COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, McClahanan and Petty
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
MARCUS K. POTTS
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 2005-08-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
DECEMBER 15, 2009
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge
Joseph A. Sadighian, Senior Assistant Appellate Defender (Office of
the Appellate Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Benjamin H. Katz, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Marcus K. Potts, appellant, was convicted, in a bench trial, of possession of heroin with
the intent to distribute, in violation of Code § 18.2-248. On appeal, he contends the trial court
erred in denying his motion to suppress. He argues the trial court found that: (1) the police had
reasonable suspicion to detain appellant based on his flight in a high crime area; (2) appellant
had no standing to challenge his seizure when the police entered a third party’s residence; and
(3) the police did not violate appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights by following him into a
private residence. For the reasons stated, we reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
On August 1, 2007, Officer T.A. Thursby of the Portsmouth Police Department was one
of several police officers patrolling the Portside Manor Apartments, “an extremely high crime,
high narcotic sales area.” Thursby testified that his police unit had previously made “hundreds
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
of drug arrests” at that location and that he had personally made “numerous arrests” “involving
narcotics [and] firearms violations” there.
At approximately 9:00 p.m. on that date, Thursby and other officers drove into the
apartment complex in unmarked vehicles, displaying their badges around their necks and
wearing “duty belts.” As the officers pulled into the complex, Thursby saw appellant from a
distance of about fifty feet. Although the sun had already set at the time of the encounter, the
area was illuminated with artificial lighting.
Appellant “immediately took off” running toward the interior courts of the apartment
buildings. Thursby exited his car and chased after appellant, observing him enter the back door
of a particular apartment. Thursby followed appellant as other officers waited at the apartment’s
front door.
Officer Thursby testified that he believed appellant committed a crime because “[h]e just
took off running.” The officer opined appellant ran for a reason and “could have a firearm[,]”
although the officer never saw a firearm. Thursby admitted he saw no suspicious activity other
than the running.
After Thursby knocked on the back door for a few seconds, D.C., who later identified
herself as the leaseholder of the apartment, answered the door. Thursby was then able to look
into the apartment and observe appellant emerge from the living room. Thursby, believing that
appellant posed a danger to his safety, entered D.C.’s apartment and placed appellant in
handcuffs. Thursby had no permission to enter. Appellant admitted to Thursby that he resided at
3789 Augustine Circle. D.C. then consented 1 to a search of her apartment, after Thursby had
already entered the apartment.
1
The validity of D.C.’s consent is not before us.
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Subsequent to D.C.’s consent, another officer searched the apartment’s kitchen and
recovered heroin. Appellant acknowledged that the drugs belonged to him and later admitted
that he intended to sell the drugs.
D.C. testified she was unaware appellant entered her apartment, speculating her cousin
“probably let him in.” She did not see appellant until the police entered her home. She also
testified while appellant was not on her lease, he did live in the apartment. When advised
appellant gave a different address as his residence, D.C. indicated the Augustine Circle address
was appellant’s mother’s address.
In support of his motion to suppress, appellant argued to the trial court that appellant’s
flight in a high crime area does not provide reason to believe criminal activity is afoot. Without
reasonable suspicion, appellant contended, police were not permitted to seize appellant inside the
apartment. The Commonwealth’s attorney responded that headlong flight in a high crime area
does provide reasonable suspicion for a seizure to enable the police to “figure out what’s going
on.”
The trial court ruled that as soon as D.C. consented to the search, there was a lawful
seizure of the capsules containing heroin. Further, the trial court found, apparently based on
appellant’s flight, “that [appellant] engaged in conduct what I think would at least be
suspicious,” thus concluding that the police had reasonable suspicion to seize appellant inside the
house.
This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Seizure of Appellant
Appellant contends the officers violated his Fourth Amendment rights by seizing him
without any reasonable articulable suspicion that he was engaged in criminal activity.
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When reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “we are bound by the trial
court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without evidence to support them and
we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law
enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 198, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261
(1997) (en banc) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)). The burden is on
the appellant to show that the denial of his suppression motion, when the evidence is considered
in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, was reversible error. McCain v.
Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 489-90, 545 S.E.2d 541, 545 (2001). “‘Ultimate questions of
reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless search’” involve questions of
both law and fact and are reviewed de novo on appeal. McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d
at 261 (quoting Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 691).
Whether the Fourth Amendment has been violated is a question to be determined from all
the circumstances. McCain v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 546, 552, 659 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2008).
Review of the existence of probable cause or reasonable suspicion involves application of an
objective rather than a subjective standard. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968).
Under well-settled principles of law, police officers may stop a person for the purpose of
investigating possible criminal behavior even though no probable cause exists for an arrest. Id.
at 22. A stop is permissible so long as the officer has reasonable, articulable suspicion that
criminal activity may be afoot. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989). To establish
reasonable suspicion, an officer must be able to articulate more than an unparticularized
suspicion or “hunch” that criminal activity is afoot. Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 123-24
(2000). The character of the location and the time at which a person is observed are relevant
factors, but they do not supply a particularized and objective basis for suspecting criminal
activity on the part of the particular person stopped. Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 51-52 (1979).
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“It is well established that whether reasonable suspicion ‘exists to warrant an
investigatory stop is determined by the totality of the circumstances.’” Gregory v.
Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 100, 107, 468 S.E.2d 117, 121 (1996) (quoting Smith v.
Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1100, 1103, 407 S.E.2d 49, 51 (1991)). Some of the circumstances
this Court has considered include “an obvious attempt to avoid officers,” Williams v.
Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 67, 354 S.E.2d 79, 87 (1987), the “defendant’s presence in a
high crime area,” Brown v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 232, 235 n.1, 421 S.E.2d 911, 912 n.1
(1992), and any “furtive movements and suspicious conduct” of the accused, Purdie v.
Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 178, 186, 549 S.E.2d 33, 37 (2001).
In Wardlow, the Supreme Court noted that the characteristics of the area and the
defendant’s conduct, including his unprovoked flight, justified the stop and further investigation.
In that case, a group of officers arrived in an area known for its drug activity in order to
investigate suspected narcotic transactions. 528 U.S. at 121. The officers expected to find “a
crowd of people in the area, including lookouts and customers.” Id. When they arrived, the
officers observed Wardlow standing next to a building “holding an opaque bag.” Id. at 122.
Immediately upon seeing the officers, Wardlow turned and ran “through the gangway and an
alley . . . .” Id. Finding that the stop was supported by reasonable suspicion, the Supreme Court
held that “nervous, evasive behavior is a pertinent factor in determining reasonable suspicion.
Headlong flight — wherever it occurs — is the consummate act of evasion: it is not necessarily
indicative of wrongdoing, but it is certainly suggestive of such.” Id. at 124. The Court also
observed that it was “not merely respondent’s presence in an area of heavy narcotics trafficking
that aroused the officers’ suspicion, but his unprovoked flight upon noticing the police.” Id.
(emphasis added).
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Unlike the facts in Wardlow, the officers in this case were on a routine patrol, not
targeting participants in a drug transaction at a specific location where drug transactions were
known to frequently occur. Furthermore, appellant carried no item, such as the opaque bag in
Wardlow, which together with the other circumstances, would objectively indicate his
involvement in criminal activity. Most importantly, this record does not establish that appellant
realized the occupants of the unmarked cars were police officers. Although the officers wore
badges and “duty belts,” they were seated in unmarked vehicles at a distance of fifty feet from
appellant. 2
The Commonwealth attempts to distinguish the facts here from those presented in Jones
v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 171, 670 S.E.2d 31 (2008). There, police were on routine patrol
in a “very high crime” area in Norfolk. Id. at 175, 670 S.E.2d at 33. The officers observed Jones
and others standing on a grassy area near the sidewalk. Id. One officer approached the men, but
did not observe anyone engaging in criminal activity. Id. Jones’ demeanor changed, and he
began to walk “briskly” towards a townhouse. Id. The officer stopped him and recovered
contraband. Id. This Court concluded that the totality of the circumstances surrounding the stop
did not support a finding of reasonable suspicion. Id. at 180, 670 S.E.2d at 35. We underscored
that “mere presence in a ‘high crime area’ is insufficient as a matter of law to provide reasonable
suspicion for an investigative stop under Terry.” Id. at 179, 670 S.E.2d at 35. We find no
meaningful distinction between the facts of Jones and the facts in the record before us.
