COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Beales, Powell and Alston
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JOHN CALVIN TORIAN
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 0893-09-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
MAY 11, 2010
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HALIFAX COUNTY
Charles L. McCormick, III, Judge
Buddy A. Ward, Public Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on
brief), for appellant.
Karen Misbach, Assistant Attorney General II (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
John Calvin Torian (appellant) was convicted by the trial court of possession of a firearm by
a convicted felon, in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2. Appellant on appeal argues that the trial court
erred in rejecting his affirmative defense of good faith reliance brought under this Court’s opinion in
Miller v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 727, 492 S.E.2d 482 (1997), and, therefore, the evidence
was insufficient to support the conviction. For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On April 26, 2008, Investigators Clay and Womack responded to a call regarding a
domestic disturbance at appellant’s home. Appellant’s wife permitted the investigators to enter
the home, and a gun cabinet was observable in the hallway near the living room. Both
investigators could clearly see firearms on display through the cabinet’s glass. Appellant’s wife
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
indicated that appellant was a convicted felon, which the investigators confirmed after contacting
the police dispatcher.
After he was advised of his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966),
appellant indicated that the firearms on display in the gun cabinet were his, but claimed that his
probation officer had told him that he was allowed to have guns in his house. Investigator
Womack asked appellant where he kept the key to the gun cabinet. Appellant remarked that the
key was probably “on top of some [cupboard]” in the kitchen. However, the key to the gun
cabinet was actually on a ring of keys recovered from appellant’s pants pocket during a search
incident to arrest. The gun cabinet’s key was on the same key ring as the key to a four-wheel
vehicle that appellant owned. Appellant acknowledged charging this vehicle’s battery shortly
before the investigators arrived.
Unlocking the gun cabinet with the key recovered from appellant’s pants pocket, the
investigators recovered the following items from the gun cabinet: five shotguns, two rifles, and
one air rifle; a black bag containing three rounds of sixteen-gauge shotgun ammunition;
additional shotgun ammunition of varying types on the bottom of the cabinet; and a document
from the U.S. Treasury bearing appellant’s name and social security number. 1
At trial, appellant conceded that he had been convicted of several felonies in 1986, and
acknowledged that the firearms in the gun cabinet were his. He claimed that Donna Webb, his
probation officer at the time of his felonies, advised him that he could keep his firearms “as long
as I kept them locked up.” Webb did not testify at trial, and defense counsel told the trial court
that he was unable to locate her.
1
Prior to trial, the investigators test-fired a sixteen-gauge shotgun – one of the shotguns
recovered from the cabinet – with the corresponding ammunition. The firearm was operable.
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Jonathan Thackston, a Halifax County probation officer since 1999, testified during
appellant’s case-in-chief that the county probation office’s informal policy used to be that
convicted felons could own a firearm provided that they “had no access to it.” According to
Thackston, at that time the probation officers had told convicted felons that “[t]here could be a
firearm in your home if it’s in a safe, in a gun case, whatever, somewhere locked where you
don’t have the key, where you have no access to it.” (Emphasis added). On cross-examination,
Thackston indicated that, although convicted felons were advised that they could own firearms
under the then-existing policy, they were instructed not to possess the key to the safe or the gun
cabinet where the firearms were locked. 2
In his motion to strike, appellant argued that he was entitled to rely on Webb’s advice
that appellant could own firearms as long as he “kept them under lock and key.” The prosecutor
argued that appellant’s testimony concerning the content of Webb’s advice was not credible and
was inconsistent with Thackston’s testimony. “Here,” the prosecutor argued, “not only did the
defendant have a key [to the gun cabinet], he had the key on his person.” The trial court denied
appellant’s motion to strike and rejected his claim of good faith reliance on Webb’s advice. The
trial court found that “the best evidence really is what [Webb] told him is what the policy was at
the time. And that was stated by Mr. Thackston and . . . the key to this case is the key.”
II. ANALYSIS
When considering the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “a reviewing court does not
‘ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.’” Crowder v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 658, 663, 588 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2003)
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979)). “Viewing the evidence in the light
2
According to Thackston, under the probation office’s current policy, he now advises
convicted felons not “to be around” firearms at all and, therefore, to “treat a firearm like it’s a
bag of cocaine.”
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most favorable to the Commonwealth, as we must since it was the prevailing party in the trial
court,” Riner v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 296, 330, 601 S.E.2d 555, 574 (2004), “[w]e must
instead ask whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Crowder, 41 Va. App. at 663, 588 S.E.2d at 387 (quoting
Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003) (en banc)). See
also Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 437, 442, 657 S.E.2d 499, 502 (2008). “This familiar
standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319.
“[T]o prove a violation under the plain language of [Code § 18.2-308.2], the
Commonwealth must establish nothing more than that the defendant ‘has been convicted of a
felony’ and that he or she ‘knowingly and intentionally possessed . . . any firearm.’” Branch v.
Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 665, 669, 593 S.E.2d 835, 837 (2004) (quoting Code
§ 18.2-308.2). Appellant concedes that he was previously convicted of felonies and that the
firearms in the gun cabinet were his. However, he argues that his conviction under Code
§ 18.2-308.2 was contrary to the principles expressed by this Court in Miller because, he claims,
he relied on the advice of his probation officer in keeping his firearms “locked up.”
