IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs January 24, 2006
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. MICHAEL KENNETH SISCO
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Warren County
No. M-9323 Larry B. Stanley, Jr., Judge
No. M2005-01774-CCA-R3-CD - April 7, 2006
A Warren County Circuit Court jury convicted the defendant, Michael Kenneth Sisco, of driving
under the influence (DUI), second offense, a Class A misdemeanor, and the trial court sentenced him
to eleven months and twenty-nine days with sixty days to serve in confinement and the balance on
probation. On appeal, the defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient, that the trial court
erred in allowing the testimony of a rebuttal witness, and that the trial court erred in sentencing. We
affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed
JOSEPH M. TIPTON , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J., and JAMES
CURWOOD WITT , JR., J., joined.
Lisa Zavogiannis, McMinnville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Michael Kenneth Sisco.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Sophia S. Lee, Assistant Attorney General;
Clement Dale Potter, District Attorney General; and Larry G. Bryant, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
At the trial, Warren County Sheriff’s Deputy Jesse Reid testified that he had been a sheriff’s
deputy and an instructor on DUI detection and enforcement for fourteen years in Florida before
becoming a sheriff’s deputy in Warren County. He testified that he was working a shift from 5:30
p.m. to 6:30 a.m. on July 19, 2002, and that a few minutes before 9:00 p.m., a BOLO (“be on the
lookout”) was issued for an older model orange and white Ford pickup truck. He said that shortly
after hearing the BOLO he saw the truck on Highway 55. He said the truck turned onto Todd Lane,
entered the Country Club Market’s parking lot, and parked blocking part of the driveway. He said
he pulled behind the truck, walked to the driver’s side door, and saw only the defendant sitting in
the truck.
Deputy Reid said the defendant had bloodshot eyes, flushed cheeks, an odor of alcohol on
his person, and appeared to be intoxicated. He said he asked the defendant to get out of the truck.
He said the defendant was unsteady on his feet and grabbed the bed of the truck a couple of times
while walking to the rear of the truck. He said that he asked the defendant to perform three field
sobriety tests and that the defendant performed unsatisfactorily on all of the tests. He said he placed
the defendant under arrest for driving under the influence, transported him to the county jail, and
asked him to submit to a breathalyzer test. He said the defendant refused to submit to the test and
signed the implied consent form acknowledging such.
On cross-examination, Deputy Reid acknowledged he did not see the defendant “weaving
or doing anything erratic.” He acknowledged the Country Club Market’s parking lot did not have
marked parking spaces. He said he received the BOLO at 8:57 p.m. and pulled behind the defendant
at 8:58 p.m. He acknowledged that the BOLO was for a red and white truck and that the defendant’s
truck was orange and white. He said he did not see any open or empty alcohol containers in the
truck. He acknowledged he could not tell from the smell of alcohol what the defendant drank, how
much he drank, or when he had something to drink. He acknowledged that bloodshot eyes and red
cheeks could be caused by other things and that he did not ask the defendant about any of those
things. He said the defendant told him he had not had anything to drink. He said that the parking
lot was paved and lighted and that no debris was present to interfere with the defendant’s ability to
perform the tests. He acknowledged that no line existed for the defendant to follow when he
performed the heel to toe test. He said that the defendant was facing toward where the sun would
set but that the sun had already set that day. He said it was about forty-five minutes from the time
he pulled behind the defendant until the time they left the parking lot.
Troy Haston testified that the defendant was working for him on July 19, 2002, and that they
worked from about 5:00 a.m. until around noon. He said that it was hot that day and that they had
been laying shingles on a house. He said he and his employees went to lunch at Pizza Hut, and the
defendant had a couple of beers with his meal. He said they left Pizza Hut around 1:30 p.m. and
went to his house. He said the defendant left his house around 3:00 p.m. and was going to give
another employee, Ed Lowery, a ride to Mr. Lowery’s son’s house. He said that the defendant was
“fine” when the defendant left his house but that the defendant’s face would get “real red” when he
was out in the sun. On cross-examination, Mr. Haston acknowledged that he did not see the
defendant again that day after he left his house around 3:00 or 3:30 p.m and that he did not know if
the defendant had anything to drink after he left.
