COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Frank and Kelsey
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MICHAEL BERNARD
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 2590-11-2 JUDGE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
JULY 17, 2012
CARLSON COMPANIES – TGIF AND
INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY
OF NORTH AMERICA
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Joel W. Young (Law Offices of Wesley G. Marshall, PLC, on
brief), for appellant.
R. Ferrell Newman (Newman & Wright, RLLP, on brief), for
appellees.
The Virginia Workers’ Compensation Commission denied a claim filed by Michael
Bernard, a restaurant waiter who “attempted to swallow a piece of quesadilla that was too big for
his esophagus.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. The commission found Bernard’s injury occurred in the
course of his employment but not as a result of an actual risk of employment. Agreeing with the
commission’s legal reasoning and deferring to its factfinding, we affirm.
I.
We view the evidence on appeal in the light most favorable to Bernard’s employer, “the
prevailing party before the commission.” Dunnavant v. Newman Tire Co., 51 Va. App. 252,
255, 656 S.E.2d 431, 433 (2008).
In 2010, Bernard worked as a host and waiter at a TGI Friday’s (TGIF) restaurant. When
new food selections came out, he and other employees often sampled the food so they could
make recommendations to customers. The commission found Bernard “was not required to taste
anything” and “did not anticipate being disciplined” if he chose not to sample the food. Bernard
v. Carlson Cos. – TGIF, 2011 Va. Wrk. Comp. LEXIS 401 (Nov. 23, 2011). In January 2010,
Bernard sampled a quesadilla. Though he had never before had problems swallowing food,
Bernard choked on a partially chewed bite of the quesadilla. The strenuous process of dislodging
it damaged his esophagus.
Bernard filed a worker’s compensation claim, contending the injury occurred in the
course of his employment and arose out of an actual risk of his employment. He did not allege
the quesadilla was unusual or defective in any way. Bernard has had Crohn’s disease since
childhood. But he did not claim, nor did the evidence prove, that some peculiar quality of the
quesadilla triggered his underlying Crohn’s disease.
The deputy commissioner denied the claim, finding the injury occurred in the course of
the employment but did not arise out of an actual risk of the employment. Relying on precedent
from the commission,1 the deputy held no evidence suggested the quesadilla was in any way
unusual or defective. On review, the majority of the commissioners agreed. Relying on its own
precedent, as well as our caselaw, the commission held:
[W]e find that the claimant’s injury did not arise out of a risk of his
employment. In cases of injury due to food provided by the
employer, we have found compensable injuries only when there
was something unusual or abnormal about the food, i.e. it was
spicy, hot in temperature, or contained a hard object. Here, there
was no problem documented with the quesadilla which became
stuck in the claimant’s throat and caused his injury. The claimant
did not assert that it was something that he should not eat because
of his medical condition. The claimant would have been equally
exposed to any risk connected with eating an ordinary quesadilla
had he eaten it apart from his employment.
1
Ellis v. Am. Airlines. Inc., VWC File No. 232-07-59 (Jan. 23, 2008) (accepting claim
because candy contained a “hard object” that “shattered” an employee’s tooth); Pead v. Busara
Rest., VWC File No. 194-76-93 (May 5, 2000) (accepting claim because food was unusually
spicy); Caprio v. W. Point Sch. Bd., VWC File No. 189-45-16 (Oct. 14, 1998) (accepting claim
because soup contained a hard object).
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Id. Commissioner Diamond dissented on the ground that TGIF exposed Bernard to the risk of
eating “novel foods” like a quesadilla. Id.
II.
On appeal to us, Bernard concedes he “attempted to swallow a piece of quesadilla that
was too big for his esophagus.” Appellant’s Br. at 10. The incident should be covered by the
workers’ compensation statute, Bernard argues, because TGIF “provided” the quesadilla and
“encouraged” him to eat it. Id. We agree TGIF provided Bernard with the quesadilla, while he
was working, and encouraged him to eat it — thus his injury occurred in the course of his
employment. We disagree, however, that his failure to fully chew the quesadilla and his
resulting injury arose out of his employment.
