COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Annunziata, Frank and McClanahan
TRINITY MATEO WALKER
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1090-03-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
APRIL 13, 2004
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH
E. Everett Bagnell, Judge
(Ann T. Johns, Assistant Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Appellant submitting on brief.
(Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General; Leah A. Darron, Assistant
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on
brief.
Trinity Mateo Walker (appellant) was convicted in a bench trial of possession of heroin
with the intent to distribute, second or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 18.2-248, and
possession with the intent to distribute heroin within 1,000 feet of school property, in violation of
Code § 18.2-255.2. On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred: (1) in overruling his
motion to suppress the drugs found on his person because the police violated his Fourth
Amendment rights by illegally detaining him and illegally conducting a pat down; and (2) in
finding the evidence sufficient to convict him of the two offenses. Finding appellant’s Fourth
Amendment rights were not violated and concluding the evidence was sufficient, we affirm the
convictions.
BACKGROUND
At approximately 11:00 p.m. on August 28, 2002, Portsmouth Police Officer M.D.
Floriano was driving an unmarked police vehicle on routine patrol with two other officers in an
area known for illegal drug activity. He was dressed in plain clothes, but displaying his badge.
Officer Floriano observed “quite a few people out,” including appellant who was talking with
three people. Floriano made eye contact with appellant, pulled his vehicle over approximately
ten to fifteen feet from appellant’s group, and exited his police vehicle. The officer did not
activate his emergency equipment.
As Floriano exited his vehicle, he noticed appellant had “an item in his left hand. I
wasn’t sure what it was.” Appellant attempted to put that item in the rear pocket of the woman
standing to his left. When he was apparently unsuccessful, appellant “quickly removed his
[closed] hand from the rear [pocket] of the female and stuck it forcefully into his left front pants
pocket.” As the officer approached the four people, he noticed appellant was “very nervous and
uneasy.” Floriano also noticed appellant’s heart “was beating very erratically . . . . His chest
was rising and dropping quickly. [The officer] could also see the pulse in his neck.”
Floriano advised appellant that he “needed to see [appellant’s] hand.” The officer
“wasn’t sure if [appellant] was trying to conceal a weapon or what he was doing.” Appellant did
not comply. Floriano repeated his command several times before appellant withdrew his hand
from his pocket. The hand was empty.
For his own safety and the safety of other officers and people present, Floriano advised
appellant he would conduct a pat-down search.1 The officer first patted down the suspicious
pocket and felt what he “immediately identified,” based on his experience and training, as a
1
Appellant argues on appeal that the officer, in his written investigative narrative, did not
mention “safety” as the reason for the pat-down search. Thus, appellant contends, officer safety
was not the basis for the search. However, at trial, the officer clearly stated “safety” prompted
the pat down. The fact finder could reasonably accept this testimony. See Snow v.
Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 766, 774, 537 S.E.2d 6, 10 (2000). Additionally, on appeal, we
consider as true the evidence and reasonable inferences favorable to the Commonwealth and
disregard the conflicting evidence that supports an appellant’s position. Norman v. Commonwealth,
2 Va. App. 518, 520, 346 S.E.2d 44, 45 (1986).
-2-
“small package of narcotics.” He could not determine the type of drugs based on the pat-down
search. However, the item was “a small golf ball in his pocket. It was a tightly wrapped baggie
. . . with narcotics in it.” The officer then removed the item, which proved to be a baggie
containing forty-nine capsules of heroin.
When Officer Floriano searched appellant incident to the arrest, he found no items
typically used for the ingestion of heroin, i.e., straws, syringes, spoons or cooking devices.
Appellant also did not have any money, a beeper, or cell phones on him. At trial, Floriano
testified the pat down, seizure, and arrest occurred within 444 feet of Clarke School.
Officer R.M. Holley, an expert witness in the packaging and distribution of narcotics,
testified the capsules of heroin found in appellant’s pocket had a street value of $10 per capsule.
The officer testified that the amount of heroin, lack of ingestive devices, and appellant’s
unemployment made his possession inconsistent with personal use. Holley indicated that a
heroin user with a “heavy, heavy habit” might use ten capsules in a day, but a typical user would
use two to five capsules. He explained that for either type of user, “there is no way that they’re
going to buy that many [capsules] at one time. They’re just not going to keep it. They would be
afraid that somebody would take it from them . . . .” Holley added he had never encountered a
heavy user with so much heroin at one time.
Prior to trial, appellant made a motion to suppress the evidence, which the trial court
denied. The court then heard the evidence on the charges. Appellant made a motion to strike the
evidence at the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case, which the trial court denied. Appellant
presented no evidence and was convicted on all counts.
