IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs October 4, 2005
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. GAY NATHAN YARBRO
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hardin County
No. 8180 C. Creed McGinley, Judge
No. W2005-00374-CCA-R3-CD - Filed October 19, 2005
The Defendant, Gay N. Yarbro, was convicted by a jury of introducing a controlled substance into
a penal institution. The trial court sentenced the Defendant as a Range II, multiple offender to eight
years in the Department of Correction for this offense, to be served consecutively to a sentence for
a prior conviction. Additionally, the trial court revoked the Defendant’s community corrections
sentence for the prior conviction and ordered him to serve the original sentence in confinement. In
this direct appeal, the Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction
for introducing a controlled substance into a penal institution and further challenges the length of his
sentence for that offense. The Defendant also challenges the trial court’s revocation of his
community corrections sentence on the prior conviction. We affirm the judgment of the trial court
as to the instant conviction, and further affirm the trial court’s order of revocation.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed
DAVID H. WELLES, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JERRY L. SMITH and ALAN E.
GLENN , JJ., joined.
Richard Deberry, Assistant Public Defender, Camden, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gay Nathan
Yarbro.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Blind Akrawi, Assistant Attorney General; Robert
Radford, District Attorney General; and John W. Overton, Assistant District Attorney General, for
the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Kenneth Alexander, deputy jailer for the Hardin County Sheriff’s Department, testified that,
on June 7, 2004, the Defendant reported to the jail to serve forty-five days on a driving charge. The
Defendant brought with him a clothes basket containing personal items he would need during his
confinement. The Defendant carried the basket to the counter so that it could be “logged in” after
the Defendant’s booking process was completed.
Deputy Alexander completed the Defendant’s booking process and took him to a cell.
Deputy Alexander then returned to the counter where the Defendant’s basket was located and began
to inventory the items in the basket. He noticed that a toothpaste box looked like it had been
tampered with. Deputy Alexander opened the box and removed the tube of toothpaste. He then
squeezed the tube and felt an object inside it. He handed the toothpaste tube to his partner and asked
her if she could feel anything. She then squeezed the tube and opened the cap. As she continued to
squeeze, Deputy Alexander testified, “it looked like a straw sticking out of the top of it.”
At this point, Deputy Alexander’s supervisor came over and sliced open the toothpaste tube
with a knife. They then extracted “a straw filled with a green leaf substance which seemed to be
marijuana.” The supervisor put the straw into an evidence bag, sealed it and signed it.
On cross-examination, Deputy Alexander stated that, when the Defendant entered the jail,
he set his basket by the booking counter as he walked up to it. “[R]ight then,” Deputy Alexander
placed the basket behind the counter. Deputy Alexander stated that the booking and “dressing out”
process takes ten to fifteen minutes, after which the prisoner is put in a cell. Deputy Alexander
stated that the Defendant’s basket sat behind the counter “probably twenty minutes or longer” before
he began inspecting the items therein.
Deputy Alexander testified that there are usually four trustees working around the jail.
However, the trustees are “not allowed up there in the booking area when somebody is in there to
be processed.” Deputy Alexander maintained that it would be “highly unlikely” that a trustee would
have been able to slip something into the Defendant’s basket while he and his partner were otherwise
occupied. He admitted, however, that it was “possible.”
On redirect, Deputy Alexander was certain that it was the Defendant who brought the
toothpaste tube into the jail in his basket.
Terry Dicus, investigator for the Hardin County Sheriff’s Department, delivered the evidence
bag containing the straw to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Crime Laboratory for testing. The
laboratory subsequently delivered to Inv. Dicus a written report containing the results of the testing.
Inv. Dicus testified that the report reflected that the substance contained in the straw consisted of 1.6
grams of marijuana.
Mike Fielder, chief deputy for the Hardin County Sheriff’s Department, was called to the
stand by the defense. He testified that he was the person who cut open the tube of toothpaste found
in the Defendant’s basket. Chief Fielder acknowledged being aware of a problem with trustees
trying to smuggle items into the jail. He also acknowledged having locked up a trustee for going
behind the booking stand. He stated that he had locked up two trustees in the previous six months
for going behind the booking area.
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On cross-examination, Chief Fielder stated that the problem with the two trustees going
behind the booking area did not occur on June 7, 2004, the date on which the Defendant was booked
into the jail.
