IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
FOR PUBLICATION
CHARLES M. CARY, Jr. )
) Filed: June 3, 1996
Plaintiff-Appellant. )
)
) HARDEMAN CIRCUIT
Vs. )
)
) HON. C. CREED McGINLEY,
CATHY ANN CARY, ) JUDGE
)
Defendant-Appellee. ) No. 02-S-01-9505-CV-00035
FILED
June 3, 1996
For Appellant: For Appellee: Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
Terry Abernathy Cathy Ann Cary, Pro Se
Selmer, Tennessee 284 North High
Bells, Tennessee 38006
OPINION
AFFIRMED IN PART;
REVERSED IN PART;
TRIAL COURT JUDGMENT REINSTATED. ANDERSON, C.J.
We granted this appeal to determine whether a provision in an
antenuptial agreement by which a prospective spouse waives alimony is void
because it violates public policy. The trial court held that such a provision in an
antenuptial agreement, which waived alimony, was valid and enforceable and,
therefore, denied the spouse’s application for alimony. The Court of Appeals,
however, reversed, holding that the waiver of alimony provision was void as
against public policy, and remanded to the trial court to consider whether to
award alimony.
We have determined that a voluntary and knowing waiver or limitation of
alimony in an antenuptial agreement is not void and unenforceable as contrary to
public policy. Such provisions will be fully enforced unless enforcement will
render the spouse deprived of alimony a public charge. Accordingly, that portion
of the Court of Appeals’ judgment which holds the waiver of alimony provision
void is reversed and that aspect of the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
The plaintiff, Charles M. Cary, Jr., and the defendant, Cathy Ann Cary,
were married June 23, 1990. It was the first marriage for Charles Cary, a 42-
year-old practicing attorney, and the second marriage for Cathy Cary, a 30- year-
old school teacher with a Master’s degree and 11 years teaching experience.
Joining their household was her son from her first marriage.
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Four days before their wedding, Charles and Cathy Cary executed an
antenuptial agreement, in which each agreed to waive and release “any and all
rights and claims of every kind to alimony.”1
After approximately two years of marriage, Charles Cary filed for divorce,
alleging inappropriate marital conduct, but further asserting that the parties were
“equally at fault” and could be declared divorced pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-4-129(b) (1991 Repl.). Cathy Cary filed a counter-complaint for divorce
alleging inappropriate marital conduct and irreconcilable differences and
requesting alimony.
Following a hearing, the trial court declared the parties divorced pursuant
to Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-129. Concluding that the antenuptial agreement was
“in all respects valid and enforceable,” the trial court denied Cathy Cary’s request
for alimony, and enforced the terms of the antenuptial agreement governing the
division of marital property.2
On appeal, Cathy Cary argued that the entire antenuptial agreement
should be declared void due to her husband’s lack of disclosure, overreaching,
and undue influence. In the alternative, she contended that the provision in the
agreement purporting to waive alimony in the event of separation or divorce was
contrary to public policy and unenforceable.
1
Becau se the C ourt of Ap pea ls’ d ecision voided only the waiver of alimony provision, and
because the antenuptial agreement contained a severability clause, other provisions of the antenu ptial
agreem ent, suc h as t hos e gov ernin g the divisio n of m arital p rope rty, are not a t issu e in this appe al.
2
The antenuptial agreemen t provided that in the event of separation or divorce, Mr. Cary was
to receive $70,000 from the parties' ma rital pr ope rty and that a ny m arital p rope rty rem aining wou ld
be divided equally. Since the parties' net marital assets did not exceed $70,0 00, th e trial c ourt, in
satisfaction of that provision, awarded the marital residence and its accompanying indebtedness of
approx imately $3 25,000 to Mr. Ca ry.
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The Court of Appeals rejected Cathy Cary’s first argument and approved
the trial court’s findings of fact with regard to adequate disclosure, lack of undue
influence, and overreaching. It concluded that the agreement was entered into
freely and knowledgeably. Relying upon earlier intermediate court decisions,
however, the Court of Appeals, in a two to one decision, concluded that
provisions in antenuptial agreements waiving or limiting alimony tend to promote
divorce and, as such, are contrary to public policy and unenforceable. The
Court of Appeals majority then voided the waiver of alimony provision of the
antenuptial agreement and remanded the cause to the trial court to consider the
appropriateness of an award of alimony.
Thereafter, we granted this appeal to determine whether provisions in
antenuptial agreements limiting or waiving alimony violate the current public
policy of this State.