A. BASIC ARISING-OUT-OF PRINCIPLES
The Workers’ Compensation Act applies when the claimant “satisfies both the ‘arising
out of’ and the ‘in the course of’ prongs of the statutory requirements of compensability.” Butler
v. S. States Coop., Inc., 270 Va. 459, 465, 620 S.E.2d 768, 772 (2005). “The concepts ‘arising
out of’ and ‘in the course of’ employment are not synonymous and both conditions must be
proved before compensation will be awarded.” Clifton v. Clifton Cable Contracting, LLC, 54
Va. App. 532, 539, 680 S.E.2d 348, 352 (2009) (quoting Grand Union Co. v. Bynum, 226 Va.
140, 143, 307 S.E.2d 456, 458 (1983)).
No matter how tempting it is to conflate the two concepts, we must be vigilant “to
maintain the distinction between arising ‘out of’ and arising ‘in the course of’ employment.”
Cnty. of Chesterfield v. Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 186, 376 S.E.2d 73, 76 (1989). Failing to do so
transforms the analysis into an assessment of “positional risk,” which asks only if the injury
occurred during the course of employment. Id. at 185, 376 S.E.2d at 75-76. Arguments like this
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— overlooking “the difference between the concepts of ‘arising out of’ and ‘in the course of’ the
employment” — are little more than efforts to “eradicate the distinction which exists under
Virginia law between these expressions” and, if successful, “would mean an acceptance of the
‘positional risk’ doctrine in cases of this type and amount to a rejection of the ‘actual risk’ test
long-recognized in Virginia.” Baggett & Meador Cos. v. Dillon, 219 Va. 633, 640, 248 S.E.2d
819, 823 (1978) (citation omitted).
To this end, Virginia follows the “actual risk” doctrine which “excludes ‘an injury which
comes from a hazard to which the employee would have been equally exposed apart from the
employment.’” Taylor v. Mobil Corp., 248 Va. 101, 107, 444 S.E.2d 705, 708 (1994) (quoting
Johnson, 237 Va. at 183, 376 S.E.2d at 75, and United Parcel Serv. v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257,
258, 336 S.E.2d 892, 893 (1985)). An “‘actual risk’ of employment” is “not merely the risk of
being injured while at work.” Id. Reversing one of our opinions for “[i]n effect” applying the
“doctrine of positional risk,” the Virginia Supreme Court repeated that it has “consistently
rejected” the doctrine. Hill City Trucking v. Christian, 238 Va. 735, 740, 385 S.E.2d 377, 380
(1989). The “actual risk” standard, the Court emphasized, necessarily excludes an injury caused
by “a hazard to which the workman would have been equally exposed apart from the
employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to the work and not common to the
neighborhood.” Id. at 739, 385 S.E.2d at 379 (emphasis in original) (quoting Baggett & Meador
Cos., 219 Va. at 638, 248 S.E.2d at 822).
Virginia courts have applied this understanding of the actual risk doctrine in numerous
cases.2 The first premise of the actual risk doctrine requires a “hazard” or “danger” not equally
2
See Simms v. Ruby Tuesday, Inc., 281 Va. 114, 122-23, 704 S.E.2d 359, 363 (2011);
Combs v. Va. Elec. & Power Co., 259 Va. 503, 509, 525 S.E.2d 278, 282 (2000); Richmond
Newspapers v. Hazelwood, 249 Va. 369, 372, 457 S.E.2d 56, 58 (1995); Metcalf v. A. M.
Express Moving Sys., 230 Va. 464, 468, 339 S.E.2d 177, 180 (1986); Cent. State Hosp. v.
Wiggers, 230 Va. 157, 159, 335 S.E.2d 257, 259 (1985); Richmond v. Braxton, 230 Va. 161,
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present “apart from the employment” but rather one “peculiar to the work.” Id. Without this
precondition, any injury — of any kind no matter the cause — would be covered by the
Workers’ Compensation Act. This would be unfair to employers (by greatly expanding their
no-fault liability for worker injuries) and equally unfair to employees (by greatly expanding the
employer’s immunity to fault-based tort recoveries). Policing the line between coverage and
noncoverage is critical to the “societal exchange” that underlies the “quid pro quo” of the statute.
