenting that some of her children had been “better” to her than others. Nevertheless, she
ultimately decided that her children should share equally in her estate. Forrester told the trial court
that the Decedent did not appear confused during their meeting, nor did she seem to be under any
undue influence, and he concluded that she met the legal standard of competency to execute a will.
On cross-examination, Forrester acknowledged that the Decedent told him she did not think she had
any significant savings or investment accounts. When asked whether knowledge that she had
$40,000 in a checking account at that time would have changed his opinion about the Decedent’s
competence, Forrester responded, “I don’t think so in conjunction with all the other information that
she gave about knowing her children, her family, [and] her real properties.”
In addition, the trial court heard testimony from the two attesting witnesses for the August
2, 2004 will. Taylor Forrester, Forrester’s son, testified that he spoke with the Decedent for about
thirty minutes prior to her execution of the will, and that they discussed her family and particularly
two of her grandchildren that he happened to know personally. He said that the Decedent was able
to converse normally and rationally. In regards to her estate, he said, the Decedent told him that she
“felt that this was the fair thing to do was to leave it equally to all her children.” The second
attesting witness, Margie Yarbro, was employed by Forrester’s office in August 2004. She testified
that, prior to execution of the August 2, 2004 will, the Decedent did not appear confused and was
able to carry on a conversation in a rational manner. In regards to the provisions made in the August
2, 2004 will, she said that the Decedent commented that “she just wanted to do what was right.”
The trial court next heard from Dr. Dennis W. Wilson (“Dr. Wilson”), a clinical psychologist.
On August 31, 2004, at the request of Butler’s attorney, Dr. Wilson conducted a clinical interview
and administered a mini-mental status test to the Decedent, for approximately ninety minutes. Dr.
Wilson testified that the Decedent’s disease, senile dementia, is permanent and gradually worsens
over time. He said that persons with senile dementia have “good days and bad days” and sometimes
have “islands of lucidity,” but described the lucid moments as temporary and unusual. When he
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interviewed her in August 2004, Dr. Wilson testified, the Decedent was in the early stages of senile
dementia. During the interview, the Decedent could identify her children by name, was able to
converse in an intelligent and rational manner, and could form independent opinions. He concluded
that the Decedent would have been legally competent to execute a will at the time of the clinical
interview. Dr. Wilson acknowledged, however, that based on Dr. Bolton’s May 2004 diagnosis, the
Decedent would have executed the August 2, 2004 will under a mental state “reduced from her life-
long level.”
Wayne Ralph submitted into evidence the deposition of the Decedent’s treating physician,
Dr. Bolton. During his deposition, Dr. Bolton testified generally on the effects of senile dementia.
Like Dr. Wilson, he indicated that a person with senile dementia could have “lucid” moments, but
that these would be confined to a “very short time frame,” i.e., minutes or hours depending on the
degree of senility. He maintained, however, that even for a person with a medical background, it is
difficult to decipher the lucid from the non-lucid moments unless there is a reference to “past
experience with that individual.” According to Dr. Bolton, a person who was unfamiliar with the
background of the afflicted individual could not determine if that individual was thinking rationally
at any given time.
As to the Decedent, Dr. Bolton testified that his diagnosis of senile dementia was based on
his past experiences with the Decedent. He said that, from one visit to the next, she did not recall
their discussions about her medicine and other matters in her everyday life and needed assistance in
her daily affairs. Dr. Bolton noted that, in addition to having senile dementia, the Decedent was a
mild diabetic, and he said that this also affected her mental capacity. Dr. Bolton concluded that, after
May 2004, the Decedent was incapable of making a rational decision about her property or any of
her affairs and would not be able to understand how her assets were divided in a will for any
significant length of time. He acknowledged, however, that he had no way of knowing whether, on
August 2, 2004, the Decedent was able to make rational decisions regarding the distribution of her
estate.