WAIVER OF ALIMONY
Although this Court has not previously considered the validity of a
provision in an antenuptial agreement limiting or waiving alimony, 3 the issue is
not new to this State and has resulted in conflicting intermediate Court of
Appeals opinions. Over 30 years ago, in Crouch v. Crouch, 385 S.W.2d 288
(Tenn. App. 1964), our intermediate Court of Appeals considered the question
and determined that such provisions promote divorce and are violative of public
policy. The Court of Appeals predicted that such provisions “could induce a
mercenary husband to inflict on his wife any wrong he might desire with the
3
The Court of Appeals in this case relied on dicta from Kahn v. Kahn, 756 S.W.2d 685 (Tenn.
1988), to support its conclusion. However, that case is inapposite. In Kahn, this C ourt o nly
considered whethe r the hus band h ad m ade ad equate disclosu re. W hile the waiver of alimony
provision in that agreement had been declared void by the lower courts, this Court did not consider
nor decide that question.
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knowledge his pecuniary liability would be limited. “ Id. at 293. See also Duncan
v. Duncan, 652 S.W.2d 913 (Tenn. App. 1983) (“We are of the opinion . . . that
a provision in an antenuptial agreement which purports to limit a spouse’s liability
for alimony is conducive to divorce and therefore, void.”). But see Gross v.
Gross, No. 0257 (Tenn. App. May 17, 1989)(holding such a provision waiving
alimony valid).
At the time of its adoption in Crouch, the rule declaring antenuptial
provisions waiving or limiting alimony void as against public policy was widely
accepted. See e.g. Norris v. Norris, 174 N.W.2d 368 (Iowa 1970); Fricke v.
Fricke, 42 N.W.2d 500 (Wis. 1950); see also Klarman, Marital Agreements in
Contemplation of Divorce, 10 U.Mich.J.L.Ref. 397, 398 (1977); Annot. 57
A.L.R.2d 942 (1958). Generally, two basic public policy considerations were
advanced to support the rule requiring invalidation of such provisions. First, they
were considered inimical to marriage and conducive to divorce. Arranging in
advance the financial contingencies of divorce was viewed as causing discord
and instability. Because a divorce could only be obtained by a showing of fault in
most states, these provisions were believed to allow “mercenary” spouses to
inflict abuse with little concern for the financial consequences when the abused
spouse sought a divorce. Indeed, this is the specific reason cited by the Crouch
court. Id., 385 S.W.2d at 293.
Second, antenuptial provisions waiving or limiting alimony were deemed
contrary to the State’s interest in assuring that a divorced spouse is adequately
supported and does not become a public charge. Frey v. Frey, 471 A.2d 705,
708 (Md. 1984); Gross v. Gross, 464 N.E.2d 500, 505 (Ohio 1984); Ferry v.
Ferry, 586 S.W.2d 782, 785-86 (Mo. App. 1979).
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As a result of societal and legislative changes, many state courts have
revisited the common-law rule and the rationale invalidating such agreements.
As a result, a line of authority representing the majority rule now has emerged
upholding the validity of provisions in antenuptial agreements which waive or limit
alimony. 4
Widely recognized as leading the departure from the old common-law
position is Posner v. Posner, 233 So.2d 381 (Fla. 1970). Noting the increased
frequency of divorce and remarriage and the advent of no fault divorce, the
Florida Supreme Court in Posner held that public policy no longer requires a per
se rejection of antenuptial agreements settling alimony and property rights upon
divorce. The Court observed:
With divorce such a commonplace fact of life, it is fair to
assume that many prospective marriage partners whose property
and familial situation is such as to generate a valid antenuptial
agreement settling their property rights upon the death of either,
might want to consider and discuss also--and agree upon, if
possible--the disposition of their property and the alimony rights of
the wife in the event their marriage, despite their best efforts,
should fail.
Id., 233 So.2d at 384.
4
In Re Marriage of Dawley, 551 P.2d 323 (C al. 1976); Newman v. Newman , 653 P.2d 728
(Colo. 1982)(En Banc); Scherer v. Scherer, 292 S.E .2d 662 ( Ga. 19 82); Matlock v. Matlock, 576 P.2d
629 (Kan. 19 78); Frey v. Frey, supra; Osborne v. Osborne, 428 N.E.2d 810 (Mass. 1981); Buettner
v. Buettner, 505 P.2d 600 (Nev. 1973); G ross v. Gross, supra; Hudson v. Hudson, 350 P.2d 596
(Okla. 1960); Unander v. Unander, 506 P.2d 719 (Or. 1973); Gant v. Gant, 329 S.E.2d 106 (W. Va.
1985); Parniawski v. Parniawski, 359 A.2d 719 (Conn. Super. 1 976); Burtoff v. Burtoff, 418 A.2d 1085
(D.C. App. 19 80); Volid v. Volid , 286 N.E.2d 42 (Ill. App. 19 72); Flora v. Flora, 337 N.E.2d 846 (Ind.
