COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Kelsey, McCullough and Senior Judge Clements
PUBLISHED
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
MICHAEL TYRONE MORGAN
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1408-11-1 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS
OCTOBER 23, 2012
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Marjorie A. Taylor Arrington, Judge
Kathleen A. Ortiz, Public Defender, for appellant.
Alice T. Armstrong, Assistant Attorney General II (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
In a bench trial, Michael Tyrone Morgan (appellant) was convicted of possessing with the
intent to distribute more than five pounds of marijuana in violation of Code § 18.2-248.1, and
simultaneously possessing a firearm and more than one pound of marijuana in violation of Code
§ 18.2-308.4. On appeal, appellant argues the trial court erred in admitting into evidence the
certificates of analysis pertaining to the drugs and firearm seized by the police. He contends
admission of the certificates violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront the evidence against
him. Appellant also alleges the trial court abused its discretion in permitting the Commonwealth
to reopen its case, in the wake of the decision of the United States Supreme Court in
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305 (2009), and introduce the testimony of the two
analysts who produced the certificates of analysis. Finding no error on the part of the trial court,
we affirm appellant’s convictions.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On March 5, 2009, the parties appeared in the trial court for a hearing on appellant’s
motion to suppress the evidence and trial upon indictments charging him with possessing more
than five pounds of marijuana and simultaneously possessing a firearm and more than one pound
of marijuana. 1 Appellant was tried jointly with Shanyetta Riddick upon identical charges.
At trial, the Commonwealth moved to admit into evidence two certificates of analysis. In
the first certificate, forensic scientist Amanda Pau certified that the substance she analyzed was
marijuana. She also provided the weight of the marijuana submitted to her. In the second
certificate, forensic scientist Julianna Price 2 certified her findings regarding a firearm and
ammunition submitted to her for testing with relation to appellant’s case. Pau and Price were not
present at trial, and appellant had not subpoenaed them to appear. 3 Appellant objected to the
admission of the certificates of analysis, arguing that their admission in the absence of an
opportunity for cross-examination of Pau and Price violated his Sixth Amendment right to
1
This Court denied the portion of appellant’s petition for appeal relating to the trial
court’s denial of his motion to suppress.
2
During subsequent proceedings in the case, Price testified under the name Julianna Red
Leaf, and indicated Price was her maiden name. For purposes of clarity in this opinion, we refer
to her as Julianna Price, the name that appears on the certificate of analysis.
3
At the time of the March 5, 2009 proceeding, former Code § 19.2-187.1 provided the
mechanism for an accused to question as an adverse witness the person who performed the
analysis memorialized in a certificate of analysis. The statute stated:
The accused in any hearing or trial in which a certificate of
analysis is admitted into evidence pursuant to § 19.2-187 or
§ 19.2-187.01 shall have the right to call the person performing
such analysis or examination or involved in the chain of custody as
a witness therein, and examine him in the same manner as if he had
been called as an adverse witness. Such witness shall be
summoned and appear at the cost of the Commonwealth.
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confrontation and the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington, 541
U.S. 36, 68 (2004) (holding that the admission of “testimonial” hearsay evidence violates the
Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment unless the declarant is unavailable to testify at
trial and the defendant has had a “prior opportunity for cross-examination” of that declarant).
Appellant acknowledged that, at the time, Virginia law on the matter was controlled by the
decision of the Supreme Court of Virginia in Magruder v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 283, 657
S.E.2d 113 (2008), vacated and remanded sub nom. Briscoe v. Virginia, 130 S. Ct. 1316 (2010),
aff’d in part, rev’d in part sub nom. Cypress v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 305, 699 S.E.2d 206
(2010). In Magruder, the Court held the defendants waived their rights to object to certificates of
analysis on confrontation grounds because they had failed to employ the statutory procedure set
forth in former Code § 19.2-187.1 to secure the presence at trial of the analysts who produced the
certificates. Id. at 305, 657 S.E.2d at 124. Appellant also made vague reference to a case
pending in the United States Supreme Court, presumably Melendez-Diaz, stating the decision in
that case “may well bear upon . . . the correctness of the Virginia Supreme Court’s ruling.” The
trial court overruled appellant’s objection and admitted the two certificates. At the conclusion of
the proceedings, the trial court found appellant and Riddick guilty of the charged offenses, and
set a July 2009 sentencing date.
On June 25, 2009, the United States Supreme Court rendered its decision in
Melendez-Diaz. In that case, the Court held
that the contents of the certificates of analysis at issue were
testimonial in nature in accordance with its earlier decision in
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 36. Thus, the analysts whose conclusions
were memorialized in the certificates were “‘witnesses’ for the
purposes of the Sixth Amendment. Absent a showing that the
analysts were unavailable to testify at trial and that the [defendant]
had a prior opportunity to cross-examine them, [the defendant] was
entitled to ‘be confronted with’ the analysts at trial.”
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[Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 311] (quoting Crawford, 541 U.S. at
54). . . .
Grant v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 714, 720-21, 682 S.E.2d 84, 87 (2009).
On September 9, 2009, appellant filed a motion to reconsider the findings of guilt in light
of Melendez-Diaz. Appellant argued that under the Melendez-Diaz holding, admission of the
certificates of analysis at trial was error, and the indictments against him should be dismissed.
The Commonwealth responded that Magruder remained good law in Virginia, and the trial court
had not erred in admitting the certificates.
