COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, Beales and Senior Judge Bumgardner
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
BEAM BROTHERS TRUCKING, INC. AND
UNITED STATES FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 2050-11-4 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
MAY 8, 2012
LON EMORY BOWERS
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Joseph F. Giordano (Tyler O. Prout; Semmes, Bowen & Semmes,
P.C., on briefs), for appellants.
Alaina M. Dartt (Ashcraft & Gerel, LLP, on brief), for appellee.
The Workers’ Compensation Commission (the commission) unanimously affirmed the
deputy commissioner’s award to Lon Emory Bowers (claimant) for medical benefits and
temporary total disability benefits for a back injury resulting from a workplace accident while
claimant was working for Beam Brothers Trucking (employer) on August 18, 2010. Although it
is undisputed that claimant had a pre-existing back condition, the commission found that
claimant “sustain[ed] additional injury as a result of” the workplace accident and that “claimant’s
ongoing treatment and disability were related to the aggravation” of his pre-existing back
condition. Therefore, the commission concluded that “claimant’s ongoing treatment and
disability are reasonable, necessary and causally related” to claimant’s August 18, 2010
workplace accident.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
On appeal, employer raises five related assignments of error in which employer argues
that the commission erred in relying on Dr. Bernard Stopak’s assessment of claimant. Instead,
employer contends that the commission should have credited the opinion of Dr. Alan Fergus.
We disagree with employer’s arguments, and, for the following reasons, we affirm the
commission.
I. BACKGROUND
Procedural Facts
On August 18, 2010, claimant slipped on the floor of the trailer of his work truck, falling
about five feet to the ground. Claimant immediately felt pain in his lower back, hips, neck, and
right shoulder and was taken by ambulance to the hospital. Claimant timely sought an award for
medical benefits and temporary total disability benefits from the date of the accident 1 and
continuing. Following an evidentiary hearing, the deputy commissioner found that claimant
suffered a compensable injury to his back and awarded medical benefits and temporary total
disability benefits. The full commission unanimously affirmed the award, concluding that “the
evidence sufficiently proves that the claimant suffered a material aggravation of his pre-existing
back condition as a result of his fall, and the employer is responsible for this material
aggravation of a pre-existing condition.”
1
The details of the accident are not at issue, but they are as follows: On August 18,
2010, claimant suffered a fall in the course of his employment as a truck driver with the
employer. Prior to leaving with his load, claimant noticed that the back door of the trailer that he
had been assigned had been left open. He climbed into the trailer and attempted to secure the
backdoor, which rolls down like a garage door. A strap is attached to the door for this purpose,
but the strap on this particular trailer had torn and was much shorter than usual. As claimant
stretched to reach it, he slipped on the floor of the trailer, wet and slick from rain, and fell about
five feet off the trailer to the ground. Claimant immediately felt pain in his lower back, hips,
neck, and right shoulder and was taken by ambulance to the hospital.
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Pre-Accident Medical Treatment
Claimant had suffered from back pain prior to the August 18, 2010 workplace accident
and had sought medical treatment for his pain. Claimant was able to continue full‐time
employment without restrictions up until the accident. Claimant first complained of and treated
his back pain when he underwent a radio frequency ablation procedure in 2005. He sought
treatment from Dr. Fergus on June 30, 2008. Dr. Fergus saw claimant that one time, then
discharged his care to pain management. Dr. Fergus noted that claimant’s back pain had become
“progressive” in May 2008. Claimant did not see Dr. Fergus again until after his work accident.
Claimant treated with Dr. Michael J. Poss and his staff off and on from September 2008 until
August 2010. In July 2010, Dr. Poss prescribed an MRI and referred claimant to follow‐up with
Dr. Fergus.
Post-Accident Medical Treatment
Claimant saw Dr. Fergus on August 23, 2010, a week after his accident. Dr. Fergus
referenced claimant’s pre‐existing back problems. Though claimant advised Dr. Fergus of his
accident, Dr. Fergus did not mention it in his notes, but he did take claimant out of work.
Dr. Fergus discharged claimant for treatment with pain management. Claimant never saw
Dr. Fergus again.
