IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
March 17, 2006 Session
JOHN JAY HOOKER v. BETTYE L. NIXON, ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
No. 04C-2737 Donald P. Harris, Judge
No. M2005-01383-COA-R3-CV - Filed March 29, 2006
Plaintiff filed this action to challenge the constitutionality of the Charter provision of the
Metropolitan Government of Nashville Davidson County, Tennessee that imposes term limits on
certain elected offices. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss contending the plaintiff did not
have standing to maintain the action because he had not sustained a private injury distinct from other
voters. The trial court agreed and dismissed the complaint. Finding no error, we affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed
WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J., M.S., WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT , JR., J., delivered
the opinion of the court.
John Jay Hooker, Nashville, Tennessee, Pro Se.
Karl F. Dean, Director of Law; Lora Barkenbus Fox, J. Brooks Fox and John L. Kennedy,
Department of Law of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, for the
appellee, Bettye L. Nixon, et al.
OPINION
The plaintiff challenges the constitutionality of the Metro Charter provision that imposes
term limits on certain elected offices; however, the sole issue on appeal is whether the plaintiff has
legal standing.
The Charter provision at issue is 1.07(a). The plaintiff contends that he, as a voter, has a
property right to vote and that Metro Charter provision 1.07(a), which imposes term limits, interferes
with that property right, thereby causing personal injury and harm to him. He contends the alleged
interference is impermissible based upon the holding in Parks v. Alexander, 608 S.W.2d 881 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1980).
The trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s complaint for lack of standing, holding:
The mere status of a taxpayer or a voter is not enough for a plaintiff to show that he
has standing to sue. . . . The plaintiff’s pleadings including his amended complaint
as well as his statements in open court make it clear that the plaintiff brings this
lawsuit due to his status as a voter; . . .
Following the filing of a motion to alter or amend the order of dismissal, the trial court
entered another order, holding:
[T]he mere status of a taxpayer or voter is not enough for a plaintiff to show that he
has standing too sue. . . the plaintiff’s pleadings, including his Amended Complaint,
as well as his statements in open Court make it clear that the Plaintiff brings this
lawsuit due to his status as a voter;
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the Plaintiff’s
Amended Complaint filed March 16, 2005 and his Motion to Alter and Amend do
not present sufficient facts to support the Plaintiff’s assertion that he has standing in
this matter to bring suit. . . .
The defendants principally rely upon Miyazawa v. City of Cincinnati, 45 F.3d 126 (6th Cir.
1995). In Miyazawa the plaintiff, a voter, filed a declaratory judgment action to challenge the city
charter that placed term limits on council members. The trial court held that the plaintiff lacked
standing because the threat of injury was not real or immediate, but hypothetical and dismissed the
complaint. Ms. Miyazawa appealed. United States Circuit Court Judge Siler authored a thorough
and well reasoned opinion for the Miyazawa court. Relevant portions of that opinion are repeated
below:
Voters' rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments were defined in
Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 787, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 1569, 75 L.Ed.2d 547
(1983), as “‘the right of individuals to associate for the advancement of political
beliefs, and the right of qualified voters . . . to cast their votes effectively.’” (quoting
Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23, 30-31, 89 S.Ct. 5, 10, 21 L.Ed.2d 24 (1968)).
Miyazawa is entitled to these rights, but she lacks standing because the threat of
injury is neither real nor immediate, but is hypothetical. As the plaintiff, she bears
the burden of demonstrating that the government's regulation of another party causes
her to lose a constitutional right. See Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
[562], 112 S.Ct. 2130, 2137, 119 L.Ed.2d 351 (1992). When she is not the object of
the government action, standing is not impossible to prove, “but it is ordinarily
‘substantially more difficult’ to establish.” Id. (quoting Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737,
758, 104 S.Ct. 3315, 3328, 82 L.Ed.2d 556 (1984)). She has not demonstrated her
standing here. Cf. Jaimes v. Toledo Metropolitan Housing Authority, 758 F.2d 1086,
1093 (6th Cir.1985). Given the ruling in Jaimes, Miyazawa's contention that she has
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standing through the “capable of repetition, yet evading review” ripeness doctrine,
see Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U.S. 498, 515, 31 S.Ct. 279, 283, 55
L.Ed. 310 (1911), is meritless.
