COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Humphreys and Senior Judge Annunziata
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
JULIETTE MOSTELLER
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 2889-07-4 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
DECEMBER 23, 2008
CHRISTOPHER BROOKS, SR.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
Jane Marum Roush, Judge
Juliette Mosteller, pro se.
George H. Ragland, Jr. (Ragland & Slugg, P.C., on brief), for
appellee.
Juliette Mosteller (wife) appeals from a final decree dissolving her marriage to
Christopher Brooks, Sr., (husband) and equitably distributing the marital estate. On appeal, she
contends husband committed perjury in the trial court and that his attorney committed fraud. She
also contends the court committed reversible error in the way it classified and divided various
items of property. Finally, she contends the trial court’s requiring her to pay a portion of
husband’s attorney’s fees was error. We hold the trial court committed no reversible error, and
we affirm.
I. EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION
When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party. Wright v. Wright, 38 Va. App. 394, 398, 564 S.E.2d 702, 704
(2002). That principle requires us to “‘discard the evidence of [wife] in conflict with that of
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
[husband], and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to [husband] and all fair
inferences that may be drawn’ from the credible evidence.” Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38
Va. App. 375, 380, 564 S.E.2d 160, 162 (2002) (quoting Watkins v. Commonwealth, 26
Va. App. 335, 348, 494 S.E.2d 859, 866 (1998)). An appellate court will not reverse a trial
court’s equitable distribution “‘unless it appears from the record that the chancellor has abused
his discretion, that he has not considered or has misapplied one of the statutory mandates, or that
the evidence[, viewed in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below,] fails to support
the findings of fact underlying his resolution of the conflict in the equities.’” von Raab v. von
Raab, 26 Va. App. 239, 246, 494 S.E.2d 156, 159 (1997) (quoting Robinette v. Robinette, 10
Va. App. 480, 486, 393 S.E.2d 629, 633 (1990)).
A. PERJURY AND FRAUD
Wife contends the equitable distribution award should be set aside because husband and
his attorney conspired to commit perjury and because the attorney committed fraud on the court
by inserting provisions into the final decree of divorce that were not set out by the trial court in
its ruling from the bench. Pursuant to Rule 5A:18, absent invocation of an applicable exception
to the rule, we may not consider on appeal an argument that was not presented, with specificity,
to the trial court. See, e.g., Correll v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 311, 324, 591 S.E.2d 712,
719 (2004), aff’d on other grounds, 269 Va. 3, 607 S.E.2d 119 (2005). Wife cites only her
written objections to the final decree as establishing that she preserved this objection for appeal.
However, wife failed to raise these issues in her objections to the final decree, and we have
located no other place in the record of the proceedings indicating she presented these issues to
the trial court. See Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239 (1992)
(“[W]e will not search the record for errors in order to interpret the appellant’s contention and
-2-
correct deficiencies in a brief.”). Thus, Rule 5A:18 prevents us from considering these issues on
appeal.
B. CLASSIFICATION OF PROPERTY
A trial court’s classification of property is a finding of fact to which we must give
deference on appeal. Robinson v. Robinson, 46 Va. App. 652, 661, 621 S.E.2d 147, 151 (2005)
(en banc). Property acquired during the marriage is presumptively marital, unless proved to the
satisfaction of the trial court to be separate property. See Code § 20-107.3(A)(2)(iii); see also
Rahbaran v. Rahbaran, 26 Va. App. 195, 209, 494 S.E.2d 135, 142 (1997). “A partner in a
marriage owes his labor during the marriage to the marital partnership[;][t]he fruits of that labor,
absent express agreement, are marital property.” Stainback v. Stainback, 11 Va. App. 13, 24,
396 S.E.2d 686, 693 (1990). Where marital and separate property are commingled, the property
is presumed marital, and “the party claiming a separate interest in transmuted property bears the
burden of proving retraceability.” von Raab, 26 Va. App. at 248, 494 S.E.2d at 160. Where a
particular link in the tracing chain is based solely upon the unsupported testimony of one spouse,
the trial court is free to reject that testimony and find the asset to be marital property. See 1 Brett
R. Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property § 5.63, at 638-39 (3d ed. 2005).
1. The Parties’ Alleged Agreement Regarding Separate Property
Code § 20-155 provides that in order for the parties to enter into a valid marital
agreement, the agreement must be signed by both parties. Here, husband testified that although
he and wife had discussed such an agreement, the signature on the document titled “Brooks’s
Family Constitution” was not his. The trial court, as the finder of fact, was entitled to accept
husband’s testimony that the signature was not his and to refuse to follow the terms of the
purported agreement on those grounds. The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to
husband, also failed to establish a verbal agreement to reject applicable equitable distribution law
-3-
if the parties were to divorce, and in any event, Code § 20-155 does not authorize binding verbal
agreements.