In Whitfield v. Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 576 S.E.2d 463 (2003), the Supreme Court
found officers did not violate appellant’s Fourth Amendment rights when they apprehended him
after he took flight. There, a police officer observed Whitfield in the early morning hours
2
When asked if the sun had set when he first saw appellant, Officer Thursby responded
“Absolutely.” He also noted that there was “artificial lighting” in the vicinity.
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apparently trespassing on private property in an area “notorious for crime problems.” Id. at 362,
576 S.E.2d at 465. When the officer aimed the spotlight of his marked police vehicle toward
defendant, Whitfield ran. Id. When he could not escape over a high fence, he was detained. Id.
Citing Wardlow, the Supreme Court of Virginia held that “[t]he characteristics of the area and
the defendant’s conduct, including his unprovoked flight, justified the stop, and further
investigation.” Id.
Whitfield is clearly distinguishable from this case on its facts, as Whitfield was suspected
of trespassing on private property at 3:30 a.m. Clearly the suspicion of trespassing, coupled with
the time of night and the high crime area, supplied the necessary elements for the police in that
case to properly detain Whitfield.
Thursby did not testify that he witnessed any criminal activity, that appellant recognized
him as a police officer, or that appellant ever saw the police vehicle. There is no testimony in the
record before us that appellant looked in the direction of the vehicle, nor is there evidence that
the officers’ badges and “duty belts” were visible to appellant. Appellant merely happened to be
at the scene and fled. Based on the record before us, Thursby did not possess specific and
articulable facts sufficient to support an inference of criminal activity to provide him with
reasonable suspicion to seize appellant.
Under the facts of this record, we decline to find that appellant was properly detained
based solely upon evidence that he was seen running in a high crime area. Indeed, “[a] person’s
Fourth Amendment rights are not lessened simply because he or she happens to live or travel in a
‘high crime’ area.” McCain, 275 Va. at 553, 659 S.E.2d at 516.
We find that appellant was detained in violation of his Fourth Amendment rights. To that
end, we hold that the statements regarding the heroin found in the apartment were not admissible
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at trial. 3 Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 485-88 (1963). We note that the heroin was
found as a result of the search of D.C.’s apartment, with her consent, and not as a result of
appellant’s illegal detention. In his brief, appellant does not argue that he has standing to
challenge the search of the apartment; he maintains he has standing to challenge his own seizure
and the use of his statements at trial. Therefore, our holding is limited to suppression of
appellant’s statements. 4
Because we find that appellant’s seizure was unlawful, we need not consider the
lawfulness of the officer’s entry into the residence. Therefore, we do not address appellant’s
remaining questions presented.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find that the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion
to suppress as it applies to his statements. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court and remand for
further proceedings if the Commonwealth be so advised.
Reversed and remanded.
3
The Commonwealth maintains that appellant’s argument regarding suppression of any
statements made while in D.C.’s apartment is defaulted because appellant never argued
suppression of statements to the trial court. A review of the record indicates that appellant did,
in fact, argue to the trial court that his statements should be suppressed. Initially, appellant asked
the trial court to suppress “anything that flow[ed]” from the seizure of appellant, and then
objected to Officer Arzolla testifying to any statement appellant made to the officer. We find
appellant preserved this issue for appellate review. Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299,
308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998); Rule 5A:18.
4
We do not address whether appellant’s statements to police after the Fourth Amendment
violation were an ‘“act of free will unaffected by the initial illegality”’ and therefore admissible
pursuant to the criteria set forth in Rawlings v. Kentucky, 448 U.S. 98, 107 (1980) (quoting
Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603 (1975)), as this argument was never advanced by the
Commonwealth on brief or at oral argument.
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