Claimant saw Dr. Stopak on November 9, 2010. Dr. Stopak conducted a physical
examination of claimant, which included the taking of a new MRI. According to claimant’s
testimony, Dr. Stopak also looked at claimant’s MRI from before the accident. Dr. Stopak
thoroughly reviewed and analyzed claimant’s past medical records, noting:
increase in the extent of the ruptured disk at the L5‐S1 level which
He did have a repeat MRI which I reviewed in the office. This was
done on 09/10/2010 which I reviewed. I did feel that there was an
goes inferiorly around 5 mm from the annulus and it does encroach
on the right S1 nerve root with foraminal narrowing. I also felt
again that there may be a slip at the L3‐L4 level. The report states
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that there was no significant interval change from the previous
study but I do feel that this one, as regards to the extent of the disk
rupture, is slightly enlarged.
(Emphasis added). Dr. Stopak concluded:
It should be mentioned in discussion that although the patient had a
preexisting condition, this was handled very well with his ablation
therapy and then subsequent conservative management. The disk
was identified earlier prior to this last scan but at that time I feel
that there had been a homeostatic equilibrium established between
any changes in his spine and disk relative to the bony structure of
his spine inclusive of a spinous process, his lamina ligaments,
tendons, etc. in relation to the intraspinal nerve roots. I feel that as
a result of that fall, there was an exacerbation of his condition and
a breakdown of this delicate balance, and I feel that there is more
pressure being exerted on the nerve root from his now ruptured
disk as compared to previously.
(Emphasis added).
Dr. Stopak saw claimant again on November 16, 2010, and reviewed claimant’s most
recent diagnostic films. Dr. Stopak determined claimant was a surgical candidate and referred
him to his colleague, Dr. Nathan Nair. After seeing claimant, Dr. Nair concurred with
Dr. Stopak’s findings and determined surgery should be scheduled “at his earliest possible
convenience.” Accordingly, claimant scheduled surgery.
On December 21, 2010, in response to correspondence from claimant’s counsel,
Dr. Stopak concluded that claimant’s current back problems are related to claimant’s accident,
which materially aggravated claimant’s pre‐existing condition, resulting in claimant being totally
disabled from work. Dr. Stopak also concluded that claimant required back surgery as a result of
the August 18, 2010 workplace accident.
Upon employer’s request, Dr. Ian Wattenmaker reviewed claimant’s medical records and
issued an opinion, on December 6, 2010. Dr. Wattenmaker did not personally examine the
claimant or review claimant’s MRIs. He opined that because claimant had a symptomatic disk
herniation for which he was “being actively treated during the days prior to the event of August
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18, 2010 [i]t is clear that a new significant injury did not take place.” Employer also submitted
correspondence from defense counsel to Dr. Fergus, upon which Dr. Fergus indicated in a series
of checkmarks that he agreed with Dr. Wattenmaker and believed that claimant’s current
symptoms, disability, and need for surgery are related to claimant’s pre‐existing back condition.
Commission’s Findings
In its unanimous opinion affirming the deputy commissioner’s conclusion that claimant’s
required medical treatment and total disability were causally related to the August 18, 2010
workplace accident, the commission made several findings that are relevant to this appeal. The
commission rejected employer’s argument that Dr. Fergus’s opinion should be given greater
weight as the opinion rendered by claimant’s treating physician. Instead, the commission found
that Dr. Fergus no more acted as claimant’s treating physician than Dr. Stopak. The commission
also found that Dr. Stopak “recorded an accurate history of the claimant’s back problems during
his appointment with the claimant.” The commission acknowledged that, unlike Dr. Stopak,
Dr. Fergus evaluated claimant both before and after the August 18, 2010 workplace accident.
However, the commission noted that, “despite the claimant’s testimony that he informed
Dr. Fergus of his accident, Dr. Fergus fail[ed] to note any details of the claimant’s August 18,
2010 fall” in his medical notes. Furthermore, the commission found that Dr. Fergus did not
explain the basis for his opinion, unlike Dr. Stopak. The commission also found that
Dr. Wattenmaker’s opinion should be given very little weight since he only reviewed claimant’s
medical records and did not actually examine claimant.
