IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs December 14, 2004
JAVVOR THOMAS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Knox County
No. 73854 Richard R. Baumgartner, Judge
No. E2004-01486-CCA-R3-PC - Filed March 1, 2005
The petitioner appeals the dismissal of his petition for post-conviction relief from his conviction for
second degree murder, arguing that the post-conviction court erred in finding that he received
effective assistance of trial counsel. Following our review, we affirm the dismissal of the petition.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J., and JAMES
CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., joined.
Gerald L. Gulley, Jr., Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Javvor Thomas.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Seth P. Kestner, Assistant Attorney General;
Randall E. Nichols, District Attorney General; and Philip H. Morton, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTS
The petitioner filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief on December 10, 2001, in
which he stated that he entered a plea of guilty to second degree murder on June 21, 2001, in the
Knox County Criminal Court, and received a sentence of twenty years at 100%, to be served in the
Department of Correction.1 The petition asserted multiple grounds for relief, including ineffective
counsel. Counsel was appointed, and on September 16, 2003, an amended petition was filed alleging
1
The record does not contain a judgment form or transcripts from the guilty plea or sentencing hearing. At the
post-conviction hearing, the petitioner stated that he was arrested when he was fourteen years old for the murder of
Ashley Card en. He also a greed that the date of the entry of the guilty plea was June 12 , 200 1.
various claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.2 On appeal, the petitioner has limited his
allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel to two claims: (1) counsel failed to appeal the
juvenile court transfer; and (2) counsel prevented the withdrawal of the guilty plea.
At the post-conviction hearing held on January 29, 2004, the petitioner testified that he was
originally charged for the murder of Ashley Carden in 1995 in the Knox County Juvenile Court. A
transfer hearing was conducted in juvenile court, at which the petitioner was represented by counsel.
Once the case was transferred to the Knox County Criminal Court, the petitioner was represented
by three attorneys from the University of Tennessee College of Law Legal Clinic and was no longer
represented by counsel from juvenile court. The petitioner entered into a plea agreement on June
12, 2001, but when he reported for sentencing on June 21, 2001, he had changed his mind and
wanted to withdraw his plea. At some point on June 21, while outside the courtroom with junior
counsel, the petitioner told counsel he wanted to withdraw his plea, but she told him that if he
withdrew his plea, he could get a life sentence and his counsel from the Legal Clinic would be
removed from the case. According to the petitioner, junior counsel also told him that she did not
think he could withdraw the plea at that time. The petitioner could not state for sure if the other
attorneys heard this exchange but stated that “[junior counsel] had to tell them, because they always,
you know, talked to each other about the case.” On cross-examination, the petitioner acknowledged
that he had told the judge “no” on June 12 when he was asked if anyone had coerced or threatened
him into pleading guilty. He also acknowledged that he had given a full confession to the police
after he was arrested but said he had decided he “would have rather took [his] chances with” the
statement at a trial for first degree murder than plead guilty. After the hallway exchange with
counsel concerning withdrawing his guilty plea, the petitioner did not tell the judge at sentencing that
he wanted to withdraw his guilty plea, but he “just went ahead with it” because of what counsel had
told him concerning a life sentence and his legal team being removed from the case.
Lead trial counsel, a professor at the University of Tennessee College of Law, testified that
he assisted the petitioner’s counsel at the juvenile court transfer hearing, and once the petitioner was
transferred to criminal court, he was assisted at various stages by two other attorneys. During the
plea agreement negotiations, the petitioner “reluctantly agreed” to the State’s offer of second degree
murder and did so “[a]s voluntarily as he could under the circumstances.” On the morning the
petitioner reported for sentencing, he wanted to know “if he had to go through with his plea.” Lead
counsel stated that all the lawyers were in the hallway when the petitioner asked about withdrawing
his plea, but it was a “hurried discussion” because they were late to court. Although counsel could
not “remember anybody telling [the petitioner] he couldn’t withdraw his plea,” counsel advised the
petitioner that if he did withdraw his plea, the State would “seek a first degree murder conviction
which would carry a life sentence.” Counsel also told the petitioner that if he withdrew his plea, the
current defense team “probably couldn’t remain as his lawyers” due to their lost “credibility” with
the district attorney’s office. Counsel stated that he “didn’t guarantee [the petitioner] he’d get a life
sentence” but, instead, told him that he would get a life sentence if he was convicted at trial.
2
The petition also alleged a defective indictment and “m ental limitations” affecting the petitioner’s guilty plea;
however, the se claim s have been aban doned on app eal.
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The post-conviction court dismissed the petition at the conclusion of the hearing, issuing
detailed and lengthy findings of fact and conclusions of law which, upon the order of the court, were
subsequently transcribed and filed as a memorandum opinion on March 1, 2004. Among other
things, the court found that the guilty plea was “knowing and voluntary” and counsel were
“extremely effective” in their representation. Concerning the conversation between counsel and the
petitioner about withdrawing the plea, the court concluded that counsel gave the petitioner “correct
statements of the law,” which did not “amount to ineffective assistance of counsel.”
