COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Senior Judge Annunziata
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
WALKER J. TACKETT
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 0145-08-2 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA
FEBRUARY 24, 2009
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Clarence N. Jenkins, Jr., Judge
James L. McLemore, IV, for appellant.
Erin M. Kulpa, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Walker J. Tackett (appellant) contends the trial court erred in determining that the evidence
was sufficient to support his conviction for grand larceny of copper wire. Specifically, appellant
contends (a) the Commonwealth’s evidence was not sufficient to prove he was the person who stole
the wire and (b) the value of the goods was not adequately proven. We disagree and affirm
appellant’s conviction.
BACKGROUND
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth, 26
Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438,
443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
So viewed, the evidence showed that Shannon Donovan, owner of FDI Contracting and
Shawn Donovan LLC, hired subcontractors who often worked on the properties Donovan owned.
The appellant, a tenant in one of Donovan’s apartment buildings, was one of the subcontractors
Donovan hired to perform electrical work at his property located at 1529 West Cary Street between
December 25, 2006 and January 1, 2007.
Donovan gave appellant access to a side door that provided entry to the property from a
public sidewalk. The door led to a room containing locked electrical panel boxes for the building.
The panel box containing copper wire later found missing was secured by a four-digit combination
lock. Donovan testified that only he, appellant, and Virginia Power had access to the panel boxes,
and only he and appellant knew the code to the lock. 1 Moreover, Virginia Power always contacted
Donovan before attempting to gain access.
After inspecting the Cary Street property’s electrical wiring, appellant suggested
disconnecting a high-voltage wire to solve the electrical problems Donovan had described. The
high-voltage wire originated at the “Virginia Power pole, the transformer,” and ran through an
outside conduit, or pipe, that was attached to the building. The conduit was twenty-five feet long
and required the use of a ladder to gain access to the pole and the top of the conduit. The wires
running through the conduit terminated inside the room containing the electrical panel boxes.
Donovan authorized the work appellant suggested, and appellant began the project. Donovan left
the property shortly thereafter.
When Donovan returned to the property later that day, he observed appellant on a ladder
using a hacksaw to cut through a large wire attached to the transformer. He asked appellant if it was
1
Although Donovan initially testified that Virginia Power knew the combination to the
lock, he later retracted that statement, testifying that the last time Virginia Power contacted him
for access to the panel box, he met the technician at the building and let him in the room.
Donovan testified, “I don’t think I have given out the combination to anybody, except
[appellant],” and Virginia Power “would call [him] to get access.”
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safe to do such work, and appellant replied that it was. Appellant explained he was temporarily
disconnecting the wire at the pole before disconnecting it at the panel box. Donovan accepted
appellant’s explanation. He later asked appellant to close metal cover plates that were hanging over
the outside of the building near the conduit through which the wire from the transformer extended.
Appellant advised he would close them later. After observing appellant at work for some time,
Donovan again left the property while appellant continued work on the project.
Two weeks later, Donovan returned to the property with another electrician to work on a
project unrelated to the work appellant had completed. Donovan noticed that some of the metal
access panels “didn’t look right” and “weren’t closed all the way.” Upon further inspection,
Donovan noticed “major wires” missing from one of the panel boxes. He also noticed “naked
copper wire sticking out on the inside access panels.” Donovan testified that he asked an electrician
who was on the site to look at the work appellant had done “to make sure it was safe.” Donovan
and the electrician “went up into the panel box and noticed that there was some naked copper
[wire].” After further investigation, Donovan noted that “a whole bunch of wiring was cut out and
was missing” from inside the conduit that connected the transformer on the electrical pole outside
the property to the panel box inside the property. Donovan determined that about 200 feet of heavy
gauge copper wire, worth $2,000 “if you had to buy it,” had been removed.
Donovan testified that he had not initially noticed the copper wire was missing because the
conduit covering the wire was intact and prevented him from doing so, and no electrical problems at
the property had been reported. He also testified he had not authorized anyone other than appellant
to work on the wire and that, during the interval between the time appellant began his work and
when Donovan noticed the wire was missing, no one, including Virginia Power, had worked on the
wire, and only he and appellant had access to the panel box. Donovan testified he did not give
appellant permission to take the wire.