Roller v. Basic Constr. Co., 238 Va. 321, 327, 382 S.E.2d 323, 325 (1989).
Perhaps the most common examples of the arising-out-of principle are the cases
involving tripping on steps. An employee who trips while walking up a staircase at work cannot
recover compensation unless something about the steps (or some other condition of the
workplace) presented a hazard or danger peculiar to the worksite. Even though the employer
provided the steps, and encouraged the employee to use them, if there is “nothing unusual about
or wrong with the steps,” an employee who trips over them cannot show the accident “arose out
of” the employment. Johnson, 237 Va. at 185-86, 376 S.E.2d at 76.
On the other hand, if the steps are “unusual” because they are “slightly higher than
normal” or otherwise peculiar, then tripping over them would involve an accident arising out of
the employment. Id. (pointing out these “facts were crucial” to cases like Reserve Life Ins. Co.
164, 335 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1985); R & T Invs. v. Johns, 228 Va. 249, 253, 321 S.E.2d 287, 289
(1984); Richmond Mem’l Hosp. v. Crane, 222 Va. 283, 285, 278 S.E.2d 877, 879 (1981);
Baggett & Meador Cos., 219 Va. at 638, 248 S.E.2d at 822; Conner v. Bragg, 203 Va. 204, 209,
123 S.E.2d 393, 397 (1962); Norfolk & Washington S.B. Co. v. Holladay, 174 Va. 152, 157-58,
5 S.E.2d 486, 488 (1939); Bradshaw v. Aronovitch, 170 Va. 329, 335, 196 S.E. 684, 686 (1938);
Liberty Mut. Ins. Corp. v. Herndon, 59 Va. App. 544, 556-57, 721 S.E.2d 32, 38 (2012);
Southside Va. Training Ctr. v. Ellis, 33 Va. App. 824, 829, 537 S.E.2d 35, 37 (2000); Vint v.
Alleghany Reg’l Hosp., 32 Va. App. 60, 64, 526 S.E.2d 295, 297 (2000); Carlson v. Dep’t of
Military Affairs, 26 Va. App. 600, 606, 496 S.E.2d 107, 110 (1998); Bassett-Walker, Inc. v.
Wyatt, 26 Va. App. 87, 93, 493 S.E.2d 384, 387 (1997); Grove v. Allied Signal, Inc., 15
Va. App. 17, 19-20, 421 S.E.2d 32, 34 (1992); Winegar v. Int’l Tel. & Tel., 1 Va. App. 260,
261-62, 337 S.E.2d 760, 760-61 (1985).
-5-
v. Hosey, 208 Va. 568, 159 S.E.2d 633 (1968)). In such cases, the steps present an enhanced
risk,3 qualitatively different from the steps most people walk up and down on and off the job.
It does not matter that the employee must walk up and down the steps as a mandatory
part of his employment. That obligatory fact — like the fact that Bernard ate the quesadilla to be
a better waiter — only establishes the injury occurred during the course of employment. “The
fact that the injury occurred at work adds nothing and answers nothing, when the inquiry is, did
the injury arise out of the employment. It simply helps prove the ‘in the course of’ prong of the
compensability test.” Johnson, 237 Va. at 185, 376 S.E.2d at 76.