Weighing all the medical evidence, the commission concluded that “the evidence
sufficiently proves that the claimant suffered a material aggravation of his pre-existing back
condition as a result of his fall” on August 18, 2010 and that “the employer is responsible for this
material aggravation of a pre-existing condition.”
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II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, this Court views the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party below – in this case, claimant. R.G. Moore Bldg. Corp. v. Mullins, 10 Va. App. 211, 212,
390 S.E.2d 788, 788 (1990). “By statutory mandate, ‘an award of the Commission . . . shall be
conclusive and binding as to all questions of fact.’” Georgia‐Pacific Corp. v. Robinson, 32
Va. App. 1, 4, 526 S.E.2d 267, 268 (2000) (citing Code § 65.2‐706(A)). It is well settled that
“the ‘question [of causation] raised by ‘conflicting expert medical opinions’ is one of fact.’” Id.
at 5, 526 S.E.2d at 268 (quoting Eccon Constr. Co. v. Lucas, 221 Va. 786, 790, 273 S.E.2d 797,
799 (1981)). “The commission’s determination of causation is a factual finding that will not be
disturbed on appeal if supported by credible evidence.” Commonwealth of Virginia/Central
Virginia Training Center v. Cordle, 37 Va. App. 232, 238, 556 S.E.2d 64, 67 (2001). In
determining whether credible evidence exists, the appellate court does not retry the facts,
reweigh the preponderance of the evidence, or make its own determination of the credibility of
the witnesses. Jules Hairstylists, Inc. v. Galanes, 1 Va. App. 64, 69, 334 S.E.2d 592, 595 (1985).
Employer’s five assignments of error all relate to the commission’s decision to rely on
the opinion of Dr. Stopak that the August 18, 2010 workplace accident aggravated claimant’s
pre-existing back condition. Based on Dr. Stopak’s opinion, the commission found that the
August 18, 2010 workplace accident caused a compensable injury under the Act. Employer
contends that Dr. Stopak’s opinion was not supported by credible evidence in the record.
Employer compares this case to Clinchfield Coal Co. v. Bowman, 229 Va. 252, 329
S.E.2d 15 (1985), but the decision in that case simply is not controlling or even persuasive on the
very different circumstances in this case. 2 The Supreme Court’s holding in Clinchfield Coal Co.
2
In Clinchfield Coal Co., Bowman’s treating physician initially opined that Bowman’s
knee problems were causually related to the 1978 industrial accident that was the subject of
Bowman’s claim of a compensable injury. The treating physician based this initial opinion
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reflects the principle that, when one physician renders two conflicting opinions – the first
opinion being an assumption made without the benefit of reviewing the claimant’s medical
history, and the second opinion occurring after the physician has reviewed the claimant’s
medical history – the first opinion is not entitled to any weight because it is “based upon a faulty
premise,” leaving the more informed opinion as the only remaining opinion that is “based upon
the facts.” Id. at 252, 329 S.E.2d at 16. The decision in Clinchield Coal Co. is inapplicable here
because Dr. Stopak, whose opinion on the issue of causation was always consistent, rendered his
opinion after reviewing claimant’s medical history. Here, the commission found that
“Dr. Stopak recorded an accurate history of the claimant’s back problems” and “reviewed the
claimant’s multiple MRI scans” from before and after the accident. Credible evidence supports
this finding. Specifically, Dr. Stopak’s notes reflect claimant’s original referral to Dr. Fergus,
claimant’s treatment with Dr. Poss, his previous medical procedures, the recurrence of claimant’s
back pain in the spring of 2010, and his treatment up until the date of the accident. Given
Dr. Stopak’s knowledge of claimant’s medical history prior to rendering his opinion, employer’s
assertion that the commission here erred as a matter of law under Clinchfield Coal Co. when it
assigned weight to Dr. Stopak’s opinion is simply incorrect.
Furthermore, the Supreme Court’s opinions explain more generally that it is the role of
the commission – not the appellate court – to make credibility determinations and to weigh the
“solely on the medical history Bowman related” and considered it reasonable from the details
Bowman provided “to medically assume” that the 1978 industrial accident caused Bowman’s
knee problems. Clinchfield Coal Co., 229 Va. at 250-51, 329 S.E.2d at 16. However,
Bowman’s treating physician changed his opinion after reviewing Bowman’s medical records.