-3-
ANALYSIS
A. Motion to Suppress
Appellant argues his detention violated the Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), standard for
a brief investigatory stop because the officer did not have a “reasonable suspicion, based on
objective facts” that appellant was involved in criminal activity. Secondly, he argues, even if the
officer did not violate his Fourth Amendment rights when he stopped appellant, the pat-down
search violated the Terry standard for such searches. We find neither the stop nor the pat-down
search violated the principles in Terry.2
The standard of review is well established for the denial of a motion to suppress, based
on an alleged violation of an individual’s Fourth Amendment rights. As this Court explained in
McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 193, 487 S.E.2d 259 (1997) (en banc):
In reviewing a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress, “the
burden is upon [the defendant] to show that the ruling, when the
evidence is considered most favorably to the Commonwealth,
constituted reversible error.” Fore v. Commonwealth, 220 Va.
1007, 1010, 265 S.E.2d 729, 731, cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1017, 101
S. Ct. 579, 66 L. Ed. 2d 477 (1980). “Ultimate questions of
reasonable suspicion and probable cause to make a warrantless
search” involve questions of both law and fact and are reviewed de
novo on appeal. Ornelas v. United States, [517 U.S. 690, 691], 116
S. Ct. 1657, 1659, 134 L. Ed. 2d 911 (1996). In performing such
analysis, we are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical
fact unless “plainly wrong” or without evidence to support them
and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts
by resident judges and local law enforcement officers. Id. at [699],
116 S. Ct. at 1663.
Id. at 197-98, 487 S.E.2d at 261 (footnote omitted).
2
Appellant did not object at trial, and does not argue on appeal, that the seizure of the
items violated the “plain feel” standard enunciated in Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366
(1993), and Murphy v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 568, 570 S.E.2d 836 (2002). He argues only
that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion for the stop and the pat-down search. Therefore, we
do not discuss in this opinion whether the officer had probable cause to seize the items.
-4-
No seizure occurred when Officer Floriano initially approached appellant on a public
street. See Payne v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 86, 88, 414 S.E.2d 869, 869-70 (1992)
(discussing the three types of encounters with the police: consensual, investigatory stop, and
arrest). However, as in Payne, id. at 89, 414 S.E.2d at 870, the officer, after approaching
appellant, made a request with which appellant initially refused to comply.3 In Payne, the officer
then grabbed Payne’s arm, Payne opened his hand, and the officer observed that he was holding
cocaine. Id. at 88, 414 S.E.2d at 869. This Court found, “The consensual aspect of this
encounter disappeared, however, when defendant refused [the officer’s] request to open his fist,
and she ‘grabbed’ his arm. Under such restraint . . . defendant was then ‘seized’ by the officer.”
Id. at 89, 414 S.E.2d at 870.
Here, Officer Floriano insisted that appellant take his hand out of his pocket. Eventually,
appellant complied. Officer Floriano then explained that he intended to pat down appellant. At
this point, a reasonable person would not believe he could ignore the officer’s requests and walk
away. See Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437 (1991) (“[T]he crucial test is whether, taking
into account all of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the police conduct would ‘have
communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and
go about his business.’ [Michigan v.] Chesternut, [486 U.S. 567,] 569 [(1988)].”). In these
circumstances, “a ‘reasonable person’ would not ‘feel free to leave.’” Payne, 14 Va. App. at 89,
414 S.E.2d at 870. Therefore, Officer Floriano seized appellant.4 However, the officer had a
reasonable suspicion to stop appellant at this point.
3
Appellant was not seized when Officer Floriano said he needed to see appellant’s hand.
Under the principles established in California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991), because he
did not yield to this “show of authority” by Officer Floriano, appellant was not seized.
4
Appellant’s argument does not clarify at what point in their dealings he believed he was
no longer free to leave the area. The Commonwealth concedes on brief that appellant was seized
when “Officer Floriano subsequently advised [appellant] that he intended to pat him down.”
-5-
To conduct an investigatory stop, a police officer must have reasonable, articulable
suspicion that a specific individual is engaged in criminal activity. Kidd v. Commonwealth, 38
Va. App. 433, 443, 565 S.E.2d 337, 342 (2002). “To determine whether a police officer had a
particularized and objective basis for suspecting that the person stopped may be involved in
criminal activity, a court must consider the totality of the circumstances.” Whitfield v.
Commonwealth, 265 Va. 358, 361, 576 S.E.2d 463, 465 (2003). Appellant argues Officer
Floriano did not have objective facts that allowed him to reasonably suspect appellant was
engaged in criminal activity. We disagree.
