IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
On Brief March 10, 2005 Session
EARL E. RIVERS v. KATHLEEN J. RIVERS
A Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hardeman County
No. 14959 The Honorable Dewey C. Whitenton, Chancellor
No. W2004-02149-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 8, 2005
This is an appeal from a final decree of divorce involving issues of alimony in futuro and an
award of attorney fees. Husband appeals. We reverse in part, affirm in part, and remand.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Reversed in Part,
Affirmed in Part and Remanded
W. FRANK CRAWFORD , P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS,
J. and DAVID R. FARMER , J., joined.
William G. Hatton of Bolivar for Appellant, Earl E. Rivers
Karen T. Fleet of Bolivar for Appellee, Kathleen J. Rivers
OPINION
On March 14, 2004, Earl E. Rivers (“Plaintiff,” or “Appellant”) filed a “Complaint for
Divorce” against Kathleen J. Rivers (“Defendant,” or “Appellee”).1 On April 2, 2004, Ms. Rivers
filed an “Answer and Counter-Complaint for Divorce”. In her Counter-Complaint, Ms. Rivers
indicates:
That the Defendant has been diagnosed with uterine cancer, which
has metastasized to her lungs and lymph nodes, and is presently
undergoing chemotherapy. That she is in need of alimony in futuro,
as she will no longer be able to maintain her employment on a
1
W e note that a “Consent Amendment to Final Decree of Divorce” was entered on November 10, 2004, which
restored Ms. Rivers’ former name of “Howser”. However, for purposes of this appeal and to avoid confusion, we will
refer to the Appellee as Ms. Rivers.
permanent basis. That the Plaintiff is capable of paying same, as he
has income in excess of $2,500.00 per month....
Based upon these assertions, Ms. Rivers’ Counter-Complaint prays that Mr. Rivers be ordered to pay
$1,000.00 per month in alimony in futuro. On June 16, 2004, Mr. Rivers filed an “Answer to
Counter-Complaint for Divorce,” which generally denies the assertions made by Ms. Rivers in her
Counter-Complaint.
The matter was heard by a Mediator on or around June 21, 2004; however, the case did not
settle. On July 6, 2004, Mr. Rivers filed an “Affidavit of Income and Expenses,” which lists his net
monthly income at $3,320.00 and his net monthly expenses at $3,290.00. The matter proceeded to
trial on July 6, 2004. The trial court’s “Statement of the Evidence,” filed on December 20, 2004,
reads, in relevant part, as follows:
In this contested divorce case, the plaintiff-appellant, Earl
Rivers, testified, that he was 63 years of age and that he was retired
from the U.S. Navy. His total monthly retirement income, by way of
pensions and social security payments was $2,600.00 per month. He
had been married to the defendant-appellee since 1977. They were
purchasing a home in Middleton, Hardeman County, Tennessee, and
owed money on the home, as well as several other debts. He also
testified that he had several accidental death insurance policies on the
life of the defendant-appellee, and one permanent life insurance
policy. He denied having an adulterous affair.
Mr. Rivers stated that he had voluntarily retired from Western
Mental Health Institute with a State of Tennessee retirement in
October 2002. At the time of the divorce hearing, Mr. Rivers filed a
financial affidavit reflecting monthly income of $3,320.00....
* * *
The defendant-appellee, Kathleen Rivers, testified that she
was 55 years of age and was in poor health. A letter from her
physician was introduced, by stipulation of the parties, that indicated
she was suffering from cancer of the uterus and that her prognosis
was poor, with a life expectancy of 10 to 18 months as a May 2004.
She testified that she was unable to work due to her illness, although
she had been employed as a Certified Nursing Assistant until the
filing of this divorce action by the plaintiff appellant. She testified
that the plaintiff was engaged in an adulterous affair. She also
confirmed Mr. Rivers’ current income and debts and obligations of
the parties.
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* * *
Ms. Rivers testified that her uterine cancer had metastasized
to her lungs, brain and lymph system. She was undergoing
chemotherapy, had lost her hair and appeared to be very weak. The
divorce complaint was filed on March 15, 2004. Ms. Rivers had been
employed until April 30, 2004, as a Certified Nursing Assistant. She
testified that the stress of the cancer, her husband’s adultery and the
divorce had affected her health, and that she was no longer able to
work.
On August 3, 2004, the trial court entered its Order. The Order grants the parties an absolute
divorce on the grounds of inappropriate marital conduct, divides the marital property, and further
provides:
...[T]he marital residence...shall be held by the parties as tenants in
common. That the Defendant is awarded immediate possession of the
marital residence as alimony until October 1, 2005 or until her death.