App. 1975); Tolar v. Tolar, 639 So .2d 399 ( La. App . 1994); Ferry v. Ferry, supra; Marschall v.
Mar sch all, 477 A.2d 833 (N.J. Su per. Ch . 1984); Kark aria v . Kark aria , 592 A.2d 64 (Pa. Super. 1991);
Contra In Re Marriage of Gundenkauf, 204 N.W .2d 586 ( Iowa 19 73); Sousley v. Sousley, 614 S.W.2d
942 (Ky. 1981) ; Camp bell v. Moore, 1 S.E.2d 784 (S.C. 1939); Con nolly v. C onn olly, 270 N.W.2d 44
(S.D. 19 78).
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The Colorado Supreme Court agreed, openly rejecting the idea that
antenuptial provisions waiving or limiting alimony foster divorce. In fact, that
court affirmatively found it reasonable “to believe that such planning brings a
greater stability to the marriage relation by protecting the financial expectations
of the parties, and does not necessarily encourage or contribute to dissolution,”
and further observed that “some marriages would not come about if antenuptial
agreements were not available.” Newman, 653 P.2d at 732.
Legislative change prompted the Maryland Supreme Court to abandon the
old common-law rule. That court viewed the adoption of no fault divorce statutes
throughout the country as undermining the original justification for the rule of
invalidating antenuptial provisions waiving or limiting alimony. Frey, 471 A.2d at
709. Indeed, the Frey court recognized “the old view’s fear that spouses could
induce a divorce through fault, without consequence, because the terms of
divorce were settled in advance is no longer persuasive . . . .” Id.
Finally, as they altered the old common-law rule to reflect contemporary
society, many courts have highlighted the change in society’s view of the roles of
men and women generally, and specifically, the roles of husband and wife. For
example, the Illinois appellate court noted in Volid v. Volid, supra, that
[w]hen the rules regarding the husband’s duty of support
were first enunciated, the roles of a husband and wife were more
rigid and defined. The husband worked and brought income into
the family while the wife maintained and managed the household.
The woman generally did not seek outside employment partly
because “her place was in the home,” and partly because few
opportunities for meaningful employment were available. Married
women nowadays are increasingly developing career skills and
successfully entering the employment market. Where a woman is
trained, healthy, and employable, and where a woman’s efforts
have not contributed to her husband’s wealth or earning potential,
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the necessity for an alimony award upon breakup of the marriage is
not great.
Id., at 46. Elaborating on the theme of the modern roles of men and women,
Pennsylvania’s intermediate court stressed, “both parties to an antenuptial
agreement, regardless of gender, stand on equal ground in the bargaining
posture. . . . The law has advanced to recognize the equal status of men and
women in our society. Paternalistic presumptions and protections that arose to
shelter women from the inferiorities and incapacities which they were perceived
as having in earlier times have, appropriately, been discarded.” Karkaria, 592
A.2d at 70-71.
In addition to the present general consensus among state courts that
antenuptial agreements waiving or limiting alimony are not void as against public
policy, there is also a near universal exception which precludes specific
enforcement of such agreements if enforcement would deny to one spouse
support that he or she cannot otherwise obtain and therefore result in that
spouse becoming a public charge. See Newman, 653 P.2d at 735 (citing cases).
The Ohio Supreme Court articulated the reason and the rule as follows:
“[T]he underlying state interest in the welfare of the divorced spouse, when
measured against the rights of the parties to freely contract, weighs in favor of
the court’s jurisdiction to review, at the time of . . . [the] divorce, the terms in an
antenuptial agreement . . ." to insure that one spouse will not be rendered a
public charge by specific enforcement of the provision waiving or limiting
alimony. Gross, 464 N.E.2d at 509.
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As we consider the question of whether provisions in antenuptial
agreements waiving or limiting alimony are contrary to the current public policy of
this State, we are mindful that “[t]he public policy of Tennessee 'is to be found in
its constitution, statutes, judicial decisions and applicable rules of common law.”
Crawford v. Buckner, 839 S.W.2d 754, 759 (Tenn. 1992) (quoting Home
Beneficial Ass'n. v. White, 180 Tenn. 585, 177 S.W.2d 545 (1944)). It is
primarily for the Legislature to determine the public policy of this state; however,
where there is no declaration in the constitution or the statutes and the area is
governed by common law doctrines, it is the province of the courts to consider
the public policy of the state as reflected in old, court-made rules. Id.; see also
Hanover v. Ruch, 809 S.W.2d 893, 896 (Tenn.1991). Indeed, it is the special
duty of this Court to abolish obsolete common-law doctrines. Id.
