COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Beales and Powell
LYNN MICHELLE FAVORS
MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v. Record No. 2309-08-1 PER CURIAM
MARCH 17, 2009
DENNIS MICHAEL FAVORS
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON
Wilford Taylor, Jr., Judge
(Frederic L. Moschel; Lisa A. Mallory; Moschel & Clancy, P.L.L.C.,
on brief), for appellant.
(Kenneth B. Murov, on brief), for appellee.
Lynn Michelle Favors (wife) appeals from the final decree of divorce entered by the trial
court on August 26, 2008. Wife argues that the trial court erred by (1) imputing $23,800 in annual
income to her; (2) basing the spousal support award on Dennis Michael Favors’s (husband) reported
monthly income and expenses, which wife argues were inaccurate; (3) awarding wife only $833 per
month in spousal support; and (4) awarding only $3,000 in attorney’s fees to wife. Wife also seeks
her attorney’s fees and costs incurred in this appeal. Upon reviewing the record and briefs of the
parties, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we summarily affirm the
decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.
BACKGROUND
Husband and wife married on March 22, 1984, separated in July 2003, and divorced on
August 26, 2008. There were no children born of the marriage.
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
From the beginning of the marriage until approximately 1992 or 1993, wife worked outside
of the home. Her last job was as an administrative assistant. She left her job because the problems
in her marriage affected her work performance. After approximately one year, she returned to work
for a short time. Then, she stayed out of the work force; however, she helped her husband with his
businesses and managed the parties’ rental properties from the early 1990s until July 2003, when the
parties separated.
During the marriage and separation, wife was active in her church. She regularly attended
church meetings two to three times per week, and she participated in door-to-door home visits.
In 1999, wife went to her primary care physician for fatigue. Subsequently, wife was
diagnosed with Epstein-Barr Virus syndrome, chronic mononucleosis syndrome (CMS),
sarcoidosis, restrictive lung disease, and depression.
In June 2007, husband filed a bill of complaint for divorce, and in July 2007, wife filed an
answer and cross-complaint.
In July 2007, wife went to the Hampton-Newport News Community Service Board, where
she saw a therapist and psychiatrist. She discussed with them her marital situation and its stress on
her life.
On September 4, 2007, the trial court entered a pendente lite order, awarding temporary
spousal support to wife.
The trial court heard testimony and evidence in this matter over three days: April 14, 2008,
April 23, 2008, and July 11, 2008. Wife presented evidence regarding her physical and mental
condition, and husband presented evidence of wife’s ability to work. The trial court imputed
income to wife and awarded her $883 per month in spousal support. The trial court also awarded
wife $3,000 in attorney’s fees. Wife timely noted her appeal.
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ANALYSIS
“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”
Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 834 (2003).
Imputing income to wife
Wife argues that that the trial court erred by imputing $23,800 annual income to her.
“The decision to impute income is within the sound discretion of the trial court and its
refusal to impute income will not be reversed unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the
evidence.” Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 102, 515 S.E.2d 780, 784 (1999).
In setting or modifying spousal support or child support, a court
may impute income to a party voluntarily unemployed or
underemployed. See Calvert v. Calvert, 18 Va. App. 781, 784, 447
S.E.2d 875, 876 (1994); Stubblebine v. Stubblebine, 22 Va. App.
703, 710, 473 S.E.2d 72, 75 (1996) (en banc). Whether a person is
voluntarily unemployed or underemployed is a factual
determination. In evaluating a request to impute income, the trial
court must “consider the [parties’] earning capacity, financial
resources, education and training, ability to secure such education
and training, and other factors relevant to the equities of the
parents and the children.” Niemiec v. Commonwealth, 27
Va. App. 446, 451, 499 S.E.2d 576, 579 (1998).
Id. at 102, 515 S.E.2d at 783-84.
“The party seeking the imputation is required to present evidence ‘sufficient to enable the
trial judge reasonably to project what amount [of income] could be anticipated.’” McKee v.