Finally, the trial court also heard testimony from Wayne Ralph. Wayne Ralph testified that
the Decedent’s mind began to deteriorate in January 2004. On the day that he drove the Decedent
to Forrester’s office, he said, the Decedent was “try[ing] to make her mind sound good or look good,
but her mind wasn’t really too good.” When he was driving the Decedent to Forrester’s office, he
asserted, she did not know why she was going there, and after their meeting, she appeared
disoriented, “like she didn’t know really where she was.” On cross-examination, Wayne Ralph
conceded that, during the conservatorship proceedings, the Decedent could still identify her children
and her properties and make decisions regarding them.
Upon conclusion of the proof, the trial court issued a ruling from the bench. The trial judge
stated, in relevant part:
Ladies and Gentlemen, in this case the Court finds by a preponderance of the
credible evidence that the decedent, Mary Gertrude Ralph, executed a valid Last Will
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and Testament on August 2, 2004 and that this will should be entered for Probate in
solemn form as her Last Will and Testament.
The Court further finds that a preponderance of the evidence does not
contradict the presumption of testamentary capacity that arises from the undisputed
fact that the will was duly and validly executed on August 2, 2004.
Tennessee law is clear that a person may be capable of disposing of their
property and estate by will and yet be incapable of managing their property and
estate. The fact that a person may have been under a guardianship or conservatorship
is not conclusive evidence that the person lacked the required mental capacity to
make a valid will.
The Court determines that the decedent Mary Gertrude Ralph was capable of
recollecting her property and estate; the manner of distributing that property and
estate; and the object of her bounty.
Thus, the trial court found that the Decedent had testamentary capacity to execute the August 2, 2004
will. On June 12, 2006, the trial court entered a final order memorializing its oral ruling and
admitting the August 2, 2004 will for probate in solemn form. From this order, Wayne Ralph now
appeals.
On appeal, Wayne Ralph argues that the trial court presumed testamentary capacity and
placed the burden on him to show lack of capacity to execute the August 2, 2004 will, and that the
trial court also erred in finding that the Decedent possessed the requisite mental capacity to execute
the August 2, 2004 will.
Because this case was tried without a jury, our standard of review is de novo upon the record,
according a presumption of correctness to the trial court’s factual findings, unless the preponderance
of the evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d 913, 916 (2000).
The trial court’s legal conclusions, however, are reviewed de novo and accorded no presumption of
correctness. Ganzevoort v. Russell, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997). When the resolution of the
issues in a case depends upon the truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge has the opportunity to
observe the witnesses in their manner and demeanor and is in a better position than this Court to
decide those issues. See McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); Whitaker
v. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). As such, “the weight, faith, and credit
to be given the witnesses’ testimony lies in the first instance with the trier of fact, and the credibility
accorded will be given great weight” on appeal. Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d at 837; In re Estate of
Walton, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997).
In this appeal, Wayne Ralph asserts that the trial court erred procedurally in allocating the
burden of proof and in its substantive finding that the Decedent had the requisite mental capacity to
execute the will in question. We address first the evidence supporting the trial court’s substantive
finding.
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To execute a valid will, the testator’s mind “must be sufficiently sound to enable him or her
to know and understand the force and consequence of the act of making the will.” In re Estate of
Elam, 738 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Tenn. 1987). The testator must be able to comprehend “ ‘the property
being disposed of, the manner of its distribution, and the persons receiving it.’ ” In re Estate of
McCord, No. M2003-00175-COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 508479, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 12, 2004)
(quoting Brewington v. Sanders, No. 01A-01-9301-CV-00002, 1994 WL 189626, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. May 18, 1994)).
In examining whether a testator had testamentary capacity to execute a valid will, the
“testator’s mental condition ‘at the very time of executing the will is the only point of inquiry; but
evidence of mental condition both before and after making the will, if not too remote in point of
time, may be received as bearing upon that question.’ ” Id. (quoting Harper v. Watkins, 670 S.W.2d
611, 628-29 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)). Further,
[w]hile evidence regarding factors such as physical weakness or disease, old age,
blunt perception or failing mind and memory is admissible on the issue of
testamentary capacity, it is not conclusive and the testator is not thereby rendered
incompetent if her mind is sufficiently sound to enable her to know and understand
what she is doing.