The treating physician then “stated unequivocally” that the cause of Bowman’s knee problems
was an earlier 1975 injury that had required surgery. Id. at 252, 329 S.E.2d at 16. The Supreme
Court held that the commission erred in giving any weight to the treating physician’s initial
opinion because this “assumption rested upon a faulty premise” – given the treating physician
rendered the initial opinion before seeing Bowman’s medical records, which revealed the
treatment for Bowman’s earlier 1975 injury. Id.
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evidence. See, e.g., Celanese Fibers Co. v. Johnson, 229 Va. 117, 121, 326 S.E.2d 687, 690
(1985) (“We do not judge the credibility of witnesses or weigh the evidence on appeal.”). In this
light, we address employer’s argument that Dr. Stopak’s explanation of the claimant’s medical
history was incomplete and inaccurate. According to employer, the medical history does not
support Dr. Stopak’s assumption of a delicately balanced “homeostatic equilibrium” that was
disrupted by the August 18, 2010 workplace accident. Employer relies on Dr. Fergus’s belief
that claimant’s condition was “progressive” just prior to the accident. Employer emphasizes that
Dr. Fergus also agreed with the opinion set forth by Dr. Wattenmaker in his report of December
6, 2010 that all medical treatment recommended for claimant was causally related to the
pre-existing chronic lower back condition – and was not a result of the accident.
However, the commission, within its role as factfinder, is entitled to weigh medical
evidence. Hungerford Mech. Corp. v. Hobson, 11 Va. App. 675, 677, 401 S.E.2d 213, 215
(1991). Thus, the commission was within its authority to give greater weight to the opinion of
Dr. Stopak (and his colleague, Dr. Nair) that the August 18, 2010 workplace accident aggravated
his pre-existing condition in a medically significant way. The decision to credit Dr. Stopak’s
opinion was not plainly wrong or unsupported by credible evidence in the record.
The commission explained that it relied on Dr. Stopak’s opinion because he “described in
detail the records and information he used to make his causation determination and specifically
indicated that the claimant’s compensable work injury exacerbated his disc herniation at the
L5‐S1 level, thus causing an increase in his symptoms.” The commission found that
Dr. Stopak’s determination was entitled to greater weight than the other doctors at issue “in light
of Dr. Stopak’s unwavering and fully explained opinion.” 3
3
Contemporaneous medical records from Rebecca Snyder, the physician’s assistant for
Dr. Poss, further corroborate Dr. Stopak’s opinion. Snyder noted that “new prob[lems] started”
after the August 18, 2010 workplace accident and that claimant’s pain “is more severe than
previous.”
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The fact that the medical opinions procured by employer are at odds with Dr. Stopak’s
opinion does not render Dr. Stopak’s opinion incredible. “If there is evidence, or reasonable
inferences can be drawn from the evidence, to support the Commission’s findings, they will not
be disturbed on review, even though there is evidence in the record to support a contrary
finding.” Morris v. Badger Powhatan/Figgie Int’l, Inc., 3 Va. App. 276, 279, 348 S.E.2d 876,
877 (1986); see also Perry v. Delisle, 46 Va. App. 57, 64, 615 S.E.2d 494, 495 (2005) (en banc).
“The probative weight to be accorded [medical] evidence is for the Commission to decide; and if
it is in conflict with other medical evidence, the Commission is free to adopt that view ‘which is
most consistent with reason and justice.’” Georgia‐Pacific Corp., 32 Va. App. at 5, 526 S.E.2d at
269 (quoting C.D.S. Const. Services v. Petrock, 218 Va. 1064, 1070, 243 S.E.2d 236, 240
(1978)).