Based on this proof, the jury determined the Defendant to be guilty of introducing a
controlled substance into a penal institution.
ANALYSIS
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
In his first issue, the Defendant contends that the evidence adduced at trial is not sufficient
to support his conviction. Specifically, he argues in his appellate brief that “because of the
unsecured area where his items were kept, and the real possibility that some jail trustee breaking the
rules could have placed the controlled substance in his basket of items, . . . the evidence is not
sufficient to convict him.” The State responds that the evidence is, indeed, sufficient.
Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(e) prescribes that “[f]indings of guilt in criminal
actions whether by the trial court or jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support
the findings by the trier of fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” A convicted criminal defendant
who challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal bears the burden of demonstrating why the
evidence is insufficient to support the verdict, because a verdict of guilt destroys the presumption
of innocence and imposes a presumption of guilt. See State v. Evans, 108 S.W.3d 231, 237 (Tenn.
2003); State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913,
914 (Tenn. 1982). This Court must reject a convicted criminal defendant’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence if, after considering the evidence in a light most favorable to the
prosecution, we determine that any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v.
Hall, 8 S.W.3d 593, 599 (Tenn. 1999).
On appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all
reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom. See Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at
558; Hall, 8 S.W.3d at 599. A guilty verdict by the trier of fact accredits the testimony of the State’s
witnesses and resolves all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the prosecution’s theory. See State
v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997). Questions about the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by
the trier of fact, and this Court will not re-weigh or re-evaluate the evidence. See Evans, 108 S.W.3d
at 236; Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659. Nor will this Court substitute its own inferences drawn from
circumstantial evidence for those drawn by the trier of fact. See Evans, 108 S.W.3d at 236-37;
Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d at 557.
Our criminal code provides that it is “unlawful for any person to: [k]nowingly and with
unlawful intent take, send or otherwise cause to be taken into any penal institution where prisoners
are quartered or under custodial supervision any . . . controlled substances found in chapter 17, part
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4 of this title.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-16-201(a)(1). Marijuana is one of the specified controlled
substances. See id. § 39-17-415(1).
The gist of the Defendant’s argument is that the State did not carry its burden of proving that
he was the individual who brought the adulterated toothpaste tube into the jail. That is, the
Defendant contests the sufficiency of the State’s proof as to his possession of the tube. We
acknowledge that the proof of the Defendant’s possession of the tube, and its introduction into the
jail, is entirely circumstantial. No eyewitness or physical proof established that it was the Defendant
who brought the toothpaste tube into the jail. Rather, the tube was found amidst items contained in
a clothes basket that the Defendant was earlier observed to have brought into the jail. However, it
is well-settled law in Tennessee that
[c]ircumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to support a conviction. “The law
is firmly established in this State that to warrant a criminal conviction upon
circumstantial evidence alone, the evidence must be not only consistent with the guilt
of the accused but it must also be inconsistent with his innocence and must exclude
every other reasonable theory or hypothesis except that of guilt, and it must establish
such a certainty of guilt of the accused as to convince the mind beyond a reasonable
doubt that he is the one who committed the crime.” While following these
guidelines, we must note that the jury decides the weight to be given to circumstantial
evidence and that the “‘inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to
which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence,
are questions primarily for the jury.’”
State v. Robinson, 73 S.W.3d 136, 147 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001) (citations omitted).
In this case, Deputy Alexander testified that he saw the Defendant bring in a clothes basket
when he entered the jail. The Defendant set this basket down by the booking counter. Deputy
Alexander immediately took the basket and set it down behind the counter. Deputy Alexander then
proceeded to process the Defendant into the jail’s custody. Also present at the booking counter was
Deputy Alexander’s partner, Ann Driscoll. Deputy Alexander left the booking area only during the
brief time that he supervised the Defendant’s change of clothes and placement into a cell. As soon
as he completed these tasks, he returned to the booking counter and began to inventory the items in
the Defendant’s basket.
Deputy Alexander testified that, at the time he was booking the Defendant into the jail, there
was no one else in the room waiting to be booked. Officer Driscoll remained at the counter when
Deputy Alexander left to “dress” the Defendant and deliver him to his cell. Deputy Alexander
testified that it was Officer Driscoll’s normal practice to wait for him to return before she left the
area. While Deputy Alexander acknowledged that “anything is possible” with respect to the notion
that a trustee could have slipped the toothpaste tube into the Defendant’s basket, he maintained that
it was “highly unlikely.” He reiterated that the trustees were not allowed in the booking area during
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the time that someone was being processed in. He also stated that “there was nobody back there
while we was [sic] booking him in, no trustee.”