B. THE INAPPLICABLE STREET-RISK EXCEPTION
Virginia courts have carved out of these general principles one notable exception. Under
the “street-risk rule,” Marketing Profiles, Inc. v. Hill, 17 Va. App. 431, 435, 437 S.E.2d 727, 730
(1993) (en banc), the generally applicable principles — excluding coverage for unpeculiar risks,
common to everyone — do not necessarily apply to vehicle accidents caused by ordinary street
risks. “An exception to the rule that the risk of employment must be a risk to which the common
neighborhood is not exposed is the ‘Street Risk Doctrine.’ This principle recognizes
compensable injuries that occur in vehicular collisions while an employee is on his or her
3
A workplace condition that “increase[s] the risk of injury” implicates the actual risk
test. Hill City Trucking, 238 Va. at 739-40, 385 S.E.2d at 379-80; see also Simms, 281 Va. at
119-23, 704 S.E.2d at 361-63 (recognizing that the danger be “peculiar to the work and not
common to the neighborhood” affirmed award based on then-Judge Cardozo’s observation that
“young men and boys” create an enhanced risk of horseplay, a condition “inseparable from
factory life” (citation omitted)); R & T Invs., 228 Va. at 253, 321 S.E.2d at 289 (noting the
“probability” of harm may be “augmented” by the “peculiar” risks of the job (citation omitted));
Lucas v. Fed. Express Corp., 41 Va. App. 130, 135, 583 S.E.2d 56, 59 (2003) (focusing on the
“special or peculiar” risks of the workplace); Roberson v. Whetsell, 21 Va. App. 268, 271 n.1,
463 S.E.2d 681, 683 n.1 (1995) (noting the employee’s risk “was heightened” by the conditions
of his employment); Southland Corp. v. Parson, 1 Va. App. 281, 287, 338 S.E.2d 162, 165
(1985) (finding “elevated height constituted an ‘added risk’ of the employment”).
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master’s business.” Lawrence J. Pascal, Workers’ Compensation Practice in Virginia ¶ 2.401, at
58 (8th ed. 2011) (emphasis added).
The cases applying the street-risk doctrine represent a departure from traditional
principles. Statements in our opinions suggesting “the fact that the general public may be
exposed to the same risk is not dispositive,” post, at 12, originated in the street-risk cases. See
Lucas v. Lucas, 212 Va. 561, 186 S.E.2d 63 (1972); Immer & Co. v. Brosnahan, 207 Va. 720,
152 S.E.2d 254 (1967); Dreyfus v. Meade, 142 Va. 567, 129 S.E. 336 (1925).4 Extending the
reasoning of those cases outside their unique context implicates policy judgments best left for
legislative, not judicial, innovation. We thus decline the opportunity to extend the street-risk
exception to cases where, as here, the employee sustains injury eating at work.
C. THE COMMON AND UNPECULIAR QUESADILLA
Bernard’s quesadilla was neither a hazard nor a danger — it was simply a quesadilla. No
evidence suggested it had unusual properties or was made with defective ingredients. It could
not be distinguished (for purposes of presenting a choking risk) from any other quesadilla or, for
that matter, any food that requires chewing before swallowing.
Even if we could call a flawless quesadilla a “hazard” or a “danger,” Hill City Trucking,
238 Va. at 739, 385 S.E.2d at 379, we could hardly conclude it was one “peculiar” to TGIF and
“not common to the neighborhood” of quesadilla eaters, id. Nor could we say the risk of
Bernard choking on under-chewed food was something other than “a hazard to which the
4
In the few aberrational cases not involving street risks where such statements are made,
they are usually caveated by the requirement that there be a “peculiar or abnormal degree” of
risk. Honaker & Feeney v. Hartley, 140 Va. 1, 8-11, 124 S.E. 220, 222 (1924) (citing Cudahy
Packing Co. v. Parramore, 263 U.S. 418, 424 (1923) (“The fact that the accident happens upon a
public road or at a railroad crossing and that the danger is one to which the general public is
likewise exposed is not conclusive against the existence of such causal relationship, if the danger
be one to which the employee, by reason of and in connection with his employment, is subjected
peculiarly or to an abnormal degree.”)).
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workman would have been equally exposed apart from the employment.” Id. (emphasis in
original) (quoting Baggett & Meador Cos., 219 Va. at 638, 248 S.E.2d at 822). Only a court
applying the positional risk doctrine could hold otherwise.5
In sum, the commission correctly concluded Bernard’s choking injury occurred in the
course of his employment. TGIF provided the quesadilla, and Bernard tried to eat it to be a
better waiter. Even so, the commission was also right to conclude the injury did not arise out of
an actual risk of the employment. The quesadilla was not a hazard or danger, much less one
peculiar to TGIF. Swallowing partially chewed food was a risk Bernard faced equally on and off
the job. Nothing about the TGIF quesadilla or Bernard’s work environment increased that risk.6
Bernard’s argument to the contrary confuses the separate concepts of in-the-course-of and
arising-out-of, and in the process, invites us to apply de facto the positional risk doctrine. To do
5
See, e.g., Williams v. Indus. Comm’n, 232 N.E.2d 744, 745 (Ill. 1967) (choking on food
did not arise out of the employment); Rodin v. Indus. Comm’n, 738 N.E.2d 955, 960 (Ill. App.