The defendant testified that on July 19, 2002, he woke up around 3:00 or 3:30 a.m., because
he was working on a construction job in Cookeville. He said that they completed the job around
noon and that it was hot. He said that everybody he worked with went to lunch and that he had two
beers. He said he went to Mr. Haston’s to unload equipment and left around 3:30 or 4:00 p.m. He
said that Mr. Lowery left with him and that he was going to take Mr. Lowery to Mr. Lowery’s son’s
house. He said Mr. Lowery was not a witness in the case because he was unable to locate him. He
said that after leaving Mr. Haston’s, they stopped at the Country Club Market because Mr. Lowery
wanted to get cigarettes. He said that they did not stop anywhere else and that they arrived at the
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market around 5:30 p.m. He said he pulled into the Country Club Market, waited in the truck while
Mr. Lowery ran into the store, and was not blocking any of the gas pumps.
The defendant testified that he had the windows down in his truck because he did not have
air conditioning and that Officer Reid walked up to him and asked if he had been drinking. He said
he told Officer Reid he had consumed a few beers at lunch. He said Officer Reid did not tell him
that his cheeks were red but that his cheeks probably were red because he had a skin condition that
caused his skin to turn white and burn easily. He said the sun was in his eyes when he was
performing the field sobriety tests. He said he believed he was able to perform all of the tests. He
said Officer Reid put him in the back of the patrol car, and they waited about thirty minutes to one
hour for a towing service to tow the defendant’s truck. He said that Mr. Lowery was either still in
the store at the time or that his son had picked him up. He said that it was dark when they arrived
at the police department.
On cross-examination, the defendant acknowledged that based on the timeline he gave about
the events, he would have been released from the jail around 8:00 p.m., when it still would have been
light outside. He said he did not see Officer Reid pull into the parking lot. He acknowledged that
if he only had two beers at 1:00 p.m. that there would have been no problem taking the breathalyzer
test, but he said he did not submit to the test because he did not trust Officer Reid.
Tina Rowland, a 9-1-1 dispatcher and a rebuttal witness for the state, testified that she took
a call from the Country Club Market on July 19, 2002, and that she had the call log sheet showing
the dispatch was made at 8:57 p.m. On cross-examination, Ms. Rowland acknowledged the dispatch
was for an older red and white pickup truck.
Upon request of the state and the defendant, the trial court took judicial notice of the fact that
the sun set at 7:57 p.m. on July 19, 2002, according to the Old Farmer’s Almanac. The state and the
defendant stipulated that if the jury returned a guilty verdict it would be a second offense DUI.
The jury found the defendant guilty of DUI.
At the sentencing hearing, the defendant testified that he was employed at a “meat
manufacturing” company and had worked there almost two years. He said he was the supervisor and
had made arrangements to be able to serve his time and keep his job, but not if he went to jail that
day. He said he wanted to go to rehabilitation for the last part of his sentence. He asked the court
to allow him to serve his sentence on weekends. He said he had not had any other DUIs since 1996.
The trial court sentenced the defendant to eleven months and twenty-nine days in the Warren County
jail with sixty days to serve in confinement and the balance on probation.
On appeal, the defendant contends the evidence is insufficient. He contends the trial court
erred in allowing the testimony of a witness that the state failed to disclose or list on the indictment.
He contends the trial court erred in sentencing him to sixty days without stating on the record the
reasons for enhancing his sentence. The state responds the evidence was sufficient to sustain the
defendant’s conviction for DUI. It asserts the trial court did not err in allowing the testimony of the
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state’s rebuttal witness or abuse its discretion in sentencing the defendant to sixty days in
confinement.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The defendant contends the state presented insufficient evidence at the trial that the defendant
drove or was in control of a motor vehicle on a public roadway, highway, or parking lot. The
defendant asserts the evidence showed that Mr. Lowery was in the truck with the appellant. The
defendant asserts Officer Reid never saw the defendant drive the vehicle or be in possession of the
truck’s keys. He asserts there was no testimony that the truck was running or that it was capable of
moving under its own power. The state contends that under the totality of the circumstances, the
evidence was sufficient to establish the defendant drove and was in physical control of his truck.
The state asserts Officer Reid followed the defendant from Highway 55 into the parking lot of the
Country Club Market. The state asserts the defendant’s own testimony establishes that he drove the
truck into the parking lot. It asserts that the defendant offered no evidence that someone else was
driving.
Our standard of review when the defendant questions the sufficiency of the evidence on
appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). We do not reweigh
the evidence; rather, we presume that the jury has resolved all conflicts in the testimony and drawn
all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the state. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d
542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions about
witness credibility were resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).
Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-401 states in pertinent part:
(a) It is unlawful for any person to drive or to be in physical control
of any automobile or other motor driven vehicle on any of the public
roads and highways of the state, or on any streets or alleys, or while
on the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment
house complex, or any other premises which is generally frequented
by the public at large, while:
(1) Under the influence of any intoxicant, marijuana, narcotic drug,
or drug producing stimulating effects on the central nervous system
....
At the trial, Officer Reid testified that he spotted the defendant’s truck on Highway 55 and
that he saw the defendant turn on to Todd Lane and into the parking lot at the Country Club Market.
Officer Reid stated he pulled in behind the truck, approached the driver’s side of the truck, and saw
only the defendant inside the truck. Officer Reid testified that the defendant’s eyes were bloodshot,
his face was red, and he smelled of alcohol. Officer Reid asked the defendant to leave his truck and
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saw the defendant was unsteady on his feet. Officer Reid asked the defendant to perform three field
sobriety tests and allowed the defendant to attempt the tests several times, however the defendant
performed unsatisfactorily on each test. The defendant refused to submit to a breathalyzer test.
Additionally, the defendant testified that he was taking Mr. Lowery home and at no time did he
testify that he was not driving the truck. We conclude that a rational juror could have found beyond
a reasonable doubt that the defendant was driving his truck while under the influence of alcohol. The
defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
II. REBUTTAL WITNESS
The defendant contends the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of Ms. Rowland, the
9-1-1 operator, as a rebuttal witness. The defendant asserts Ms. Rowland should have been called
in the state’s case-in-chief. The state asserts the trial court did not err in allowing Ms. Rowland to
testify as a rebuttal witness. The state asserts Ms. Rowland’s testimony contradicted the defendant’s
testimony that he attempted the field sobriety tests before sunset. The state asserts that Ms.
Rowland’s testimony was limited to contradicting the defendant’s testimony and that it was not
required to disclose the witness’s name to the defendant in advance.
Rebuttal evidence includes “[a]ny competent evidence which explains or is in direct reply
to, or a contradiction of, material evidence introduced by the accused.” Nease v. State, 592 S.W.2d
327, 331 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1979). Rebuttal evidence must be relevant and material to the facts at
issue. State v. Lunati, 665 S.W.2d 739, 747 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983). A defendant’s discovery
request for names of the state’s witnesses does not include rebuttal witnesses. See State v. Teel, 793
S.W.2d 236, 246 (Tenn. 1990), superseded by statute as stated in State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247
(Tenn. 2002). The state’s duty to disclose the names of witnesses is directory, not mandatory. State
v. Dellinger, 79 S.W.3d 458, 489 (Tenn. 2002). The admissibility of rebuttal evidence lies in the
trial court’s discretion and will not be overturned on appeal unless there has been a clear abuse of
discretion. Id. at 488.
Officer Reid testified that he saw the defendant and initiated contact with the defendant
shortly before 9:00 p.m. The defendant then testified on his direct examination that the sun was
setting and was in his eyes while he was attempting the field sobriety tests. He also testified that he
arrived at the Country Club Market around 5:30 p.m. In order to rebut the defendant’s testimony that
he arrived at the market before sunset and that the sun was in his eyes when he was performing the
field sobriety tests, the state called Ms. Rowland as a witness. The state asked Ms. Rowland where
she was employed, if she was able to locate records from the evening of July 19, 2002, if the log
sheets were kept in the normal course of business, if she located a call from the Country Club
Market, and what the time of dispatch was. Ms. Rowland testified the dispatch time was 8:57 p.m.,
which contradicts the defendant’s testimony on direct examination about the timing of the events and
about the sun being in his eyes. It was not until after the defendant testified that the state knew that
the timing of the events would be an issue in this case. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in allowing Ms. Rowland’s testimony and that the defendant is not entitled to relief on
this issue.
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III. SENTENCING
The defendant contends the trial court erred by imposing an arbitrary sentence of sixty days
instead of the minimum forty-five day sentence for second offense DUI. The defendant asserts the
trial court did not state what, if any, enhancement or mitigating factors existed. The state contends
the trial court correctly sentenced the defendant to sixty days in confinement. The state asserts DUI
misdemeanors are controlled by Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-403. The state asserts the
trial court stated that it sentenced the defendant upon consideration of all the appropriate sentencing
principles and guidelines. The state also asserts that even though the trial court was not required to
put on the record the factors it used to determine the defendant’s sentence, the trial court offered to
grant the defendant a re-sentencing hearing but that the defendant did not accept the trial court’s
offer, thus waiving the issue.