Deputy Alexander’s testimony was sufficient to enable the jury to conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that the Defendant brought the adulterated toothpaste tube into the jail. The item
was found in a basket that the Defendant was observed bringing into the jail. The basket was under
the supervision of Deputy Alexander and/or Officer Driscoll during the booking process. There is
no proof whatsoever that anyone else was in the area or placed the tube into the Defendant’s basket.
The Defendant’s theory of defense was based wholly on speculation and resulted in no proof
consistent with the Defendant’s innocence. The jury was entitled to draw the inference that the
adulterated toothpaste tube was in the Defendant’s clothes basket when he brought it into the jail.
Accordingly, we hold that the State carried its burden of proving that the Defendant knowingly
introduced a controlled substance into the jail. The Defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence is without merit.
II. Length of sentence
The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in setting the length of his sentence.
The State disagrees and urges us to affirm the trial court in this regard.
Before a trial court imposes a sentence upon a convicted criminal defendant, it must consider
(a) the evidence adduced at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (e) evidence and information offered by the parties
on the enhancement and mitigating factors set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-
113 and 40-35-114; and (f) any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own
behalf about sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b); State v. Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d 698, 704
(Tenn. 2002). To facilitate appellate review, the trial court is required to place on the record its
reasons for imposing the specific sentence, including the identification of the mitigating and
enhancement factors found, the specific facts supporting each enhancement factor found, and the
method by which the mitigating and enhancement factors have been evaluated and balanced in
determining the sentence. See State v. Samuels, 44 S.W.3d 489, 492 (Tenn. 2001).
Upon a challenge to the sentence imposed, this court has a duty to conduct a de novo review
of the sentence with a presumption that the determinations made by the trial court are correct. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). However, this presumption “is conditioned upon the affirmative
showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts
and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). If our review reflects that
the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, that the court imposed a lawful sentence
after having given due consideration and proper weight to the factors and principles set out under
the sentencing law, and that the trial court’s findings of fact are adequately supported by the record,
then the presumption is applicable, and we may not modify the sentence even if we would have
preferred a different result. See State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W. 2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).
We will uphold the sentence imposed by the trial court if (1) the sentence complies with the purposes
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and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act, and (2) the trial court’s findings are adequately supported
by the record. See State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 257 (Tenn. 2001). The burden of showing that
a sentence is improper is upon the appealing party. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401, Sentencing
Commission Comments; Arnett, 49 S.W.3d at 257.
The Defendant’s offense is a Class C felony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-16-201(b). The
Defendant was sentenced as a Range II, multiple offender, a classification he does not contest. The
Range II sentence for a Class C felony is six to ten years. See id. § 40-35-112(b)(3). The trial court
sentenced the Defendant to a mid-range term of eight years based on the enhancement factor that the
Defendant has “a previous history of criminal convictions . . . in addition to those necessary to
establish the appropriate range.” Id. § 40-35-114(2). The trial court found no mitigating factors and
specifically rejected as a mitigating factor that the Defendant’s criminal conduct “neither caused nor
threatened serious bodily injury.” Id. § 40-35-113(1). The trial court rejected this mitigating factor
because “it’s inherent in the offense when you ship dope into a prison facility, that it can lend itself
to problems.” Indeed, Deputy Alexander testified at the trial that the presence of drugs amongst the
jail population caused problems by making the inmates who took the drugs “hard to deal with.”
Additionally, he testified, it frequently caused fights and, with the number of people they housed in
the jail, “it’s dangerous to them and us.”
The Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in failing to reduce his sentence on the basis
of this mitigating factor. We disagree. The proof at trial established that the Defendant’s
conveyance of marijuana into the jail created a very real threat of violence to both the jail population
and the employees of the Sheriff’s Department. The trial court correctly recognized this danger.
This issue is without merit.