McKee, 52 Va. App. 482, 491, 664 S.E.2d 505, 510 (2008) (en banc) (quoting Joynes v. Payne,
36 Va. App. 401, 421, 551 S.E.2d 10, 20 (2001)).
Here, husband’s vocational expert, Peder Melberg, testified about wife’s employment
options doing light or sedentary work. Melberg met with wife for a diagnostic vocational
interview. He reviewed her work history, her hobbies, and activities. He also reviewed her
medical and psychiatric history. Melberg testified, “If, indeed, the vocational consequences of
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her medical impairments are mild and would not limit her from being in the workplace on a daily
basis, then I would find her to be employable.” Melberg also noted that wife’s symptoms and
conditions are subjective. Melberg concluded that wife had transferable skills and an earning
capacity of $19,800 to $23,800. In his report, Melberg cites to her August 2, 2007 psychiatric
evaluation where wife told the psychiatrist that she “does not want to work as she wants to
remain active in her church.”
Wife presented evidence regarding her physical and mental condition. Her primary care
physician, Dr. Alvin Bryant, testified about wife’s condition. Dr. Bryant initially saw wife in
1999, and then saw her just a few times over the next nine years. Dr. Bryant opined that “if she
was properly motivated . . . , I would think that she would be able to do some light work. . . . But
from a psychological standpoint, . . . she’s not mentally and emotionally capable of working
[because of her depression].” Dr. Bryant had referred her to a psychologist in 2004, and wife
met with the psychologist but did not follow his recommendation of seeking psychotherapy.
Dr. Bryant was unaware that she had gone to the Hampton-Newport News Community Service
Board. Dr. Bryant also was unaware that even though wife had depression as far back as 1990 due
to problems with her marriage, she continued to work during that time.
Wife’s psychiatrist, Dr. Mukesh Shah, testified about her mental condition. Dr. Shah
initially met wife in August 2007 for treatment of depression. Dr. Shah concluded that wife was
unable to work because of her depression. The stressors exacerbating her depression were her
diagnosis of sarcoidosis and her marital issues. She repeatedly told Dr. Shah that she was depressed
because of her ongoing marital problems. Dr. Shah admitted that her stress would be less once the
divorce was final. On October 23, 2007, she asked Dr. Shah to put in his notes that her sarcoidosis
affects her energy because, according to Dr. Shah’s notes, “[s]he wanted me to document this so she
can use it in court when the Judge asks her why she is not working.”
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Wife’s therapist, William H. Yelverton, also testified about wife’s mental condition.
Yelverton testified that wife reported that she was depressed because of her marital problems and
pain from her physical problems.
Wife argues that the trial court “put tremendous weight” on Melberg’s testimony, instead
of the testimony of her doctors and her therapist.
[T]he fact finder is not required to accept the testimony of
an expert witness merely because he or she has qualified as an
expert. McLane v. Commonwealth, 202 Va. 197, 205-06, 116
S.E.2d 274, 281 (1960). In determining the weight to be given the
testimony of an expert witness, the fact finder may consider the
basis for the expert’s opinion. Gilbert v. Summers, 240 Va. 155,
393 S.E.2d 213 (1990).
Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668-69 (1997) (en banc).
Here, the evidence supports the trial court’s reliance on Melberg’s testimony. Dr. Bryant
stated that wife could perform light and sedentary work. Wife initially went to Dr. Shah and
Yelverton because of her marital problems. Dr. Shah admitted that when the divorce proceedings
concluded, wife’s stress would be less. The trial court found Melberg’s testimony credible and
concluded that she was employable.
Wife next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in immediately imputing income
to her. Wife argues that McKee, 52 Va. App. at 490, 664 S.E.2d at 509, controls in this matter
and that wife should have had reasonable time to find employment before the judge imputed
income to her. However, unlike Ms. McKee, wife does not have three children at home, and
wife had been separated from husband for approximately five years when the trial court made its
final ruling. Wife had the opportunity to address her mental health issues in 2004 when
Dr. Bryant referred her to a psychologist, but she chose not to do so until 2007. Dr. Shah
testified that she would have benefited from psychological services during that time period.