Ct. 2000) (“[T]hat the claimant would not have consumed the food . . . had he not been ordered
to attend” does not mean his choking injury “arose out of his employment, as Illinois has never
adopted the positional risk doctrine.”); Smith v. Bob Evans Farms, Inc., 754 N.E.2d 18, 27 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2001) (holding the “fact that [decedent] was in the course of his employment when the
[choking] injury occurred is not sufficient” because his choking to death “did not arise out of his
employment”); Ind. Mich. Power Co. v. Roush, 706 N.E.2d 1110, 1115 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999)
(holding nothing about the employment “increased” claimant’s “risk of choking”); Klein v. Terra
Chem. Int’l, Inc., 286 A.2d 568, 572 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1972) (rejecting “positional risk” test
and finding claimant was not “exposed to any peculiar, special, or increased risk of choking on
his food, different from that encountered by the general public”), overruled by Mulready v. Univ.
Research Corp., 756 A.2d 575, 583 (Md. 2000) (adopting “substantially the positional-risk test”);
Bartlett v. Duke Univ., 200 S.E.2d 193, 195 (N.C. 1973) (holding choking on food “was the
same risk to which [claimant] would have been exposed had he been eating at home”); Forsythe
v. INCO, 384 S.E.2d 30, 32 (N.C. Ct. App. 1989) (holding employment “created no greater risk
of injury or death by choking than the risk one must take every time food is ingested”).
6
See Travelers Ins. Co. v. Majersky, 531 S.W.2d 765, 768-69 (Mo. Ct. App. 1975)
(affirming award because “it was the stress and tension of [claimant’s] particular assignment that
night and the haste in which he felt he was required to consume his meal which caused the
employee to lapse into the careless method of eating which caused him to choke to death” and
this involved a “different and greater risk” than he would ordinarily encounter apart from work).
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so would undermine “the distinction between arising ‘out of’ and arising ‘in the course of’
employment.” Johnson, 237 Va. at 186, 376 S.E.2d at 76.
III.
Because the commission correctly applied the actual risk test to the facts of this case, we
affirm its denial of Bernard’s compensation claim.
Affirmed.
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Frank, J., dissenting.
I respectfully dissent and would reverse the decision of the commission and remand for
further proceedings.
The facts are undisputed. Claimant worked for employee as a host/server. Part of his
work responsibilities was to make food recommendations to the guests. To that end, employer
periodically conducted food tasting demonstration programs to introduce staff to new menu
items. Staff would then be able to describe the taste to customers and to recommend the new
menu items. Claimant indicated these recommendations actually assist guests in selecting their
food.
Prior to the food demonstration, staff would be briefed on the ingredients, food
preparation, and what items accompany the selection. Staff would then taste whatever foods
they chose to eat. These tastings were at no cost to the employees and occurred while employees
were “on the clock.”
Browning Bridges, claimant’s supervisor, testified the food tasting activity was to
familiarize staff with the taste of new foods so they could explain those tastes to guests. Part of a
host/server’s employment responsibilities is to “sell the food.” While attendance at the food
tasting activities is mandatory, no employee is required to eat anything they do not want to eat.7
However, all host/servers are evaluated on the effectiveness of their recommendations to guests,
and failure to make such recommendations can result in counseling by management.8 Employer
7
Claimant had Crohn’s disease and was not able to eat certain foods. However,
claimant’s illness was not a causative factor in claimant’s injury. Employer stipulated choking
on the quesadilla was the cause of claimant’s injury, and the medical treatment the claimant
received was causally related to the choking.
8
While this program was initiated after claimant’s injury, claimant testified the standards
of evaluation fairly represented expectations at the time of the injury. Browning Bridges,
claimant’s supervisor, confirmed there was a “quality check” in place at the time of claimant’s
injury which included an employee’s performance in recommending foods to guests.