Employer contends that there is no assurance that Dr. Stopak’s opinion was based on a
reasonable medical certainty because Dr. Stopak simply answered “yes” to the “fill-in-the-blank”
questionnaire sent by claimant’s attorney. 4 However, the issue of whether Dr. Stopak’s opinion
was based on a reasonable medical certainty was not preserved for appeal. The commission’s
opinion does not address this issue, and employer did not file a motion for reconsideration
seeking the commission to address it. Thus, there is no commission ruling on this issue for this
Court to review. See Minor v. Aramark/VCU, 59 Va. App. 622, 633 n.1, 721 S.E.2d 818, 824
n.1 (2012); Hodnett v. Stanco Masonry, Inc., 58 Va. App. 244, 253, 708 S.E.2d 429, 434 (2011).
Employer argues that Dr. Fergus’s opinion should have been accorded greater weight as
the opinion of a treating physician. However, the commission did not find that Dr. Fergus was
claimant’s treating physician any more than Dr. Stopak was claimant’s treating physician. The
4
We note that Dr. Stopak wrote a lengthy report on November 9, 2010, in which he
provided a thorough explanation for his opinion.
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commission explained, “Given the limited nature of the treatment provided by both [Dr. Stopak
and Dr. Fergus], we do not believe our policy of providing greater weight to the treating
physician is applicable.” The commission also noted that Dr. Fergus did not make any notes
regarding claimant’s workplace accident in his medical records when he treated claimant the
one time following the August 18, 2010 workplace accident. The commission explained that
Dr. Stopak gave a more detailed explanation for his opinion, noting that “Dr. Fergus merely
responded affirmatively to the employer’s counsel’s questions eight months after he treated the
claimant.”
Moreover, the commission explained its reasoning for giving the opinion of
Dr. Wattenmaker very little weight, stating, “Dr. Wattenmaker’s opinion as a records reviewer
deserves less weight than the other treating medical providers’ opinions in this case.” The
commission was, thus, well within its authority to accept Dr. Stopak’s opinion as that “‘which is
most consistent with reason and justice’” and to reject Dr. Fergus’s opinion and
Dr. Wattenmaker’s opinion as less convincing. Georgia‐Pacific Corp., 32 Va. App. at 5, 526
S.E.2d at 269 (quoting C.D.S. Const. Services, 218 Va. at 1070, 243 S.E.2d at 240).
Finally, employer argues that the August 18, 2010 workplace accident resulted in
insufficient objective evidence of a sudden and obvious mechanical change in claimant’s back.
Under Virginia law, even an aggravation of a pre-existing condition requires a sudden and
obvious mechanical change. Russell Loungewear v. Gray, 2 Va. App. 90, 95, 341 S.E.2d 824,
826 (1986) (‘“When an injury sustained in an industrial accident accelerates or aggravates a
preexisting condition, death or disability therefrom is compensable under the Workers’
Compensation Act.”’ (quoting Ohio Valley Construction Co. v. Jackson, 230 Va. 56, 58, 334
S.E.2d 554, 555 (1985))). To establish the mechanism or cause of the injury or incapacity, the
commission relies on the medical evidence presented. Clinch Valley Med. Ctr. v. Hayes, 34
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Va. App. 183, 192, 538 S.E.2d 369, 373 (2000) (“Causation is usually proven by medical
evidence.”).
Employer relies on the opinions of Dr. Wattenmaker and Dr. Fergus that the claimant did
not suffer a material aggravation of his pre-existing injury and, therefore, did not suffer a
compensable injury by accident. However, for the reasons explained above, the commission was
within its authority – and credible evidence supported its decision – to accept Dr. Stopak’s
opinion (as opposed to those of other doctors) as that “‘which is most consistent with reason and
justice.’” Georgia‐Pacific Corp., 32 Va. App. at 5, 526 S.E.2d at 269 (quoting C.D.S. Const.
Services, 218 Va. at 1070, 243 S.E.2d at 240).
III. CONCLUSION
There is ample credible evidence supporting the commission’s reliance on the medical
opinion of Dr. Stopak, including that he evaluated the patient himself, compared both of
claimant’s MRIs (pre-accident and post-accident), kept thorough notes, and reviewed claimant’s
previous medical records. Accordingly, we affirm the commission’s unanimous opinion that
upheld the deputy commissioner’s award of benefits.
Affirmed.
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Beam Brothers Trucking, Inc. and United States Fire Insurance Company v. Lon Emory Bowers
Combined Opinion