A hearing was held upon appellant’s motion on October 16, 2009. At that time, the
United States Supreme Court had granted a writ of certiorari to the Magruder decision under the
name Briscoe v. Virginia. 4 Although also requesting dismissal of the indictments against him,
appellant agreed that an appropriate alternative would be to continue the case until the Briscoe
matter was concluded. The Commonwealth moved to reopen its evidence in the case, and the
trial court stated it would allow the Commonwealth to do so.
On September 16, 2010, the Virginia Supreme Court found in Cypress that, pursuant to
Melendez-Diaz, a certificate of analysis is “testimonial” evidence for which the Sixth
Amendment required an opportunity for confrontation. Cypress, 280 Va. at 314-15, 699 S.E.2d
at 211. Moreover, the Court also found that the mechanism provided in former Code
§ 19.2-187.1 did not adequately safeguard the defendants’ Sixth Amendment rights, and failure
4
The Virginia Supreme Court’s decision in Magruder resolved consolidated appeals on
the same issue raised by defendants Magruder, Briscoe, and Cypress. On June 29, 2009, the
United States Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari to the Virginia Supreme Court’s
decision upon the petition of Briscoe and Cypress. See Briscoe v. Virginia, 557 U.S. 933 (2009).
On January 25, 2010, the United States Supreme Court vacated the decision of the Virginia
Supreme Court and remanded it for proceedings not inconsistent with the decision in
Melendez-Diaz. See Briscoe v. Virginia, 130 S. Ct. 1316 (2010). The Virginia Supreme Court
ultimately reversed its holding in Magruder that the defendants sustained no violation of their
Sixth Amendment rights. See Cypress v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 305, 699 S.E.2d 206 (2010).
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to utilize that procedure did not result in a waiver of those rights. Id. at 317-18, 699 S.E.2d at
213.
After a series of continuances, appellant’s trial recommenced on March 24, 2011. 5 At
that hearing, both Pau and Price appeared as witnesses for the Commonwealth and testified
regarding the findings contained in the certificates of analysis. Appellant conducted
cross-examination of both Pau and Price. At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court found
appellant guilty of the charged offenses, but acquitted Riddick.
ANALYSIS
It has long been noted that a criminal defendant “‘is entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect
one,’ for there are no perfect trials.” Kirby v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 691, 698, 653 S.E.2d
600, 604 (2007) (quoting Brown v. United States, 411 U.S. 223, 231-32 (1973)). Upon
consideration of the two issues raised in this appeal, we find that the trial court committed no
reversible error in this case. In fact, we find that the trial court took commendable measures to
protect appellant’s constitutional right to confrontation and ensure that he received a fair,
although perhaps not perfect, trial in the midst of rapidly evolving jurisprudence governing
Confrontation Clause issues.
As discussed above, at the time of the March 24, 2009 hearing, prevailing Virginia law
dictated that the certificates of analysis signed by Price and Pau were admissible. See Magruder,
275 Va. at 307, 657 S.E.2d at 126. Appellant had not utilized the procedure contained in former
Code § 19.2-187.1 to obtain the presence of the two analysts. Thus, according to the holding in
Magruder, appellant waived his Sixth Amendment objection to the admission of the certificates.
While maintaining his objection to the admission of the certificates, appellant acknowledged that
5
The record reflects that continuances from December 21, 2009 through September 7,
2010 were granted upon appellant’s motions to delay pending further development in Briscoe.
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the Virginia Supreme Court’s holding in Magruder was dispositive. The trial court was
obligated to conform its ruling on the admissibility of the certificates to then-existing law. See
Judicial Inquiry and Review Comm’n v. Lewis, 264 Va. 401, 406, 568 S.E.2d 687, 690 (2002)
(“Public confidence in the judiciary and the administration of our legal system depends upon
faithful adherence to the law, an essential part of which is embodied in the judgments and rulings
of higher courts.”).
Three months after the initial evidentiary hearing, while appellant was awaiting
sentencing, the legal environment regarding the issue changed with the United States Supreme
Court’s decision in Melendez-Diaz. Melendez-Diaz settled the question left open in Magruder,
275 Va. at 295, 657 S.E.2d at 118, and held that certificates of analysis constituted “testimonial”
hearsay evidence in the context of the Sixth Amendment. Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at 311.
Appellant requested reconsideration of admission of the certificates in the light of
Melendez-Diaz. Although the trial court did not grant appellant’s motion to dismiss the
indictments against him, the judge did take measures to protect appellant’s Sixth Amendment
confrontation right. Following delay of the proceedings for resolution of Briscoe, to which
appellant agreed, the trial court then permitted the Commonwealth to reopen the evidence and
produce the testimony of the analysts, making them available for cross-examination by appellant.
The trial court’s decision thus provided appellant with what he requested in the first instance: an
opportunity to exercise his Sixth Amendment right to confront the evidence.
“Whether to reopen a case lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge.” Minor v.
Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 803, 805, 433 S.E.2d 39, 40 (1993). “‘[U]nless it affirmatively
appears that this discretion has been abused this court will not disturb the trial court’s ruling
thereon.’” Id. (quoting Mundy v. Commonwealth, 161 Va. 1049, 1064, 171 S.E. 691, 696
(1933)). We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling to reopen the evidence in light
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of the development in the prevailing law following the initial evidentiary hearing, the fact that
the case remained within the breast of the trial court, and the ready availability of a remedy that
both protected appellant’s constitutional right and avoided a possible reversal of the ruling on
appeal.
Accordingly, we find no error or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s rulings, and we do
not disturb appellant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
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