2. Classification of the Joint Bank Account and
the Parties’ Respective Individual Accounts
Wife contends the court should have treated the joint Bank of America account as the
only marital account and classified the parties’ individual accounts as separate property. The
record contains no indication the trial court made an award based on the contents of those
accounts upon separation, and wife’s only discernable claim on brief as to the impact of the
supposed error is that the court misclassified the parties’ investments for the purchase of the
Mimosa Tree Court residence. We hold the court did not err in the way wife claims.
As we concluded supra, the family constitution does not control the classification of the
parties’ property because the evidence supports a finding that husband never signed it. Also, the
evidence established that wife’s earnings during the marriage—which, given the absence of a
valid agreement to the contrary, were marital property—were routinely deposited into her
individual account. Further, with the exception of $5,000 of the total, the trial court in fact
classified as wife’s separate property the $40,583 wife paid toward the down payment on the
residence in the form of a check written on May 10, 2003, from her separate account. The court
credited husband’s testimony that a check for $5,000 he wrote to wife two days later was to
reimburse her for an identical portion of the $40,583 amount and that, together with a loan he
received from his employer and $350 he paid for the appraisal and credit report, this constituted
his contribution to the down payment. Husband offered into evidence his $5,000 check, which
bore the notation “NEW HOUSE” on the memo line. Husband’s testimony, coupled with the
check and notation, provided ample evidence from which the trial court could conclude wife
contributed $35,583 rather than $40,583 in separate funds to the down payment.
-4-
The trial court also was not required to credit wife for an additional $3,980 spent on
upgrade “options” for the home. These options were purchased several weeks after the $40,583
payment at a time when at least two of wife’s military paychecks, earned during the marriage,
had been deposited into the account and numerous other sums had been deposited and withdrawn
from the account, such that the trial court could have found that the $3,980 was marital property.
In addition, the record contains no indication the trial court included this expenditure in its
calculation of the marital contributions to the property. It is well settled that parties are not
entitled to dollar-for-dollar credit for improvements to property and that the relevant figure is the
value the improvements add to the equity in the property. See, e.g., Hart v. Hart, 27 Va. App.
46, 66, 497 S.E.2d 496, 505 (1998). The court expressly included the amount by which wife
increased the value of the property by adding a deck and hot tub with separate funds after the
parties separated. In the absence of evidence of the value of the upgrades rather than their cost,
the trial court did not err in not including the upgrades in its classification of the marital
residence.
3. Fannie Mae Loan in Husband’s Name
Husband’s evidence established the “forgivable loan” debt was an unsecured five-year
financing tool for which he was eligible based on his employment with Fannie Mae. Fannie Mae
paid the entire amount of the loan to the seller of the parties’ residence, and at the end of each of
five years during which husband continued to work for Fannie Mae, the employer would
“forgive” one-fifth of the loan. For each year in which one-fifth of the loan was forgiven, the
employer would add that one-fifth to husband’s income figure for the year. If husband left his
employment with Fannie Mae before the end of the five-year period, he was responsible for
repaying any portion of the loan not yet forgiven. At the time of the parties’ separation, Fannie
-5-
Mae had forgiven one-fifth of the loan balance in the amount of $4,584, and this sum had been
included in husband’s salary for that year.
Because husband’s salary during the marriage was marital property, the trial court’s
classification of this sum as marital property was not error. Because husband’s earnings
following the divorce were his separate property and because he alone remained liable for the
balance of the loan, the evidence also supported the trial court’s finding that $18,334 of the
equity acquired was husband’s separate property. See O’Neal v. O’Neal, 929 S.W.2d 725, 726
(Ark. Ct. App. 1996) (holding all of a forgivable loan paid to the husband after the parties
separated but before the divorce was final was the husband’s separate property because, although
husband “acquired the right to the $35,000.00 during the marriage, he did not earn it during the
marriage,” based on “testimony . . . that the money was compensation for future services and
contingent upon [husband’s] future performance”); see also 2 Turner, supra, § 6:101, at 538
(reasoning that “[d]ebt proceeds are an advance on the funds eventually used to repay the debt”
and that “the character of the funds used for repayment” defines “the character of the proceeds”).