- 10 -
even employs “secret shoppers” to assess staff members’ performance, including
recommendations of menu items.
On January 4, 2010, during a food tasting demonstration, claimant tasted rice and then a
quesadilla. The quesadilla lodged in his throat and perforated his esophagus. Claimant was
taken to an emergency room and was diagnosed with esophageal perforation and collapsed lung.
He underwent emergency surgery.
The deputy commissioner found claimant’s injuries did not arise out of his employment.
The full commission affirmed, summarizing the deputy as follows:
The Deputy Commissioner analogized these cases to the cases of
employees traversing stairs and found that all of the foods in the
cited cases were unusual or defective. Finding that there was no
evidence of a defect in the quesadilla, he found that the act of
eating an employee meal, with no other factors involved, is not a
risk of the employment, and he denied the claim.
The commission concluded:
On [r]eview, we find that the claimant’s injury did not arise
out of a risk of his employment. In cases of injury due to food
provided by the employer, we have found compensable injuries
only when there was something unusual or abnormal about the
food, i.e. it was spicy, hot in temperature, or contained a hard
object. Here, there was no problem documented with the
quesadilla which became stuck in the claimant’s throat and caused
his injury. The claimant did not assert that it was something that
he should not eat because of his medical condition. The claimant
would have been equally exposed to any risk connected with eating
an ordinary quesadilla had he eaten it apart from his employment.
The question before this Court is whether an injury caused by claimant choking on food
supplied by employer during a food tasting demonstration arises out of the course of his
employment. When we are presented with “essentially undisputed facts,” as we are here, a de
novo standard of appellate review governs the question whether the injury satisfies the “actual
risk” test. Hilton v. Martin, 275 Va. 176, 180, 654 S.E.2d 572, 574 (2008) (characterizing the
“arising out of” issue as a “question of law” when the parties present undisputed facts).
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Under the Workers’ Compensation Act, an employee must prove by a preponderance of
the evidence that his injury arose “out of and in the course of [his] employment” to qualify for
compensation benefits. Code § 65.2-101; see also Marketing Profiles v. Hill, 17 Va. App. 431,
433, 437 S.E.2d 727, 729 (1993) (en banc).
The phrase “arising out of and in the course of the employment” covers those accidents
which cause injury to an employee while he is discharging some duty he is authorized to perform
in furtherance of his employer’s business, either directly or indirectly. Cohen v. Cohen’s Dep’t
Store, 171 Va. 106, 110, 198 S.E. 476, 477 (1938).
Virginia employs the “actual risk” test to determine whether an injury “arises out of” the
employment. Green Hand Nursery, Inc. v. Loveless, 55 Va. App. 134, 141, 684 S.E.2d 818, 822
(2009). The Supreme Court of Virginia has held that an injury is not compensable if it:
“cannot fairly be traced to the employment as a contributing
proximate cause and which comes from a hazard to which the
workmen would have been equally exposed apart from the
employment. The causative danger must be peculiar to the work
and not common to the neighborhood. It must be incidental to the
character of the business and not independent of the relation of
master and servant. It need not have been foreseen or expected,
but after the event it must appear to have had its origin in a risk
connected with the employment, and to have flowed from that
source as a rational consequence.”
Bradshaw v. Aronovitch, 170 Va. 329, 335, 196 S.E. 684, 686 (1938) (quoting In re McNicol,
102 N.E. 697, 697 (Mass. 1913)).
The commission found that claimant, by eating the quesadilla, would have been equally
exposed to such injury apart from his employment. Employer argues on appeal that claimant
faced a risk no different than a risk to which the general public is equally exposed.
However, in Green Hand Nursery we held “the fact that the general public may be
exposed to the same risk is not dispositive in the analysis of whether the injury arose out of the
employment.” 55 Va. App. at 144, 684 S.E.2d at 823.
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In Green Hand Nursery, claimant was struck by a vehicle while manually shutting off a
series of water sprinklers located twenty-seven feet from a highway. The sprinklers were located
in a display section of the nursery which was open to the nursery’s customers who could walk
among the plants. Claimant testified that her task of turning off the sprinklers “occupied” her
attention. Id. at 139, 684 S.E.2d at 820. When she heard car tires screech, she tried to move out
of the car’s path, but potted plants prevented her from retreating in a straight course toward the
trees. She had to jump a ditch, taking a less direct route. Id. at 139, 684 S.E.2d at 821.