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Appellant acknowledged that he had worked on the wiring during the specified time period,
testifying that he “cut the one high-leg [wire] loose [from the outside], and [] left it hanging there[,
then he] went inside and cut it loose, as well.” Appellant, a prior convicted felon, testified that
several additional contractors and employees were present and working on the property that day.
According to appellant, Virginia Power employees had access to the panel in order to read the
meters, and the door leading to the room containing the locked panel box was never locked.
Finally, appellant testified he did not take the copper wire that was missing from the property.
Appellant moved to strike the evidence both at the close of the Commonwealth’s case and at
the close of the defense’s case. He argued the Commonwealth had not presented sufficient evidence
to show that he was the person who had taken the missing copper wire. Appellant also contended
the Commonwealth failed to prove the value of the copper wire, arguing that testimony from the
owner as to purchase price alone was not sufficient to prove the element of value. The trial court
rejected both arguments and found appellant guilty of grand larceny. Appellant timely noted this
appeal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
On appeal, “we presume the judgment of the trial court to be correct,” Broom v. Broom, 15
Va. App. 497, 504, 425 S.E.2d 90, 94 (1992), and “will not set it aside unless it is plainly wrong or
without evidence to support it,” Dodge v. Dodge, 2 Va. App. 238, 242, 343 S.E.2d 363, 365 (1986).
SUFFICIENT PROOF APPELLANT WAS CRIMINAL AGENT
In every criminal case, the Commonwealth must prove the accused actually committed the
crime charged. Commonwealth v. Presley, 256 Va. 465, 470, 507 S.E.2d 72, 74 (1998); Lew v.
Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 353, 355, 457 S.E.2d 392, 393 (1995). It is well established that
circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support a conviction as long as it excludes every reasonable
hypothesis of innocence. Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 53, 307 S.E.2d 864, 876 (1983).
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Further, “the Commonwealth need only exclude reasonable hypotheses that flow from the evidence,
not those that spring from the imagination of the defendant.” Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 16
Va. App. 751, 755, 433 S.E.2d 27, 29 (1993). Whether a hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is a
finding of fact, binding on appeal, unless plainly wrong. Glasco v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App.
763, 774, 497 S.E.2d 150, 155 (1998), aff’d, 257 Va. 433, 513 S.E.2d 137 (1999).
Appellant contends the Commonwealth proved “no more than that [he] may have had the
opportunity to commit the offense.” He argues the Commonwealth used circumstantial evidence
that he “had potential access to the wire” to prove his guilt, but it failed to exclude the reasonable
hypothesis that others had access to the area where the wire was located and could have taken it
from inside the panel box room or from the outside conduit. His contention is without merit.
Donovan saw appellant on a ladder cutting the wire where it was attached to the transformer
located on a pole outside the building. That wire went from the pole through a conduit that
extended into the building, and ended at the locked electrical box. Donovan subsequently
discovered that the copper wire was missing. No one other than appellant was authorized to access
the locked panel box during the time in question, and only appellant and Donovan knew the
combination. Furthermore, because the conduit outside the building containing the wire remained
intact, the only way to gain access to and remove the wire was to cut its connections at both the
transformer located on the Virginia Power pole and the locked electrical panel box. Appellant knew
the wires had been disconnected at both ends and knew the combination to the locked panel box.
Moreover, in order to access and take the wire from the outside conduit, one would need to know
the wire had been disconnected from the locked box and use a tall ladder to reach the top of the
twenty-five-foot conduit. That individual would then have to pull out 200 feet, or sixty-six yards, of
copper wire unnoticed while standing on the ladder twenty-five feet in the air. The trier of fact
could reasonably reject that proposed hypothesis of innocence.