C. DIVISION OF PROPERTY
1. Wife’s Request for Credit for Post-Separation Payments for the Marital Residence
“[T]he separate contribution of one party to the acquisition, care, and maintenance of
marital property,” as by post-separation mortgage payments or upkeep, “is [merely] a factor that
the trial court must consider when making its award of equitable distribution,” and “Code
§ 20-107.3 does not mandate that the trial court award a corresponding dollar-for-dollar credit
for such contributions.” von Raab, 26 Va. App. at 249-50, 494 S.E.2d at 161; see Barker v.
Barker, 27 Va. App. 519, 543, 500 S.E.2d 240, 252 (1998).
Wife contends “the trial court failed to give [her] any credit for post separation mortgage
payments,” but the record belies this contention. In dividing the equity in the marital residence,
-6-
the trial court expressly held husband responsible for half the $84,640 by which wife reduced the
mortgage principal balance, deducting it from husband’s share of the equity. The trial court’s
failure to compensate wife for her expenditures for interest, taxes, insurance, and other expenses
pending sale of the home was not an abuse of discretion on the facts of this case. The evidence
showed that when the parties separated on June 19, 2005, husband left the residence, while wife
remained in the home. Although the record may have contained some conflicting evidence,
wife’s attorney represented at the time of the equitable distribution hearing on July 17, 2007, that
she continued to reside in the home and conceded she had exclusive possession of the residence.
Husband also offered evidence that the home had a rental value of approximately $3,000 per
month, although wife testified she had been unable to rent the home. The trial court was entitled
to view this evidence in the light most favorable to husband. Further, the final decree provided
that wife would continue to receive credit for husband’s fifty percent share of the principal
payments pending the sale of the home. Although the court held wife responsible for all interest
payments, the evidence established that her regular annual income from her primary
employment, not including her real estate sales and military reserve pay, was approximately 15%
greater than husband’s, and she would likely have qualified for an interest deduction on her
income taxes. On these facts, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to
give her credit for the full amount of the mortgage payments.
2. Alleged Dissipation of Marital Funds
Waste or dissipation of assets occurs when “one spouse uses marital property for his own
benefit and for a purpose unrelated to the marriage” during or after an “irreconcilable
breakdown” in the marriage. Amburn v. Amburn, 13 Va. App. 661, 666, 414 S.E.2d 847, 850
(1992). Wife has not shown that the funds at issue were withdrawn or used during or after the
breakdown of the marriage. Instead, all evidence shows husband’s use of the funds occurred
-7-
before the marital breakdown and, in fact, largely precipitated it. Thus, husband’s use of the
funds did not constitute dissipation of marital assets, and the trial court did not err in refusing to
award wife the credit she requested.
3. Exclusion of Evidence of Wife’s Non-Monetary Contributions to the Family
Wife failed to preserve for appeal her claim that the trial court erroneously refused to
allow her to present testimony about her non-monetary contributions to the well-being of the
family. See Rule 5A:18. At trial, her attorney represented that the purpose of his question
concerning husband’s son’s grades was “just to establish the atmosphere in the house at the
time.” He did not specifically proffer what husband’s answer or series of answers to this line of
questioning would be. See, e.g., Smith v. Hylton, 14 Va. App. 354, 357-58, 416 S.E.2d 712, 715
(1992). Further, he did not represent that the particular line of questioning was relevant to
establish wife’s non-monetary contributions to the well-being of the family or to any other Code
§ 20-107.3(E) factors. Wife’s counsel also did not contend that the trial court’s ruling resulted in
a violation of her due process rights. See Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494
S.E.2d 484, 488-89 (1998) (holding that Rule 5A:18 applies to bar even constitutional claims);
see also Williams v. Commonwealth, 270 Va. 580, 583, 621 S.E.2d 98, 100 (2005). Thus, Rule
5A:18 prevents us from considering this issue.
4. Consideration of the Statutory Factors for Distribution
A court fashioning an equitable distribution award must consider the statutory factors in
exercising its discretion, but it need not make specific findings of fact regarding those factors.
See Alphin v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 405, 424 S.E.2d 572, 577-78 (1992). On appeal, as long
as the record, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, supports the result, the
court need not quantify what weight it gave to each factor. E.g. Marion v. Marion, 11 Va. App.
659, 664, 401 S.E.2d 432, 436 (1991). Determining the credibility of the witnesses is manifestly
-8-
the job of the trial court, e.g. Street v. Street, 25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997)
(en banc), and does not by itself constitute a showing of bias.