That the Plaintiff will pay the real estate taxes, hazard insurance, the
house note of $660.97 per month, and the siding note of $283.00 per
month as alimony until October 1, 2005 or until Defendant’s death,
whichever is first....
* * *
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED
by this Honorable Court that the Defendant is awarded $800.00 per
month plus Clerk and Master’s fee as alimony in futuro beginning
August 1, 2004, to be paid until Defendant’s death or remarriage.
That said alimony is subject to adjustment upon Defendant’s receipt
of disability.
In addition, Mr. Rivers was ordered to pay Ms. Rivers’ attorney fees in the amount of $2,500.00. Mr.
Rivers filed his “Notice of Appeal” on August 31, 2004. By his “Notice of Appeal,” Mr. Rivers
appeals only “from the judgment and final order entered in this action on the 3rd day of August,
2004.”
On September 30, 2004, Ms. Rivers filed a “Petition for Contempt” against Mr. Rivers for
Mr. Rivers’ alleged failure to pay the court-ordered “pro rata share of his Naval Pension,” and to pay
“Alimony in futuro.” The Petition for Contempt was heard by the trial court on November 10, 2004.
An Order on the Petition for Contempt was entered on November 16, 2004. Although, the
November 16, 2004 Order is premised on the “Petition for Contempt,” the Order appears to modify
the August 3, 2004 Order in that it orders Mr. Rivers to pay $2,300.00 per month to Ms. Rivers and
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specifically reserves the issue of arrearage. However, as noted above, Mr. Rivers’ “Notice of
Appeal” addresses only the August 3, 2004 Order.
Mr. Rivers raises two issues for review on his appeal of the August 3, 2004 Order, as stated
in his brief:
1. Whether the trial court erred in it[s] awarding of alimony in futuro.
2. Whether the trial court erred in awarding $2,500.00 to Appellee in
attorney fees.
We first note that, since this case was tried by a court sitting without a jury, we review the
case de novo upon the record with a presumption of correctness of the findings of fact by the trial
court. Unless the evidence preponderates against the findings, we must affirm, absent error of law.
See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d).
Alimony
Because the amount, if any, and type of alimony to be awarded is within the sound discretion
of the trial court in view of the particular circumstances of the case, appellate courts will not alter
such awards absent an abuse of discretion. Lindsey v. Lindsey, 976 S.W.2d 175, 180 (Tenn. Ct.
App.1997). T.C.A. § 36-5-101 provides a list of factors that must be considered by a court in
determining whether to award rehabilitative support and maintenance to an economically
disadvantaged spouse. Although no single factor is necessarily controlling, consideration of "all
relevant factors" is mandatory. Under T.C.A. § 36-5-101(d)(1)(E) (Supp. 2004), relevant factors to
be considered in deciding whether to award alimony include:
(I) The relative earning capacity, obligations, needs, and financial
resources of each party including income from pension, profit sharing
or retirement plans and all other sources;
(ii) The relative education and training of each party, the ability and
opportunity of each party to secure such education and training, and
the necessity of a party to secure further education and training to
improve such party's earning capacity to a reasonable level;
(iii) The duration of the marriage;
(iv) The age and mental condition of each party;
(v) The physical condition of each party, including, but not limited to,
physical disability or incapacity due to a chronic debilitating disease;
(vi) The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party to seek
employment outside the home because such party will be custodian
of a minor child of the marriage;
(vii) The separate assets of each party, both real and personal,
tangible and intangible;
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(viii) The provisions made with regard to the marital property as
defined in § 36-4-121;
(ix) The standard of living of the parties established during the
marriage;
(x) The extent to which each party has made such tangible and
intangible contributions to the marriage as monetary and homemaker contributions, and tangible and
intangible contributions by a party to the education, training or increased earning power of the other
party;
(xi) The relative fault of the parties in cases where the court, in its
discretion, deems it appropriate to do so; and
(xii) Such other factors, including the tax consequences to each party,
as are necessary to consider the equities between the parties.
The most critical factors in awarding alimony are need and the ability to pay. Kincaid v.
Kincaid, 912 S.W.2d 140, 144 (Tenn. Ct. App.1995) (citing Loyd v. Loyd, 860 S.W.2d 409, 412
(Tenn. Ct. App.1993); Lancaster v. Lancaster, 671 S.W.2d 501, 503 (Tenn. Ct. App.1984); Aleshire
v. Aleshire, 642 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App.1981)).