This Court concluded in that case that claimant’s performance of her job increased the
risk of injury by diverting her attention from the danger of the approaching vehicle. Id. at 143,
684 S.E.2d at 823. We explained if the injury can ‘“fairly be traced to the employment as a
contributing proximate cause,”’ it matters not that the danger is common to the neighborhood.
Id. at 145, 684 S.E.2d at 823 (quoting R & T Invs. v. Johns, 228 Va. 249, 253, 321 S.E.2d 287,
290 (1984)).
Thus, our inquiry here is limited to whether there is a causal connection between the
choking injury and claimant’s work responsibilities. Is the injury fairly traceable to employment
as a contributing proximate cause? I conclude that it is and agree with the dissenting
commissioner.
Here the commission concluded that claimant’s injury was not compensable because
there was “no problem documented with the quesadilla” and that the claimant would have been
equally exposed to any risk associated with eating an ordinary quesadilla apart from his
employment. The commission explained that in “cases of injury due to food provided by the
employer, we have found compensable injuries only when there was something unusual or
abnormal about the food . . . .” However, the cases cited by the deputy and relied upon by the
commission do not support such a conclusion.
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In Pead v. Busara Restaurant, 00 WC UNP 1947693 (2000), cited in the commission’s
opinion, claimant ate a spicy meal prepared by employer for the employees, became ill, and was
treated for gastroenteritis. The employer prepared three meals daily for the employees, separate
from meals prepared for customers. In finding claimant’s injury arose in the course of
employment, the commission’s analysis was not based on the nature of the food, but on the fact
that employer provided the meals for employees before, during, and after their shift, and were
provided free of charge “which is a characteristic of the employment.”
Ellis v. American Airlines, Inc., 08 WC UNP 2320759 (2008), cited in the commission’s
opinion, involved claimant, a flight attendant, who was a passenger on employer’s plane
traveling to employer-sponsored training. During the flight, claimant purchased an on-board
candy snack. As claimant bit down, a hard object broke one of his teeth. In finding the injury
arose out of employment, the commission again did not analyze the nature of the object in the
snack, but on the fact that employer controlled what snacks were offered for purchase. The
claimant was limited to the on-board food/snacks offered by employer. “[Claimant] could not go
anywhere else to obtain food or snacks.”
The commission’s opinion also cites Caprio v. West Point School Board, 98 WC UNP
1894516 (1998), to support its finding. Again, this case fails to do so. Claimant, a school
teacher, broke a tooth while eating soup purchased from the school cafeteria. Claimant was
required by the school to remain on the school premises during lunch. The commission, in its
analysis, did not discuss the nature of the food that caused the injury, but only the circumstances
in which claimant ate the food. The commission concluded claimant consumed food provided
by employer and she was required to remain on the school premises. Under those facts, the
commission concluded claimant’s employment was a proximate cause of her injury.
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In each of the above cited cases, the commission analyzed not whether the food was
unusual or defective, but whether eating the food was characteristic of claimant’s employment.
As the Supreme Court of Virginia opined in Lucas v. Lucas, 212 Va. 561, 186 S.E.2d 63
(1972):
“If the voluntary act of an employee which causes an injury
is sufficiently related to what the employee is required to do in
fulfilling his contract of service, or is one in which someone in a
like capacity may or must do in the interest of his employer’s
business, the fact that the employee was not actually required to
perform the act will not impair his right to recover compensation.”
Id. at 564, 186 S.E.2d at 64 (quoting 7 Sneider, Workmen’s Compensation § 1662(a), at 264
(1945)).