Here, the court recited its consideration of each of the statutory factors in its ruling from
the bench on August 24, 2007, and it expressly incorporated that consideration into the final
decree of divorce. We have discussed some of those factors in detail above and do not
reconsider them here. We also note, contrary to wife’s assertion on brief, that the trial court
made no finding that wife’s “unhapp[iness] with aspects of [husband’s] handling of the couple’s
finances” was founded or that husband deserted the marriage, and it granted the divorce based on
a one-year separation. Further, husband’s testimony on the money-handling issue supported a
finding that he did not steal or mishandle marital funds. Husband testified the parties expressly
discussed the fact that wife’s income was greater than his and, therefore, that his “ability to
contribute was less,” and he said “wife [was] agreeable to that arrangement.”
Although wife contends on appeal that the trial court’s finding that the parties’
non-monetary contributions were “roughly equal” was erroneous, at trial her attorney took the
position that “the non-monetary contributions are nearly equal or not really significant in this
case,” and this is exactly what the trial court found. “[Wife] will not be permitted to approbate
and reprobate, ascribing error to an act by the trial court that comported with [her]
representations.” Asgari v. Asgari, 33 Va. App. 393, 403-04, 533 S.E.2d 643, 648 (2001).
Further, the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to husband, supported that finding.
Finally, the trial court did not err in stating that it was not the job of the court in effecting
the equitable distribution “to balance the accounts between this couple throughout their entire
marriage.” The court observed that evidence concerning who paid which bills throughout the
marriage was relevant to the issue of the parties’ monetary contributions to the family but was
not something for which wife would be entitled to a dollar-for-dollar credit. The record
-9-
documents that the trial court gave careful attention to the extent by which the parties contributed
to the acquisition of the equity in the marital residence, the only funds tracing for which the
parties might be entitled to dollar-for-dollar credit on the facts of this case.
Thus, we conclude the fashion in which the trial court weighed the Code § 20-107.3(E)
factors did not constitute an abuse of discretion.
II. ATTORNEY’S FEES
Whether to award attorney’s fees in a divorce matter is left to the sound discretion of the
trial court. See, e.g., Lightburn v. Lightburn, 22 Va. App. 612, 621, 472 S.E.2d 281, 285 (1996).
Factors to be considered may include a party’s ability to pay a fee, Cirrito v. Cirrito, 44 Va. App.
287, 299-300, 605 S.E.2d 268, 274-75 (2004), and whether the party unnecessarily increased
litigation costs through unjustified conduct calculated to delay resolution of the proceedings,
Northcutt v. Northcutt, 39 Va. App. 192, 200-01, 571 S.E.2d 912, 916 (2002).
Here, the record indicated that wife changed attorneys three times while the proceedings
were pending in the trial court, which required additional work on the part of husband’s attorney,
and that she proceeded pro se for a period of time, as well. Wife filed subpoenas duces tecum
that husband successfully quashed, and she maintained until just prior to trial that she had an
interest in two properties owned by husband which she ultimately conceded were his separate
property. Wife also refused an offer to settle for an amount significantly more favorable to her
than the amount the trial court actually awarded, at a time that would have allowed the parties to
avoid preparing for trial, and the evidence established that wife earned more than husband. On
these facts, the award to husband of $10,000 of his attorney’s fees of approximately $22,000 did
not constitute an abuse of discretion.
Husband seeks an award of attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. We decline that request.
See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). Although we
- 10 -
have held wife’s appeal to be without merit, at least a portion of the appeal “addressed
appropriate and substantial issues.” Estate of Hackler v. Hackler, 44 Va. App. 51, 75, 602
S.E.2d 426, 438 (2004). Although the record shows wife had a greater earning capacity than
husband, husband’s earning capacity and assets received in the equitable distribution were
adequate to allow him to bear his own attorneys fees and costs on appeal.
III. REQUEST FOR REMAND DUE TO LOSS IN VALUE OF HOUSE
Wife asks that this case be remanded “for consideration under Brandenburg with specific
instructions that a new evaluation be conducted since the house has now lost $120,00 in value in
the volatile housing market.” The trial court’s decree, however, provides an adequate formula
for determining how to apportion the net proceeds or losses resulting from the sale of the marital
residence. Thus, a remand for this purpose is not required.
IV.
For these reasons, we hold the trial court did not err in fashioning the equitable
distribution award or awarding attorney’s fees, and we decline wife’s request to sanction
husband and his attorney and to remand for further proceedings. We also decline husband’s
request for an award of attorney’s fees on appeal.
Affirmed.
- 11 -
Juliette Mosteller v. Christopher Brooks, Sr.
Combined Opinion