COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Elder and Senior Judge Willis
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
TIGEE EUGENE MILES
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 1771-10-1 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
SEPTEMBER 20, 2011
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
Walter J. Ford, Judge
Robert L. Wegman (The Law Office of Robert L. Wegman, P.L.C.,
on brief), for appellant.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Tigee Eugene Miles (appellant) challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
convictions for conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute and possession of cocaine
with intent to distribute. Specifically, he contends the Commonwealth’s evidence proves, at
most, a two-person drug transaction, which is insufficient to establish an agreement to sell
contraband. Appellant further argues his conviction for possession with intent to distribute
cocaine was based solely on the discredited testimony of the Commonwealth’s witnesses. We
hold (1) the evidence supports a finding that appellant conspired with a third party to distribute
cocaine to the buyer, and (2) the trial court did not err in resolving the inconsistencies in the
witnesses’ testimony in favor of the Commonwealth. Accordingly, we affirm appellant’s
convictions.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
I.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged on appeal, we “must discard all
evidence of the accused that conflicts with that of the Commonwealth and regard as true all
credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences reasonably deducible
therefrom.” Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 303, 429 S.E.2d 477, 479 (1993). “‘The
judgment of the trial court sitting without a jury is entitled to the same weight as a jury verdict
and will not be set aside unless it appears from the evidence that the judgment is plainly wrong
or without evidence to support it.’” Wilkins v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 293, 295, 443
S.E.2d 440, 442 (1994) (en banc) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358
S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)). “The weight which should be given to evidence and whether the
testimony of a witness is credible are questions which the fact finder must decide.” Bridgeman
v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 523, 528, 351 S.E.2d 598, 601 (1986).
A reviewing court does not “‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial
established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Stevens v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 234, 249,
616 S.E.2d 754, 761 (2005) (en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19, 99 S. Ct.
2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979)), aff’d, 272 Va. 481, 634 S.E.2d 305 (2006). Instead, we
ask only whether “‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Prieto v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 366, 401, 682 S.E.2d 910, 928
(2009) (quoting Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008)).
A.
CONSPIRACY
Appellant argues the Commonwealth’s evidence established, at most, “a two-party drug
sale,” which “does not constitute a conspiracy to distribute drugs because the transaction lacks
the essential element of an agreement between the two parties to commit a subsequent
-2-
distribution offense together.” In other words, appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to
support a finding that appellant entered into an agreement with another individual to distribute
cocaine. We disagree.
“Conspiracy is defined as ‘an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted
action to commit an offense.’” Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505, 297 S.E.2d 711,
713 (1982) (quoting Falden v. Commonwealth, 167 Va. 542, 544, 189 S.E. 326, 327 (1937)).
Without the essential element of an agreement, see Williams v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App.
912, 915, 407 S.E.2d 319, 321 (1991), “‘a defendant may wittingly aid a criminal act and be
liable as an aider and abettor, but not be liable for conspiracy[,]’” Zuniga v. Commonwealth, 7
Va. App. 523, 527, 375 S.E.2d 381, 384 (1988) (quoting United States v. Bright, 630 F.2d 804,
813 (5th Cir. 1980)). “In order to establish the existence of a conspiracy, as opposed to mere
aiding and abetting, the Commonwealth must prove ‘the additional element of preconcert and
connivance not necessarily inherent in the mere joint activity common to aiding and abetting.’”
Id. (quoting United States v. Peterson, 524 F.2d 167, 174 (4th Cir. 1975)).
“A conspiracy may be proved by circumstantial evidence.” Wright, 224 Va. at 505, 297
S.E.2d at 713. “Indeed, from the very nature of the offense, it often may be established only by
indirect and circumstantial evidence.” Floyd v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 575, 580, 249 S.E.2d
171, 174 (1978). However, when the Commonwealth relies upon circumstantial evidence, the
circumstances proved must be consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence.
Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 513, 578 S.E.2d 781, 785 (2003). “Circumstantial
evidence is not viewed in isolation. ‘While no single piece of evidence may be sufficient, the
combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient in itself, may
lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.’” Id. at 514, 578 S.E.2d at 786 (quoting Derr
v. Commonwealth, 242 Va. 413, 425, 410 S.E.2d 662, 669 (1991)).
-3-
In this case, the evidence supports the trial court’s finding that appellant and Christina
Harrell engaged in a coordinated effort to sell drugs to Bethsheba Smith. 1 Detective Dennis
Hammond testified that on October 19, 2009, he observed Smith and Harrell standing in front of
Room 101 of a local motel at which the police were conducting a drug and prostitution sting.
Smith approached Hammond and asked him “what did [he] need.” Smith instructed Hammond
to go to Room 111, “and my girl[, referring to Harrell,] will hook you up.” Smith further stated
Harrell was “out here working for the black guys, and she’ll get you anything you need.”
Hammond asked Smith what Harrell was selling, to which Smith responded, “Just give me $20,
and Harrell will hook you up with some crack.” Smith further mentioned “something about
heroin.” These statements support the inference that Smith and Harrell were working together to
secure customers to purchase cocaine.
The evidence further connects appellant to this scheme to sell drugs. As Hammond gave
Smith a twenty dollar bill, he observed appellant arrive at the motel and follow Harrell into
Room 111. Smith followed soon after. Hammond observed no other individuals enter or exit the
room. Within a few minutes, Smith exited Room 111 and entered Hammond’s vehicle. At that
point, Smith showed Hammond the crack cocaine. From this evidence, a fact finder could
reasonably infer that Smith assisted Harrell in finding customers willing to purchase cocaine that
appellant would supply. This evidence does not suggest a spontaneous plan to sell drugs.