ANALYSIS
I. Post-Conviction Standard of Review
The post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his allegations by clear and
convincing evidence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f) (2003). When an evidentiary hearing
is held in the post-conviction setting, the findings of fact made by the court are conclusive on appeal
unless the evidence preponderates against them. See State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 (Tenn.
1999); Tidwell v. State, 922 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tenn. 1996). Where appellate review involves purely
factual issues, the appellate court should not reweigh or reevaluate the evidence. See Henley v.
State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997). However, review of a trial court’s application of the law
to the facts of the case is de novo, with no presumption of correctness. See Ruff v. State, 978
S.W.2d 95, 96 (Tenn. 1998). The issue of ineffective assistance of counsel, which presents mixed
questions of fact and law, is reviewed de novo, with a presumption of correctness given only to the
post-conviction court’s findings of fact. See Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001);
Burns, 6 S.W.3d at 461.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the petitioner has the burden to show
both that trial counsel's performance was deficient and that counsel's deficient performance
prejudiced the outcome of the proceeding. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct.
2052, 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); see State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1997) (noting that same standard for determining ineffective assistance of counsel that is applied in
federal cases also applies in Tennessee). The Strickland standard is a two-prong test:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This
requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not
functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.
Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.
466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.
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The deficient performance prong of the test is satisfied by showing that “counsel’s acts or
omissions were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms.” Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 688, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975)). When analyzing a
petitioner’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel, this court must indulge in a strong
presumption that the conduct of counsel fell within the range of reasonable professional assistance,
see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066, and may not second-guess the tactical and
strategic choices made by trial counsel unless they were uninformed because of inadequate
preparation, see Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982).
The prejudice prong of the test is satisfied by showing a reasonable probability, i.e., a
“probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” that “but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. When a petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim is made in the context
of a conviction stemming from a guilty plea, he must prove a reasonable probability that were it not
for deficiencies in his counsel’s performance, he would not have pled guilty but instead would have
insisted on going to trial. See Shazel v. State, 966 S.W.2d 414, 416 (Tenn. 1998). “In cases
involving a guilty plea or plea of nolo contendere, the petitioner must show ‘prejudice’ by
demonstrating that, but for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty but would have
insisted upon going to trial.” Hicks v. State, 983 S.W.2d 240, 246 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998) (citing
Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59, 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985); Bankston v. State, 815 S.W.2d 213,
215 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991)).
Because both prongs of the test must be satisfied, a failure to show either deficient
performance or resulting prejudice results in a failure to establish the claim. See Henley, 960 S.W.2d
at 580. For this reason, courts need not approach the Strickland test in a specific order or even
“address both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S. Ct. at 2069; see also Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370 (stating that
“failure to prove either deficiency or prejudice provides a sufficient basis to deny relief on the
ineffective assistance claim”).
The petitioner argues on appeal that trial counsel were ineffective for not appealing the
juvenile court transfer and/or not advising the petitioner of his right to appeal the transfer.
Additionally, the petitioner argues trial counsel were deficient in not allowing him to withdraw his
guilty plea at the sentencing hearing.
We begin by noting that the post-conviction court did not address the issue of the appeal of
the juvenile court transfer proceeding3 because the issue was not pursued at the post-conviction
hearing. The original petition stated in passing that his “lawyers refused petitioner, petitioner’s
3
W e note that juvenile court transfer proceedings, and appeals of such proceedings, are governed by Tennessee
Code Annotated sections 37-1-134 and 37-1-159 (2003). There is no proo f in the record that these statutory procedures
were not followed in this case.
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mother and family’s plea and begging to appeal petitioner’s transfer hearing. The defense team made
it clear in no way will they request nor petition the court to allow an appeal of the transfer hearing.”
The only testimony at the post-conviction hearing concerning the juvenile court transfer hearing was
assertions by the petitioner concerning the proceedings:
Q All right. At the end of the transfer hearing, what was the result? What did
the Juvenile Court Judge do?
A Sent me up to adult court.
Q All right. Did you discuss with your lawyers, at that time, you know, whether
you had any rights to appeal the decision of the Juvenile Court Judge?
A No, sir. I didn’t -- at the time, you know, I didn’t even know what really was
going on because I was so young. I ain’t never been in nothing like that before --
never been.
Counsel at the juvenile proceedings was not called as a witness at the post-conviction hearing. In
addition, lead trial counsel, the only attorney called as a witness at the hearing, was not questioned
about this issue. We note that Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-159(d) provides “[t]here is
no civil or interlocutory appeal from a juvenile court’s disposition pursuant to § 37-1-134.” The
record on appeal does not include a transcript of the juvenile court hearing. Generally, when the
appellate record is inadequate, the appellate court is precluded from considering the issue, and the
trial court's ruling is presumed correct. See State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 559 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1991); State v. Roberts, 755 S.W.2d 833, 836 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988). In this case, we are
precluded from reviewing any claim concerning the juvenile court transfer proceeding, and we must
presume that the relevant statutory procedures were followed by trial counsel and the court.