Wife had been helping husband with his business until they separated, and wife was actively
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involved with her church during the separation. Wife told Dr. Shah that she did not want to work
because she wanted to continue her church activities. Wife had a reasonable time to find
employment during the separation. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in choosing an
immediate effective date for the spousal support.
Husband’s income and expenses
Wife argues that the trial court erred in determining spousal support based on husband’s
reported income and expenses. Wife argues that husband’s expenses were inflated and his
income was minimized.
Husband owned several businesses. Wife argues that his company pays for part of his
personal expenses. She also contends that he did not accurately report his income. However, the
trial court found that most of husband’s property was in debt and that he did not have the
financial resources that wife argued that he had.
The trial court adopted husband’s explanation of his income and expenses. “It is well
established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be
given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.”
Street, 25 Va. App. at 387, 488 S.E.2d at 668 (citation omitted).
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in adopting husband’s income and expenses to
determine spousal support.
Amount of spousal support
Wife argues that the trial court abused its discretion in only awarding her $833 per month
in spousal support.
A trial court has broad discretion in awarding spousal support, and its ruling will not be
overturned unless there is an abuse of discretion. Brooks v. Brooks, 27 Va. App. 314, 317, 498
S.E.2d 461, 463 (1998) (citations omitted).
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[T]he trial court must consider all the factors enumerated in Code
20-107.1(E) when fashioning its award, but it is not “required to
quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has
given to each of the statutory factors.” Woolley v. Woolley, 3
Va. App. 337, 345, 349 S.E.2d 422, 426 (1986). . . . Where that
evidentiary foundation exists and the record discloses that the trial
court “has given due consideration to each of [the statutory]
factors,” we will not disturb its determination as to spousal support
on appeal.
Miller v. Cox, 44 Va. App. 674, 679, 607 S.E.2d 126, 128 (2005).
The trial court explained its spousal support award by making specific findings according
to the factors in Code § 20-107.1. The trial court spent considerable time explaining its spousal
support award based on wife’s physical and mental conditions and her earning capacity. The
trial court also discussed husband’s income and expenses, the standard of living, the duration of
the marriage, the contributions of the parties to the well-being of the family, the parties’ property
interests, and the equitable distribution award.
Therefore, the court properly considered the factors in Code § 20-107.1(E) and did not
abuse its discretion in awarding wife $833 per month in spousal support.
Attorney’s fees
First, wife argues that the trial court erred by only awarding her $3,000 in attorney’s fees.
“‘[A]n award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion
and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.’” Richardson v. Richardson, 30
Va. App. 341, 351, 516 S.E.2d 726, 731 (1999) (quoting Graves v. Graves, 4 Va. App. 326, 333,
357 S.E.2d 554, 558 (1987)). “[T]he key to a proper award of counsel fees [is] reasonableness
under all of the circumstances revealed by the record.” McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App. 272,
277, 338 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1985).
Wife presented evidence that her attorney’s fees were $16,692.50. Husband presented
evidence that his attorney’s fees were approximately $10,000; however, he incurred additional
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expenses with his previous attorney. When the trial court made the $3,000 award, it commented,
“Those are not all. I realize that. But it’s going to be toward her expenses. . . . Because she did
prevail on the alimony issue.”
Considering the circumstances in this matter, the award of attorney’s fees is reasonable,
and the trial court did not abuse its discretion.
Both parties request attorney’s fees and costs incurred in this appeal. See O’Loughlin v.
O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Since husband has prevailed
in this appeal, we deny wife’s request for attorney’s fees. Rogers v. Rogers, 51 Va. App. 261,
274, 656 S.E.2d 436, 442 (2008). Moreover, although husband prevailed, he offers no reason to
require wife to pay any of his appellate expenses. In addition, nothing in the record indicates
wife “generated unnecessary delay or expense in pursuit of [her] interests.” Estate of Hackler v.
Hackler, 44 Va. App. 51, 75, 602 S.E.2d 426, 438 (2004). Therefore, we also deny husband’s
request.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s rulings on imputing income to wife, husband’s income and expenses, the
amount of the spousal support award, and the attorney’s fees award are summarily affirmed. Rule
5A:27.
Affirmed.
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