Miyazawa contends that the ruling in Zielasko v. State of Ohio, 873 F.2d 957
(6th Cir. 1989), is applicable here. However, we disagree. In that case, Judge
Zielasko, who was more than seventy years of age, and Ms. Bowman, a voter who
supported him, brought an action challenging the constitutionality of an Ohio
constitutional provision precluding the election or appointment of any judicial officer
over the age of seventy. The state argued that as Zielasko had not taken any action
to promote his candidacy or to secure his place on the ballot, neither he nor Bowman
had standing. We found that Zielasko had standing because had he personally
promoted his candidacy, this would have caused him to run the risk of a criminal
penalty for “election falsification,” as he would have had to sign a document
declaring he was under seventy years of age. Accordingly, the fear of some certain
legal penalty may constitute an actual harm or injury sufficient to save a case from
dismissal. Bowman's standing was recognized through Zielasko.
In this case, no such harm can be found. Miyazawa has merely asserted a
general complaint that an unidentified candidate that she may want to vote for may
not be eligible to run for that office. She has demonstrated no close relationship to,
or any personal stake in, the claim made. No one is guaranteed the right to vote for
a specific individual. Zielasko, 873 F.2d at 961. Miyazawa has suffered no harm, nor
will she suffer any greater harm than that of any other voter in the City of Cincinnati,
that would provide her standing herein.
Miyazawa asserts that other cases have recognized a voter's standing to
challenge statutes under which potential candidates were denied access to the ballot
and that this circuit should follow suit. However, a review of these cases reveals that
they are easily distinguishable from that at bar. For example, while the Supreme
Court in Bullock v. Carter, 405 U.S. 134, 92 S.Ct. 849, 31 L.Ed.2d 92 (1972),
allowed a suit by voters to challenge state ballot access requirements, the
voters/plaintiffs were persons who were seeking to become candidates but were
barred therefrom under the subject statute. In Erum v. Cayetano, 881 F.2d 689 (9th
Cir.1989), a voter was allowed to challenge a state ballot access requirement. In
Erum, the plaintiff/voter was a non-partisan candidate who was seeking to become
a candidate but was barred by the applicable statute. [footnote omitted] Finally, in
Henderson v. Ft. Worth Independent School District, 526 F.2d 286 (5th Cir.1976),
cert. denied, 441 U.S. 906, 99 S.Ct. 1996, 60 L.Ed.2d 375 (1979), a voter wishing to
support a particular potential candidate was found to have standing to challenge a
state statute ballot requirement.
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While the general language of the opinions in these cases seems to support
Miyazawa's position, a careful review reveals that in each case, the plaintiff/voter had
a personal stake in the outcome of the election (i.e., the voter was a potential
candidate, a supporter of the potential candidate, or was unable to vote for his
specific candidate of choice due to the subject law), unlike Miyazawa, who only
alleges that sometime in the future she may want to vote for an unidentified candidate
who may not meet the requirements of the subject legislation. Clearly, Miyazawa
does not have a sufficient personal stake in the outcome to possess standing to bring
this action.
Miyazawa, 45 F.3d at 126-128.
The plaintiff before this court, like Ms. Miyazawa, has failed to establish that he has a
sufficient personal stake in the outcome. Moreover, in that the facts and issue before us are
substantially similar to those in Miyazawa, and our resolution of the issue presented is consistent
with that in Miyazawa, we see no benefit by expounding further, other than to confirm that we affirm
the ruling of the trial court.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and this matter is remanded with costs of appeal
assessed against appellant, John Jay Hooker.
___________________________________
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., P.J., M.S.
___________________________________
WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE
___________________________________
FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE
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