COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judge Frank and Senior Judge Bumgardner
Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia
WILLIAM GEROID REID
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 2162-08-1 CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR.
JULY 14, 2009
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS
David F. Pugh, Judge
(Sherman C. Smith, Assistant Public Defender; Office of the Public
Defender, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (William C. Mims,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Following a jury trial, William Reid (“appellant”) was convicted of driving under the
influence of alcohol (DUI) in violation of Code § 18.2-266, and reckless driving in violation of
Code § 46.2-862. 1 On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting testimony that
he “was offered a preliminary breath test, and, following his arrest, a breath test.”
As the parties are familiar with the record below, we cite only those facts necessary to the
disposition of the appeal.
I.
The facts are not in dispute. 2 On December 15, 2007, Officer M.E. Scott of the Newport
News Police Department observed appellant drive past his marked police vehicle at a high rate of
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Appellant’s reckless driving conviction is not before us on appeal.
2
The record contains a statement of facts from appellant’s trial, certified by the trial court
pursuant to Rule 5A:8.
speed. Officer Scott activated his front radar and clocked appellant’s speed, in three different
speed zones over a distance of approximately one and one-half miles, at 58 miles per hour in a
45 miles-per-hour zone, 68 miles per hour in a 35 miles-per-hour construction zone, and at 77
miles per hour in a 45 miles-per-hour zone. As appellant continued to accelerate the speed of his
vehicle, he was changing lanes to pass slower-moving traffic.
When Officer Scott stopped appellant for speeding, he noticed “an odor of alcohol about
[appellant’s] breath and that [he] had red and glassy eyes and slurred speech.” Appellant told
Scott that he “had a high school education, was not taking any medications and suffered from no
medical or physical disabilities . . . . ” Appellant agreed to participate in field sobriety tests.
Appellant completed one of the tests, but failed others. He refused to perform the “one
legged stand” and “walk and turn” tests, stating he could not perform the tests “because his legs
were shaking.” Based on his observation of appellant’s driving, his physical appearance, his
inability to perform some of the field sobriety tests, and his refusal to take others, Officer Scott
arrested appellant for reckless driving and DUI.
At trial, appellant entered pleas of not guilty to DUI and reckless driving, and demanded
a trial by jury. The Commonwealth asked the trial court in a motion in limine to rule “whether
testimony that [appellant] had been offered a breath test was admissible.” Appellant objected to
the proffered testimony, arguing it was inadmissible pursuant to Code § 18.2-268.10. “The trial
court ruled the evidence that a test was offered would be permitted, but directed the granting of a
limiting instruction” as to the use of that evidence.
Officer Scott testified concerning the circumstances of appellant’s arrest, and stated “that
[he] was offered a preliminary breath test, and, following his arrest, a breath test.” Appellant
presented no evidence.
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Consistent with the trial court’s pretrial ruling, the Commonwealth offered Instruction 6,
which provided that the jury was “not to infer anything from the fact that a preliminary breath
test and a breath or blood test were offered to the defendant.” The record reflects that the trial
court marked Instruction 6 as “Granted.” However, Instruction 6 “was ultimately rejected by the
defense,” and “withdrawn.”
The jury found appellant guilty of DUI and reckless driving. It fixed his punishment for
the DUI conviction at a fine of $1,500, and his punishment for the reckless driving conviction at
a fine of $1,000.
II.
On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred by admitting evidence that he was
offered breath tests. The Commonwealth, citing Code § 18.2-267(C) and (E), and Code
§ 18.2-268.10, concedes that the trial court erred in admitting Officer Scott’s testimony “that he
offered [appellant] a preliminary breath test and a post-arrest breath test,” but contends that any
error in admitting that evidence was harmless. We agree. 3
Trial court “error does not require reversal if we determine the error was harmless.” Epps
v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 687, 708-09, 626 S.E.2d 912, 922 (2006) (en banc) (citing
Lavinder v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1003, 1005, 407 S.E.2d 910, 911 (1991) (en banc)),
aff’d, 273 Va. 410, 641 S.E.2d 77 (2007). An error is harmless “[w]hen it plainly appears from
the record and the evidence given at the trial that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits
and substantial justice has been reached . . . . ” Code § 8.01-678. “In a criminal case, it is
implicit that, in order to determine whether there has been a fair trial on the merits and whether
substantial justice has been reached, a reviewing court must decide whether the alleged error
3
We note that we are not bound by a party’s concession of law. See Epps v.
Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 687, 703, 626 S.E.2d 912, 919 (2006) (en banc), aff’d, 273 Va.
410, 641 S.E.2d 77 (2007).
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substantially influenced the jury. If it did not, the error is harmless.” Clay v. Commonwealth,
262 Va. 253, 259, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001).
Whether an accused drove a car while intoxicated may
“be determined from all of the evidence of his condition at the time
of the alleged offense.” Brooks v. City of Newport News, 224 Va.
311, 315, 295 S.E.2d 801, 804 (1982). In considering the totality
of the circumstances surrounding his condition, the Court may be
guided by the statutory definition of intoxication. See id. at 316,
295 S.E.2d at 804. “‘Intoxicated’ means a condition in which a
person has drunk enough alcoholic beverages to observably affect
his manner, disposition, speech, muscular movement, general
appearance or behavior.” Code § 4.1-100.
Leake v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 101, 109-10, 497 S.E.2d 522, 526 (1998).
We conclude from this record on appeal that the trial court’s error in admitting evidence
that appellant was offered breath tests was harmless, as there was overwhelming evidence he
drove while intoxicated. The evidence at trial proved that appellant drove his car at a reckless
speed and that, when stopped, he had “an odor of alcohol about [his] breath,” “red and glassy
eyes,” and “slurred speech,” and performed poorly on field sobriety tests.
From the totality of the evidence heard by the jury, excluding the officer’s testimony that
he offered breath tests to appellant, we conclude the trial court’s error in admitting evidence that
appellant was offered breath tests was harmless error. See Clay, 262 Va. at 261, 546 S.E.2d at
732. Accordingly we affirm appellant’s DUI conviction.
Affirmed.
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William Geroid Reid v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Opinion