As to the claim that counsel prevented the petitioner from withdrawing his guilty plea, the
petitioner testified at the post-conviction hearing that he changed his mind about accepting the plea
agreement:
Because I had -- you know I had thought about it for about -- I’d say about a
week and a couple of days to think about the decision I had already made for my life,
and I was -- my uncle and them was [sic] telling me . . . about these certain witnesses
that they was calling against me that really wasn’t -- really wasn’t no good to the jury
because their statements had been changed several times and then the psychiatrist
testifying against me. They was [sic] saying I had a better chance, even if I would
have got found guilty than going to another courtroom and try to appeal that. So
that’s what really made me say that I didn’t want to take the plead [sic] anymore.
And I told -- I told my attorneys right out here outside from this door, and they was
like -- well [junior counsel] . . . was like this. If -- she said, “I don’t even know if
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you can take the plea back. And if you do take the plea back, they’re going to put us
off of your case and you [sic] going to get a life sentence.” And that was it.
....
Q Did you stop and tell the Judge, “I want to take this back? I don’t want to do
this?”
A No, not -- the only reason why I didn’t tell the Judge - - the reason why I
didn’t state nothing is because I had told my lawyer. And my lawyer told me that if
I was to take this plea back, that they try to give me a life sentence in prison, and that
they going to get threw [sic] off my case then, so I just went ahead with it.
Q So as I understand what you’re telling us, that when you talked to your
lawyers about taking about [sic] the plea, they explained to you the consequences of
doing that, didn’t they?
A No, they didn’t explain -- they told me. They didn’t explain –
Q That you could receive a life sentence?
A That I would get a life sentence. They didn’t say that I could get no life
sentence.
Lead trial counsel testified that the petitioner did ask about withdrawing his plea right before
the sentencing hearing and that counsel advised him of his options:
Q And do you recall after the plea any discussion with him or any complaint
about having entered the plea when he didn’t want to or anything such as that?
A I recall a conversation on the morning he came into custody. And as I recall
it, he wanted to know, I think, if he had to go through with his plea. I can’t -- I don’t
remember anybody telling him he couldn’t withdraw his plea. I do remember saying
that if he did withdraw his plea, he needed to understand that the State then could
seek a first degree murder conviction which would carry a life sentence. An
automatic life sentence. I recall telling him that we probably -- or somebody told him
that we probably couldn’t remain as his lawyers because we would think that we
wouldn’t have any credibility with the District Attorney’s Office, were there to be
further plea negotiations, since he had entered a plea. We told him that they had, in
a sense, relied on our representations. And we didn’t think we would be very
effective, as a negotiator for him, were he to seek to negotiate again some resolution.
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Q And of course, as facts of law at that point in time was he could, under certain
circumstances, move the Court to withdraw the guilty plea. And of course, you knew
that?
A Right.
Q And from what I understand you to say, you didn’t tell him, “No, you can’t
do that. You cannot withdraw your guilty plea.”
A I don’t believe anybody told him that.
Q But there was some discussion about the right to do that and what might
happen if that did happen; is that your best recollection?
A That’s my best recollection.
Q And did that, as he said, take place maybe out in the hallway or something?
A That’s what I remember.
The post-conviction court found that the petitioner had failed to show that counsel were ineffective
or that he had been prejudiced:
I think the last issue that we need to address is your desire to withdraw your
plea on June 21st when you reported to the Court to begin serving your sentence.
Again, I find it very believable that you would be hesitant about coming into court
and going into custody to serve a 20 year sentence. I believe that that’s – that that’s
true. And I think it’s also probably true that you mentioned withdrawing your plea.
I think that [lead trial counsel] has -- has acknowledged that there was a conversation
about that and told you that if you withdrew your plea, if you were successful in
withdrawing your plea that you would be looking at a first degree murder prosecution
in which if you were convicted you could get a life sentence. And that they would
likely not be able to continue in that representation if you did that because of the
position it would put them in with the prosecution. That’s all true. Those were all
true statements. They probably could not have continued their representation. You
would have been looking at a first degree murder prosecution. If convicted you
would have been sentenced to life imprisonment. So none of those things that they
told you amount to ineffective assistance of counsel. They’re correct statements of
the law.
I do not believe it when you say that they guaranteed you you would get a life
sentence because -- and I specifically asked [lead trial counsel] that and he confirms
my suspicion that -- that they did not tell you that you were going to get a life
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sentence if you withdrew your plea for second degree murder, but told you that that
was a distinct possibility, which it was.
When you look at all of the evidence in this case . . . I believe that these
lawyers did Yeoman’s work on your behalf. That they were extremely effective in
their representation of you. And, in fact, secured for you a favorable disposition of
this case based on the evidence that was out there against you.
So I don’t think under the applicable standards of Strickland v. Washington
and it’s prodigy that you have established that there’s been any ineffective assistance
of counsel or any prejudice to you in this case. And for those reasons I deny your
petition for post conviction relief.
The record easily supports the finding that counsel’s advice was accurate and thorough, and
the petitioner failed to establish either that counsel were ineffective or that he was prejudiced by
counsel’s actions.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the petitioner failed to meet his burden of demonstrating that he was denied
effective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of the petition for post-
conviction relief.
___________________________________
ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE
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