The Defendant also complains that the single enhancement factor applied by the trial court
was not sufficient to increase his sentence by two years.1 Again we disagree. The trial court found
that the Defendant has “a substantial number of convictions in addition to those necessary to
establish the range in this case, some of them misdemeanors and some of them felonies.” The trial
court accorded this enhancement factor “great weight.” As this Court has previously recognized,
“[p]rovided the trial court complies with the purposes and principles of the Criminal Sentencing
Reform Act of 1989 and its findings are adequately supported by the record, the weight afforded to
enhancement and mitigating factors is left to the trial court’s discretion.” State v. Souder, 105
S.W.3d 602, 606 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002). We see no abuse of discretion by the trial court in this
instance. Based upon one enhancement factor and no mitigating factors, the trial court increased the
Defendant’s sentence from the presumptive sentence of six years to a mid-range sentence of eight
years. The record supports the trial court’s decision. This issue is without merit.
1
The presumptive sentence for a Class C felony is the minimum in the range, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
210(c), or, in this case, six years. The presumptive sentence is subject to adjustment based on the trial court’s application
of mitigating and/or enhancement factors. See id. § 40-35-210(e).
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III. Revocation of community corrections
On December 2, 2002, judgment was entered against the Defendant on a conviction of
possession of over .5 grams of cocaine with intent to sell. The Defendant was sentenced to eight
years for this offense, to be served one year in confinement and seven years on community
corrections. The Defendant committed the instant offense on June 7, 2004. Thus, the Defendant was
in the process of serving the community corrections portion of his prior sentence at the time he
committed the instant offense. In September 2004, a warrant was issued against the Defendant for
violating his community corrections sentence.
At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing on the instant offense, the trial court revoked the
Defendant’s community corrections service on the prior conviction. The Defendant now challenges
the trial court’s ruling on the basis that the revocation “will not subserve the ends of justice in the
best interests of both the public and the defendant.” We disagree.
The trial court has the discretion to revoke a community corrections sentence upon a finding
that the defendant has violated the conditions of the agreement. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-
106(e)(4); State v. Harkins, 811 S.W.2d 79, 82 (Tenn. 1991). The court may then resentence the
defendant to any appropriate sentencing alternative, including incarceration, for any period of time
up to the maximum provided for the offense committed, less any time actually served in any
community-based alternative to incarceration. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106(e)(4); State v.
Samuels, 44 S.W.3d 489, 493 (Tenn. 2001).
The proof of a community corrections violation need not be established beyond a reasonable
doubt; it is sufficient if it allows the trial court to make a conscientious and intelligent judgment.
See Harkins, 811 S.W.2d at 82-83. When revoking a community corrections sentence, the trial court
must place its findings of fact and the reasons for the revocation on the record. See Gagnon v.
Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 786 (1973).
The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that an abuse of discretion standard of appellate
review should be used to address the revocation of a community corrections sentence. See Harkins,
811 S.W.2d at 82-83. Before a reviewing court is warranted in finding an abuse of discretion in a
community corrections revocation, it must be established that the record contains no substantial
evidence to support the conclusion of the trial court that the defendant violated the terms of the
community corrections program. See id.
The record before this Court contains a copy of the Defendant’s Community Corrections
Program Behavioral Agreement which sets forth the terms with which the Defendant agreed to
comply while serving his sentence on community corrections. One of the terms is that the Defendant
would “obey the laws of the United States or any state in which he/she may be as well as any
municipal ordinances.” Following the Defendant’s arrest on the instant offense, a violation warrant
was issued as to the Defendant’s community corrections sentence, in part on the basis that the
Defendant had been charged with the instant offense. Following the Defendant’s conviction on the
instant offense, and after the Defendant’s sentencing hearing thereon, the trial court revoked the
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Defendant’s community corrections sentence for the previous conviction, in part because of the
Defendant’s charge of introducing contraband into a penal institution.
The record supports the trial court’s decision to revoke the Defendant’s community
corrections sentence on the basis of the instant charge. The Defendant has demonstrated himself,
by his continuous course of criminal conduct, even while on release status, to be a poor candidate
for rehabilitation. The trial court’s determination that the Defendant requires incarceration is not an
abuse of discretion. The Defendant’s contention that the trial court’s ruling does not serve the ends
of justice is without merit.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the Defendant’s conviction of introducing a controlled substance into a penal
institution. We affirm the Defendant’s eight year sentence for that offense. We affirm the trial
court’s revocation of the Defendant’s community corrections sentence for his prior conviction.
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DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
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