In re Estate of Elam, 738 S.W.2d at 171-72 (citing American Trust & Banking Co. v. Williams,
225 S.W.2d 79, 83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1948); 79 Am. Jur. 2d Wills § 77 (1975)). “The mere fact that
a person may have been under judicially appointed guardianship or conservatorship does not
constitute [a] per se adjudication that the person lacked [the] capacity to make and execute a valid
will.” Green v. Higdon, 870 S.W.2d 513, 522 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993). “The law does not require
that persons must be able to dispose of their property with proper judgment and discretion in order
to make a will . . . . It is sufficient that they understand what they are [doing].” Thomas v. Hamlin,
404 S.W.2d 569, 574 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1964).
In the instant case, Wayne Ralph argues that the Decedent was mentally incompetent before,
during, and after executing the August 2, 2004 will. For this proposition, he relies on Dr. Bolton’s
testimony and diagnosis, as well as the fact that the Decedent was under a conservatorship at the time
of execution. He also notes that attorney Forrester testified that the Decedent was uncertain of
exactly how she wanted to distribute her estate when she arrived at his office, that she did not recall
signing an earlier will, and that she did not believe she had significant savings despite having
$40,000 in her bank account.3 Finally, Wayne Ralph notes that, four months after execution of the
will, the Decedent was also diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. From all of this, he argues that the
preponderance of the evidence shows that the Decedent lacked testamentary capacity at the time she
executed the August 2, 2004 will.
3
W ayne Ralph also argues for the first time on this appeal that the Decedent incorrectly dated the August 2,
2004 will, asserting that she dated the will the “20 day of August, 2004.” In response, Butler asserts that the handwritten
date is “2d day of August, 2004,” not “20 day of August, 2004.” This issue is without merit.
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In order to reach this conclusion, Appellant Wayne Ralph ignores the virtual avalanche of
evidence, obviously deemed credible by the trial court, supporting the finding that the Decedent in
fact had the requisite testamentary capacity when she executed the August 2, 2004 will. Apart from
the testimony of interested witnesses such as Butler and Roger Ralph, one disinterested witness after
another testified that the Decedent conversed easily and rationally, knew about her children and her
land holdings, pondered her decisions of how to leave the property to her children in her will, and
underscored her desire to be fair. Indeed, attorney Forrester testified at length about the careful steps
he took to ensure that the Decedent had the requisite capacity and had accurate information regarding
her real property, checking courthouse records and even confirming the information with Wayne
Ralph himself. Indeed, Wayne Ralph drove the Decedent to Forrester’s law office for the express
purpose of making a will. In his testimony, Wayne Ralph claimed that, on the day the will was
executed, his mother’s mind “wasn’t really too good.” If in fact he had those doubts, they were not
expressed to Forrester at the time, and it appears were not voiced at all until after he learned the
contents of the will his mother executed.
The trial court’s finding is bolstered further by the testimony of the clinical psychologist, Dr.
Wilson, who assessed the Decedent’s mental status shortly after the will was executed. Dr. Wilson’s
assessment is not undercut by the testimony of the treating physician, Dr. Bolton, who corroborated
Dr. Wilson’s testimony that persons suffering from senile dementia have lucid intervals and
acknowledged that he had no way of determining the Decedent’s testamentary capacity on August
2, 2004.
Given the substantial weight of the credible evidence supporting the assertion that the
Decedent had the requisite testamentary capacity, even assuming that Butler had the burden of
proving capacity, that burden was clearly met. Therefore, we find it unnecessary to address the issue
raised on appeal regarding the allocation of the burden of proof, and find that the evidence
preponderates in favor of the trial court’s conclusion that the Decedent had the testamentary capacity
to execute the August 2, 2004 will. Accordingly, we find no error in the trial court’s decision to
submit the August 2, 2004 will into probate.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed against
Contestant/Appellant Wayne Ralph, and his surety, for which execution may issue, if necessary.
___________________________________
HOLLY M. KIRBY, JUDGE
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