Appellate review of sentencing is de novo on the record with a presumption that the trial
court’s determinations are correct. T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d).1 As the Sentencing Commission
Comments to this section note, the burden is now on the appealing party to show that the sentencing
is improper. This means that if the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, made
findings of fact that are adequately supported in the record, and gave due consideration and proper
weight to the factors and principles that are relevant to sentencing under the 1989 Sentencing Act,
we may not disturb the sentence even if a different result were preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805
S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).
Also, in conducting a de novo review, we must consider (1) the evidence, if any, received at
the trial and sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the principles of sentencing and
arguments as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct,
(5) any mitigating or statutory enhancement factors, (6) any statement that the defendant made on
his own behalf, and (7) the potential for rehabilitation or treatment. T.C.A. §§ 40-35-102, -103,
-210; see State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 168 (Tenn. 1991); State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 236-37
(Tenn. 1986).
A defendant convicted of a misdemeanor is not entitled to the presumption of a minimum
sentence. State v. Creasy, 885 S.W.2d 829, 832 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Moreover, misdemeanor
sentences do not contain ranges of punishments, and a misdemeanant may be sentenced to the
maximum term provided for the offense as long as the sentence imposed is consistent with the
purposes of the sentencing act. State v. Palmer, 902 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tenn. 1995). Our statutory
system concerning misdemeanor sentencing is designed to provide trial courts with continuing
jurisdiction and a great deal of flexibility. See T.C.A. § 40-35-302(d), Sentencing Commission
Comments; State v. Boyd, 925 S.W.2d 237, 244 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
1
W e note that on June 7, 2005, the General Assembly amended Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-102,
-210, and -401. See 2005 Tenn. Pub. Acts ch. 353, §§ 1, 6, 8. However, the amended code sections are inapplicable
to the defendant’s appeal.
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With regard to DUI offenses, Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-403(a)(1) sets
mandatory minimum periods for confinement depending on whether the offense is a first or
subsequent offense, and subsection (m) provides, “Nothing in . . . the Sentencing Reform Act of
1989[] shall be construed as altering, amending or decreasing the penalties established in this section
for the offense of driving under the influence of an intoxicant.” T.C.A. § 55-10-403(m). In
addressing if DUI offenders must be sentenced in accordance with the sentencing act, our supreme
court noted that
the legislature has specifically excluded DUI offenders from the
provisions of the Act when the application of the Act would serve to
either alter, amend, or decrease the specific penalties provided for
DUI offenders. A trial judge may designate a service percentage in
a DUI case under Tennessee Code Annotated Section 40-35-302(d)
but that percentage may not operate to reduce the mandatory
minimum sentencing provisions of the DUI statute.
Palmer, 902 S.W.2d at 394. A DUI offender can be sentenced to serve the maximum punishment
for the offense so long as the imposition of that sentence is in accordance with the principles and
purposes of the Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989. Id.
The defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to adhere to the misdemeanor
sentencing guidelines in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-302(d), which provides in
pertinent part:
In imposing a misdemeanor sentence, the court shall fix a percentage
of the sentence which the defendant shall serve [in confinement]. . .
. In determining the percentage of the sentence to be served in actual
confinement, the court shall consider the purposes of this chapter, the
principles of sentencing, and the enhancement and mitigating factors
set forth in this chapter, and shall not impose such percentages
arbitrarily.
See T.C.A. § 40-35-302(d).
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court stated
I have considered all of the proof presented at the trial, as well as the
testimony here today, and statements of counsel, in making the
determination as to the sentence. . . . He will serve sixty (60) days of
that sentence with the balance on probation. . . . I don’t have any
reason to believe that [the defendant] is an alcoholic. I think this was
just a bad decision.
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At the motion for a new trial, the trial court stated that it did consider the purposes of the
sentencing guidelines regarding enhancement and mitigating factors although it “may not have
placed that on the record.” The trial court told the defendant, “I’ll grant you a re-sentencing hearing
on that if you will let me know within five days.” The defense counsel told the trial court, “I will
ask my client.” There is nothing in the record to reflect that the defendant accepted the trial court’s
offer to have a new hearing and have the trial court’s findings of the enhancement and mitigating
factors placed in the record. Relief is not available to a party “who failed to take whatever action
was reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of the error.” T.R.A.P. 36(a). We
conclude the defendant has waived this issue for failing to request the re-sentencing hearing that the
trial court offered to conduct.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing and the record as a whole, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
___________________________________
JOSEPH M. TIPTON, JUDGE
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