In Tennessee, as in most every other state, there has been a shift in
public policy by the General Assembly regarding dissolution of marriage. A
divorce may be obtained on the grounds of irreconcilable differences, without a
showing of fault on the part of either parties. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-
101(11) (1991 Repl.). Accordingly, the potential for abuse which the Crouch
court predicted might flow from enforcement of provisions waiving or limiting
alimony, is not present. A spouse who desires a divorce may obtain it without a
showing of fault.
Moreover, the General Assembly has recognized the earning potential
and the changing role of women in current statutory law where either the wife or
the husband may be ordered to pay alimony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-
101(a)(1) (1991 Repl. & 1995 Supp.) Gone are the days when husbands alone
bore the duty of support and wives were primarily homemakers. Therefore,
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parties executing an antenuptial agreement which contains mutual provisions
limiting or waiving alimony are now on equal bargaining ground.
Finally, the General Assembly has specifically approved antenuptial
agreements concerning property owned by either spouse before marriage.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-3-501(1991 Repl.) provides:
Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary,
. . . any antenuptial or prenuptial agreement entered into by
spouses concerning property owned by either spouse before the
marriage which is the subject of such agreement shall be binding
upon any court having jurisdiction over such spouses and/or such
agreement if such agreement is determined in the discretion of the
court to have been entered into by such spouses freely,
knowledgeably and in good faith and without the exertion of duress
or undue influence upon either spouse. The terms of such
agreement shall be enforceable by all remedies available for
enforcement of contract terms.
See also Kahn, supra (discussing disclosure required to satisfy knowledge
requirement of the statute). Although this statute does not specifically govern
antenuptial provisions waiving or limiting alimony, it is persuasive evidence that
antenuptial agreements are favored and not repugnant to the public policy of this
State.
In Tennessee, the legislative shift in public policy regarding dissolution of
marriage reflected by our no fault divorce statutes, the legislative changes in
alimony placing men and women in equal bargaining positions, the Legislature’s
specific approval of antenuptial agreements regarding property, and
contemporary society’s changed view of the roles of men and women all dictate
an abandonment of the old court-made common-law rule prohibiting antenuptial
provisions which limit or waive alimony for reasons of public policy.
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The original rationale for the rule -- that such agreements promote divorce
and that mercenary spouses may abuse with impunity cited by the Court of
Appeals in Couch -- is no longer valid. We agree with the Florida Supreme Court
in Posner that divorce is such an unfortunate but commonplace fact of life that it
is fair to assume that many prospective remarriage partners with existing
property and children may want to discuss and agree upon the disposition of
their property and alimony rights in the event their marriage, despite their best
efforts, should fail. We think the public policy of this State should allow such
parties the freedom to contract and to agree on a provision limiting or waiving
alimony.
We, therefore, exercise our duty to abolish obsolete common-law
doctrines and conclude that antenuptial agreements containing a provision
limiting or waiving alimony are not void as contrary to public policy. So long as
the antenuptial agreement was entered into freely and knowledgeably, with
adequate disclosure, and without undue influence or overreaching, the provision
limiting or waiving alimony will be enforced, with one exception.
We agree that the State’s interest in providing adequate support for its
citizens precludes specific enforcement of such a contract provision if
enforcement deprives one spouse of support that he or she cannot otherwise
obtain and results in that spouse becoming a public charge. The trial court must
examine the terms of the antenuptial agreement at the time of the divorce to
insure that its enforcement will not result in the spouse being deprived of
alimony, becoming a public charge. If a spouse would be rendered a public
charge by specific enforcement, the trial court must void the provision and award
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alimony in accordance with the factors set out in Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101
(1991 Repl. & Supp. 1995).
Applying that rule to the facts in this case, it is clear that the Court of
Appeals’ judgment declaring the waiver of alimony provision void must be
reversed. Here, the lower courts made concurrent findings of fact, by which we
are bound, that the agreement was entered into freely and knowledgeably,
without duress, or undue influence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 27-1-113 (1980 Repl.).
Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that enforcement of the
agreement will render Cathy Cary, a person with substantial prior teaching
experience and a Master’s degree, a public charge. Under such circumstances,
the waiver of alimony provision is valid and fully enforceable.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that a voluntary and knowing waiver or limitation of alimony
in an antenuptial agreement is not per se void and unenforceable as contrary to
public policy. Such provisions will be fully enforced, unless enforcement will
render one spouse a public charge. Accordingly, that portion of the Court of
Appeals’ judgment voiding the waiver of alimony provision is reversed and the
judgment of the trial court reinstated. In all other respects, the Court of Appeals'
decision is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the defendant, Cathy
Cary, for which execution may issue if necessary.
________________________________
RILEY ANDERSON, CHIEF JUSTICE
CONCUR:
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Drowota, Reid, Birch and White, JJ.
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