Rather, the close timeframe and coordinated efforts of Smith, Harrell, and appellant supported
the reasonable inference that Harrell and appellant had a prearranged plan to sell cocaine. See
Merritt v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 542, 558-59, 704 S.E.2d 158, 167 (2011) (en banc)
(concluding that the defendant’s role in a “prearranged transaction” allowed the jury “to infer
1
This was the theory of the case the Commonwealth advanced at trial, arguing
appellant’s “conspiracy was clearly with Christina Harrell.”
-4-
that Merritt agreed with his companions to serve as the ‘muscle’ or ‘lookout’ in their plan to
transport ecstasy into the Commonwealth and possess it with the intent to distribute it”).
In addition, Harrell’s statements shortly after her arrest belie any suggestion that she was
an innocent bystander who was unconnected to the drug transaction. As the police officers
arrested Smith, Harrell exited Room 111 and walked toward a nearby restaurant. When the
police detained Harrell, Detective Jennifer Walker testified that she appeared “very nervous.”
Harrell informed the officers that she possessed cocaine inside her bra, which the officers
recovered. The officers took Harrell back to Room 111, and when appellant exited the room,
Harrell told appellant, “I didn’t tell them anything. I told them the stuff was mine and that I had
a habit.” Harrell’s attempt to conceal the arrangement to sell cocaine undermines her testimony
that she was merely present during the transaction and did not actually see the cocaine. The
evidence shows that appellant and Harrell “‘by their acts pursued the same object, one
performing one part and the other[] performing another part as to complete’” the sale of crack
cocaine to Smith. Charity v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 581, 586, 643 S.E.2d 503, 505 (2007)
(quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 73, 78, 390 S.E.2d 386, 388 (1990)).
B.
POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE
An individual violates Code § 18.2-248 when he “possesse[s] the controlled substance
contemporaneously with his intention to distribute that substance.” Stanley v. Commonwealth,
12 Va. App. 867, 869, 407 S.E.2d 13, 15 (1991). “The crime[] proscribed by Code § 18.2-248
. . . [is] completed when illegal substances are . . . possessed . . . by someone who has the intent
to distribute them.” Seke v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 318, 322, 482 S.E.2d 88, 90 (1997).
Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for possession of
cocaine with intent to distribute because the trial court discredited the testimony used to establish
-5-
the transaction. This argument rests primarily on appellant’s assertion that because the trial court
rejected portions of the testimony of Harrell and Smith, it must necessarily have rejected the
entirety of their testimony. However, “[i]n assessing witness credibility, the fact finder may
accept the parts of a witness’ testimony it finds believable and reject other parts as implausible.”
Moyer v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 8, 28, 531 S.E.2d 580, 590 (2000) (en banc). The
conclusions of the fact finder on issues of witness credibility “may only be disturbed on appeal if
this Court finds that [the witness’] . . . testimony was ‘inherently incredible, or so contrary to
human experience as to render it unworthy of belief.’” Robertson v. Commonwealth, 12
Va. App. 854, 858, 406 S.E.2d 417, 419 (1991) (quoting Fisher v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 296,
299-300, 321 S.E.2d 202, 204 (1984)).
After detaining Harrell, the officers obtained her consent to search Room 111 and
recovered several plastic bag corners containing crack cocaine. Simultaneously with Harrell’s
detention, the police detained appellant in Room 111. Pursuant to a consensual search of
appellant’s person, the officers recovered “a big wad of money” and a twenty dollar bill that was
separate from the rest of the bills in appellant’s pocket. The twenty dollar bill matched the serial
number of one of the bills Hammond had received as part of the operation. Appellant told the
officers the twenty dollar bill was not his and that he found it on the motel bed.
At appellant’s trial, Harrell testified that she was in a relationship with appellant on
October 9, 2009. She testified that Smith came to her room (Room 111) and entered directly
behind appellant. Harrell claimed that, from her vantage point, she could not tell whether
appellant actually gave Smith drugs, but she confirmed that he took a twenty dollar bill from
Smith. Smith testified she was employed as a housekeeper at the motel. She confirmed that
Hammond gave her twenty dollars to purchase cocaine. Smith testified that she entered Room
-6-
111 after Harrell and appellant and gave appellant the money. Smith testified that appellant gave
her the cocaine in return.
In assessing the credibility of the witnesses, the trial court noted “there’s a conflict in
[some of] the testimony . . . in the matter,” referring to the testimony of Smith and Harrell, but
“resolve[d] the conflict in favor of the police officers and their testimony.” Notwithstanding the
discredited portions of Harrell’s and Smith’s testimony, the evidence establishes Smith gave
appellant the twenty dollar bill she had received from Detective Hammond. In return, appellant
gave Smith the crack cocaine she intended to transmit to Hammond. When the police searched
appellant’s person, they recovered the twenty dollar bill Hammond had given to Smith.
Detective Jason Banks, who photocopied and memorized the bill’s serial number in order to
track it, confirmed this was the same twenty dollar bill Hammond had possessed. Smith’s
testimony, corroborated in part by Detective Banks’ testimony, provides direct evidence of
appellant’s possession of the cocaine and his intent to distribute it to Smith and, by extension, to
Hammond. The trial court was entitled to accept as true this incriminating evidence and yet still
find the remainder of Harrell’s and Smith’s testimony unbelievable. Accordingly, the evidence
is sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute.
II.
The evidence is sufficient to support the conclusion that appellant and Harrell had an
agreement to distribute crack cocaine to Smith and thus establishes the essential element of an
agreement needed to support a conviction for conspiracy. In addition, Smith’s testimony
supports appellant’s conviction for possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. For these
reasons, we affirm appellant’s convictions.
Affirmed.
-7-