From the “Statement of the Evidence” in this case, it is apparent that, due to her current
health and grave diagnosis, Ms. Rivers is indeed in need of alimony in futuro. The gravamen of this
issue, however, is whether and to what extent Mr. Rivers has the ability to pay that alimony. There
is some confusion in this record as to the exact amount of Mr. Rivers’ monthly income. The record
indicates that his “total monthly retirement income, by way of pensions and social security payments
[is] $2,600.00 per month.” However, the financial affidavit filed by Mr. Rivers prior to the hearing
in this case indicates that his monthly income is $3,320.00. By the August 3, 2004 Order, Mr. Rivers
was ordered to pay the house note of $660.97 per month, the siding payment of $283.00, plus hazard
insurance and property taxes on the marital residence as alimony in futuro.2 In addition to those
payments, he was also ordered to pay an additional $800.00 per month in alimony in futuro for a
total payment of more than $1,743.97 (including the taxes and insurance) per month. When the
particular facts of this case are viewed in light of the factors outlined in T.C.A. § 36-5-101(d)(1)(E),
see supra, there is no question that Ms. Rivers has a need for alimony in futuro; however, from the
evidence before us, it appears to this Court that the amount of alimony awarded in the August 3,
2004 Order is somewhat excessive given Mr. Rivers income and ability to pay.
In addition, the trial court’s entry of the second Order on November 16, 2004 raises some
discrepancy as to exactly what amount of alimony is ordered in this case. In that second Order,
which is not before us for review but which gives rise to some confusion on the issue of alimony,
it appears that the trial court ordered Mr. Rivers to basically turn over all but a nominal amount of
his monthly income to Ms. Rivers. Given the subsequent actions of the trial court in entering this
November 16, 2004 Order and in weighing the statutory factors in light of the unusual facts of this
2
There is no evidence in record reflecting the amounts of the insurance and property taxes.
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case, we find it necessary to remand the case for reconsideration on the issue of alimony.Attorney
Fees
It is well settled that an award of attorney fees constitutes alimony in solido. See Herrera v.
Herrera, 944 S.W.2d 379, 390 (Tenn. Ct. App.1996). The decision whether to award attorneys' fees
is within the sound discretion of the trial court and "will not be disturbed upon appeal unless the
evidence preponderates against such a decision." Kincaid v. Kincaid, 912 S.W.2d 140, 144 (Tenn.
Ct. App.1995); see also Rule 13(d) Tenn. R. APP. P. As with any alimony award, in deciding
whether to award attorney's fees as alimony in solido, the trial court should consider the relevant
factors enumerated in T.C.A. § 36-5-101(d), see supra. A spouse with adequate property and income
is not entitled to an award of alimony to pay attorneys' fees and expenses. Umstot v. Umstot, 968
S.W.2d 819, 824 (Tenn. Ct. App.1997); Duncan v. Duncan, 686 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tenn. Ct.
App.1984). These awards are appropriate only when the spouse seeking them lacks sufficient funds
to pay his or her own legal expenses, Houghland v. Houghland, 844 S.W.2d 619, 623 (Tenn. Ct.
App.1992), or would be required to deplete his or her resources in order to pay these expenses.
Harwell v. Harwell, 612 S.W.2d 182, 185 (Tenn. Ct. App 1980). Thus, where the wife has
demonstrated that she is financially unable to procure counsel, and where the husband has the ability
to pay, the court may properly order the husband to pay the wife's attorney's fees. Harwell v.
Harwell, 612 S.W.2d 182, 185 (Tenn. Ct. App.1980); Palmer v. Palmer, 562 S.W.2d 833, 839
(Tenn. Ct. App.1977); Ligon v. Ligon, 556 S.W.2d 763, 768 (Tenn. Ct. App.1977).
Here, Mr. Rivers has the means to pay Ms. Rivers’ attorney fees; and due to her illness, Ms.
Rivers continues to have need of assistance in paying her attorney's fees in order to avoid a depletion
of assets that the trial court awarded. Consequently, we hold that the trial court did not err in
awarding Ms. Rivers attorney fees in this case.
Based upon the foregoing, we reverse the August 3, 2004 Order of the trial court to the extent
that it makes an award of alimony in futuro. We remand for determination of the alimony award
consistent with this Opinion. The Order is affirmed in all other respects. Costs of this appeal are
assessed one-half to the Appellant, Earl E. Rivers and his surety and one-half to the Appellee,
Kathleen J. Rivers.
__________________________________________
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.
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