The affirmative defense of “good faith reliance” is available when “a defendant has
reasonably relied upon affirmative assurances that certain conduct is lawful, when those
assurances are given by a public officer or body charged by law with responsibility for defining
permissible conduct with respect to the offense at issue.” Miller, 25 Va. App. at 735, 492 S.E.2d
at 486-87. To successfully assert this due process defense, therefore, a defendant must prove
three elements:
1) that he was assured that the conduct giving rise to the conviction
was lawful; 2) that the assurance was given by a “government
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official,” i.e., “a public officer or body charged by law with
responsibility for defining permissible conduct with respect to the
offense at issue”; and 3) that, based on the totality of the
circumstances, reliance upon the advice was reasonable and in
good faith.
Branch, 42 Va. App. at 671, 593 S.E.2d at 837 (quoting Miller, 25 Va. App. at 738-39, 745, 492
S.E.2d at 488-89, 491).
As “it is the defendant’s burden” to satisfy the requirements of this affirmative defense,
Branch, 42 Va. App. at 671, 593 S.E.2d at 837, it was appellant’s burden at trial to establish, “as
a threshold matter, the legal sufficiency of the content and source of the information received.”
Miller, 25 Va. App. at 737, 492 S.E.2d at 487 (citation omitted). “With respect to content, the
defense is available only where the information upon which the defendant has relied is an
affirmative assurance that the conduct giving rise to the conviction is lawful.” Id. at 738, 492
S.E.2d at 487. “In the absence of such an affirmative assurance,” therefore, “the due process
concerns that the defense is designed to protect are not implicated, and the defense fails.”
Id. (citation omitted).
As a threshold matter, this Court’s opinion in Miller is inapplicable to the facts of this
case because, unlike here, the trial court in Miller believed the defendant’s testimony concerning
the content of the information he received. Id. at 731, 492 S.E.2d at 484. Here, although the trial
court apparently believed that appellant and Webb had a conversation concerning the firearms
appellant owned prior to his felony convictions, the trial court clearly did not believe appellant’s
testimony concerning the content of the information he received from Webb. See Rollston v.
Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 547, 399 S.E.2d 823, 830 (1991) (holding that the factfinder
is not required to accept a witness’ testimony, but instead is free to “rely on it in whole, in part,
or reject it completely”). Instead, the trial court credited the testimony of Thackston, a Halifax
County probation officer, who testified as appellant’s own witness. According to Thackston,
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convicted felons were advised under the probation office’s former policy that they could keep
firearms in their home – but only if they did not have access to the key used to lock the firearms.
After considering both appellant’s testimony and Thackston’s testimony, the trial court found
that Webb had informed appellant of the same policy that Thackston described at trial. 3
Therefore, because appellant failed to establish that Webb assured him that keeping
firearms in his home was lawful provided that he merely kept the firearms “locked up,” he failed
to establish the first element of a due process defense under Miller. See Branch, 42 Va. App. at
671, 593 S.E.2d at 837 (explaining that the first element of a due process defense under Miller is
establishing “that [the defendant] was assured that the conduct giving rise to the conviction was
lawful”). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in rejecting appellant’s affirmative defense.
Furthermore, the evidence at trial amply established that appellant possessed the key to
the gun cabinet. The key was retrieved from appellant during a proper search incident to arrest,
and it was attached to the same key ring that contained a key to a four-wheel vehicle, which
appellant had used shortly before the authorities arrived. The key to the gun cabinet, therefore,
was easily available to appellant.
“‘The law is well established that possession of the means to exercise dominion [and]
control over an item gives the possessor dominion [and] control over the item [itself].’” Wright
v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 266, 274, 670 S.E.2d 772, 776 (2009) (quoting Bell v.
Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 693, 698-99, 467 S.E.2d 289, 291-92 (1996) (holding that victim’s
possession of keys to vehicle placed her in possession or control of vehicle for purposes of
3
At oral argument before this Court, appellant’s counsel contended that Webb might
have conveyed to appellant an earlier policy than the policy described by Thackston. However,
the due process defense under Miller is an affirmative defense. When asserting an affirmative
defense, “the burden is on the defendant to present evidence establishing such defense to the
satisfaction of the fact finder.” Riley v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 467, 489, 675 S.E.2d 168, 175
(2009) (citing Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 760, 769, 274 S.E.2d 305, 310 (1981)). Here,
appellant clearly failed to satisfy this burden.
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carjacking statute, Code § 18.2-58.1). Appellant’s possession of the key to the gun cabinet
provided him with the means to exercise dominion and control over the firearms contained in the
gun cabinet. Moreover, in addition to the firearms and ammunition, a U.S. Treasury document
bearing appellant’s name was found in the gun cabinet. Appellant testified that, when he
purchased the gun cabinet in 2007, a friend moved the firearms from a locked box to the gun
cabinet. Appellant testified that the friend must have placed the U.S. Treasury document in the
gun cabinet as well. However, the trial court was not obligated to accept this explanation, and
the presence of appellant’s document inside the gun cabinet further supports the conclusion that
appellant had access to the contents inside the gun cabinet, including the firearms. See Byers v.
Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 174, 180, 554 S.E.2d 714, 716 (2001) (affirming the defendant’s
conviction for being a convicted felon in possession of a firearm when he had knowledge of the
firearm and its location and had access to it); cf. Birdsong v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 603,
606, 560 S.E.2d 468, 469 (2006) (noting, in holding that the defendant constructively possessed
contraband found in a safe, that the defendant’s papers were found in and on top of a dresser that
was positioned directly next to the safe in the defendant’s bedroom closet). Therefore, the
evidence was sufficient to find that appellant, a convicted felon, constructively possessed the
firearms in violation of Code § 18.2-308.2.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction for possession of a firearm by
a convicted felon.
Affirmed.
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John Calvin Torian v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Opinion