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Appellant cites Christian v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 1078, 1082, 277 S.E.2d 205, 207
(1981), to support his assertion that the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence of his
guilt. In Christian, the Supreme Court held that, “[o]pportunity is always a relevant circumstance,
of course, and, when reinforced by other incriminating circumstances, may be sufficient to establish
criminal agency beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 1082, 227 S.E.2d at 208. Here, appellant had
the opportunity to take the wire, but it was not the sole evidence supporting his conviction. No one
other than he had worked on the wire, he knew that its connections to the transformer and the panel
box had been cut, and he had access to the locked panel boxes at the time in question. The trial
court, as fact finder, rejected appellant’s proposed hypotheses of innocence that someone else was
aware of the disconnections, brought a tall ladder to the area and removed the wire during the
two-week period. As fact finder, the trial court rejected that hypothesis, and we cannot say that
determination was plainly wrong. The Commonwealth’s evidence was competent, was not
inherently incredible, and was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt appellant was the
person who stole the copper wire.
PROOF OF VALUE
To convict appellant of grand larceny, the Commonwealth was required to prove the
property he unlawfully took was valued at $200 or more. Code § 18.2-95(ii). The relevant value is
the “current value” of the stolen items, Dunn v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 704, 705, 284 S.E.2d
792, 792 (1981) (per curiam), “measured as of the time of the theft,” Parker v. Commonwealth,
254 Va. 118, 121, 489 S.E.2d 482, 483 (1997).
“The opinion testimony of the owner of the stolen item generally is competent and
admissible on the issue of the value of that property.” Id.; see also Robinson v. Commonwealth,
258 Va. 3, 5-6, 516 S.E.2d 475, 476 (1999) (fair market value is the price item will bring when
offered for sale by seller who wants but is not obligated to sell and bought by a buyer under no
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necessity of buying). Moreover, the opinion testimony of a nonexpert “is admissible upon the
subject of property value, provided the witness possesses sufficient knowledge of the value of
the property or has had ample opportunity for forming a correct opinion as to value.” Walls v.
Commonwealth, 248 Va. 480, 483, 450 S.E.2d 363, 365 (1994) (citing Haynes v. Glenn, 197 Va.
746, 750, 91 S.E.2d 433, 436 (1956)).
Donovan, the owner of the property, has operated a contracting company for eight years,
during which time he performed renovations and new construction on residential and commercial
property. He testified that five copper wires “close to 200 feet” were stolen, and he described the
wire as “heavy gauged, three aught copper wire.” Donovan opined that “[i]t’s about $2,000.00
worth of wire if you had to buy it.” The trial court noted Donovan’s experience as a general
contractor and accepted his opinion as to the fair market value of the wire.
Appellant contended at trial there was nothing to substantiate Donovan’s opinion that the
wire was worth over $200. On appeal, appellant argues there was no evidence regarding the
condition of the wire and the effects of depreciation on it.
In Dunn, 222 Va. at 705, 284 S.E.2d at 792, the Virginia Supreme Court found the
evidence insufficient to prove that a ten-year-old typewriter bought for $150 met the
then-statutory limit of $100 (explaining that there must be “due allowance for elements of
depreciation” to show effects of age and wear and tear on the value of an item such as a
typewriter). However, in Dunn the Supreme Court limited its depreciation analysis to
mechanical and “technical equipment,” which “generally depreciates in value over time.” Lester
v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 498, 505, 518 S.E.2d 318, 322 (1999).
Copper wire is not mechanical or electrical equipment that has a limited life span or is
subject to deterioration from wear and tear. A depreciation analysis was, therefore, not required.
The relevant consideration in valuing copper wire is its current value as a conductor of electricity
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and as a semi-precious metal. Lay testimony from an experienced contractor, namely, Donovan,
established that it would cost $2,000, or about $10 per foot, to replace the amount of copper wire
stolen from the building. Thus, the fact finder had testimony from the owner, who, as a
contractor, was also a lay expert, as to the present value of the stolen copper wire. The
Commonwealth’s evidence was competent, was not inherently incredible, and was sufficient to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt the stolen wire had a value of $200 or more.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court.
Affirmed.
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Walker J. Tackett v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Opinion