Walking up or down stairs, or any walking, sitting, standing, bending, eating food or
drinking are ordinary occurrences of every job and are not risks unique to a particular job. In
cases involving stairs, “[i]t is well established that a fall does not arise out of the employment
without evidence of a defect in the stairs or evidence that a condition of the employment caused
the fall.” Grayson Sch. Bd. v. Cornett, 39 Va. App. 279, 287, 572 S.E.2d 505, 509 (2002)
(emphasis added). In those cases, the steps need not be unusual or defective for a fall to be
compensable. While an unusual or defective set of steps is a basis for compensation, those
factors are not exclusive. The defect or unusual condition of the steps is only relevant to
determine whether the causative danger is peculiar to the work and incidental to the character of
the business. United Parcel Service v. Fetterman, 230 Va. 257, 258, 336 S.E.2d 892, 893 (1985).
Clearly, the step cases do not exclude other conditions unique to that particular
employment. For example, in Marion Correctional Center v. Henderson, 20 Va. App. 477, 458
S.E.2d 301 (1995), a prison guard fell down steps in a prison because his attention was focused
on several inmates, not because of any defect or unusual condition of the step.
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We held:
Observation of the guard towers was one of the security functions
of his employment. The way in which he performed this aspect of
his job increased his risk of falling on this occasion and directly
contributed to cause his fall and injury. Cf. Fetterman, 230 Va. at
259, 336 S.E.2d at 893. He would not have been equally exposed
to the risk apart from his duty to observe the guard towers and
provide security at the facility. Cf. Bradshaw v. Aronovitch, 170
Va. 329, 335, 196 S.E. 684, 686 (1938). Henderson’s injury
occurred because of the performance of his job duties in a
particular manner. Therefore, the cause of the injury was not
“unrelated to any hazard common to the workplace.” Fetterman,
230 Va. at 259, 336 S.E.2d at 893.
Henderson, 20 Va. App. at 481, 458 S.E.2d at 303.
In the defective or unusual step cases, or in Henderson, the risks were unique to that
particular job, not activities common to all jobs.
The mere act of traversing a set of stairs, or climbing a ramp does not, by itself, involve a
work-related risk justifying compensation. Nurses 4 You, Inc. v. Ferris, 49 Va. App. 332, 341,
641 S.E.2d 129, 133 (2007). “Simple acts of walking, bending, or turning, without any other
contributing environmental factors, are not risks of employment.” Southside Virginia Training
Ctr. v. Ellis, 33 Va. App. 824, 829, 537 S.E.2d 35, 37 (2000). Accordingly, an injury does not
arise out of the employment “merely because it occurred during the performance of some
employment duty if the act performed by the employee is not a causative hazard of the
employment.” Ferris, 49 Va. App. at 341, 641 S.E.2d at 133. By way of example, if a
claimant’s job is to test the spacing of steps by walking up and down stairs, and suffers an injury
while doing so, we need not evaluate if the steps were defective or unusual because testing stairs
is not a normal occurrence of all jobs, but is a causative hazard of that particular employment.
Applying these principles to the facts presented here, I disagree with employer that
claimant’s consumption of the quesadilla was simply a “common, human experience” and
therefore not arising out of his employment. I conclude that sampling the quesadilla was a
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causative hazard of claimant’s employment because claimant was “discharging some duty he
[was] authorized or directed to perform” in furtherance of his employer’s business. Cohen, 171
Va. at 110, 198 S.E. at 477. Therefore, I need not discuss whether there was a defect in the food
he was consuming.
Here, claimant as a host/server, was evaluated partially on the manner in which he
recommended food to customers. The food tasting demonstration allowed employees to sample
new menu items so they could make these recommendations to customers. Part of the
host/server’s job function is to “sell the food.” Claimant’s tasting the quesadilla was to further
employer’s goal to “sell the food.” The briefing and the tasting enabled claimant to explain to
the customers the new menu items. Claimant’s food sampling fulfilled “his contract of service,”
was done in furthering employer’s business, and was incidental to claimant’s work as a
host/server. Clearly, claimant’s exposure to the quesadilla was occasioned by the nature of his
employment, thus satisfying the “actual risk” test. Green Hand Nursery, 55 Va. App. at 141, 684
S.E.2d at 822. As stated above, it is irrelevant that others outside the workplace might have been
exposed to the same injury.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent and would reverse the decision of the
commission denying claimant benefits and remand for entry of an award.
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