“Circumstances we have recognized as relevant . . . include characteristics of the area
surrounding the stop, the time of the stop, the specific conduct of the suspect individual, the
character of the offense under suspicion, and the unique perspective of a police officer trained
and experienced in the detection of crime.” Christian v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 704, 714,
536 S.E.2d 477, 482 (2000) (en banc) (footnote omitted). In United States v. Mayo, ___ F.3d
___, 2004 U.S. App. LEXIS 5407 (4th Cir. March 23, 2004), the Fourth Circuit overturned the
district court’s grant of a motion to suppress evidence that the police found while conducting a
Terry stop and pat down. The court found the police had reasonable suspicion to stop Mayo,
based on the totality of the circumstances. Those circumstances included 1) the encounter
occurred in a high-crime area, 2) Mayo’s hand movements suggested he was engaged in an
illegal activity, 3) Mayo attempted to avoid police scrutiny, and 4) Mayo behaved nervously
when approached by the police. Id. at *16-*17.
Here, appellant was standing, at night, in an area known for drug activity. When the
officer made eye contact with him, appellant began to behave strangely – he attempted to shove
his closed hand into the back pocket of the person beside him. He then quickly took his fist out
of the person’s pocket and shoved the fist into his own pants pocket. Appellant’s manner was
-6-
“very nervous.” He was breathing heavily, although he had not just engaged in any strenuous
activity. Given the place, time, appellant’s secretive behavior, and his demeanor, the officer had
objective facts sufficient to give him reasonable suspicion to stop appellant and investigate his
actions.
To conduct a pat-down search during a Terry stop, an officer must have reasonable,
articulable suspicion that the individual might be armed and dangerous, in addition to the
reasonable suspicion of criminal behavior. James v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 740, 745, 473
S.E.2d 90, 92 (1996). The circumstances that a court can consider when determining whether an
officer had reasonable suspicion include the nature of the area in which the stop occurred, the
time of day, the conduct and demeanor of the suspect, and the type of offense that the officer was
investigating. Williams v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 66-67, 354 S.E.2d 79, 86-87 (1987).
Based on these factors, we find Officer Floriano had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that
appellant was armed and dangerous.
First, appellant was in an area known for drug activity at 11:00 at night. Cf. id. at 67, 354
S.E.2d at 87 (“[S]uspicion of narcotics possession and distribution . . . , standing alone, gives rise
to an inference of dangerousness . . . .”). Second, appellant’s behavior was suspicious. He had
something in his left hand, and, as the officer approached him, appellant attempted to hide that
item in someone else’s pocket. He then refused to remove his hand from his own pocket when
asked to do so by the officer. Appellant also appeared extremely nervous and was breathing very
heavily. Third, the officer suspected appellant possessed illegal narcotics. Based on these
circumstances, we find Officer Floriano had sufficient facts before him to justify a pat-down
search of appellant. Cf. James, 22 Va. App. at 745-46, 473 S.E.2d at 92 (finding an officer was
justified in conducting a pat-down search for weapons based on a passenger’s “jittery” behavior,
nervousness, and failure to keep his hands where they could be seen).
-7-
The stop and pat-down search of appellant were based on reasonable suspicion. The trial
court did not err in denying appellant’s motion to suppress.
B. Motion to Strike the Evidence
Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he knowingly or intentionally
possessed heroin and was insufficient to prove he intended to distribute the drugs. When
considering issues of sufficiency, this Court reviews the trial record in the light most favorable to
the Commonwealth, the party that prevailed below, and affirms the trial court as long as the
evidence so viewed supports the convictions. Snow v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 766, 774,
537 S.E.2d 6, 10 (2000). “In so doing, we must ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with
that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the
Commonwealth and all fair inferences that may be drawn therefrom.’” Norman v. Commonwealth,
2 Va. App. 518, 520, 346 S.E.2d 44, 45 (1986) (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498,
270 S.E.2d 755, 759 (1980) (quoting Wright v. Commonwealth, 196 Va. 132, 137, 82 S.E.2d 603,
606 (1954))). Additionally, “[t]he credibility of a witness and the inferences to be drawn from
proven facts are matters solely for the fact finder’s determination.” Marable v. Commonwealth, 27
Va. App. 505, 509, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998).
First, appellant argues he did not knowingly or intentionally possess narcotics. He
postulates that he “could have just as well been taking something out of the girl’s pocket,” as
opposed to trying to hide something there. This “hypothesis . . . from the imagination of defense
counsel,” Goins v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 442, 467, 470 S.E.2d 114, 130 (1996), is not
supported by the evidence as viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth.
Appellant did not simply put his hand in someone’s pocket. Instead, he attempted to shove his
closed fist into someone’s pocket immediately after the officer noticed appellant had something
in his left hand. Appellant then attempted to conceal his left fist and its contents by putting his
-8-
hand into his own pocket. When he removed his hand from that pocket, he had nothing in his
hand. In addition, appellant’s nervousness and heavy breathing allow the reasonable inference
that appellant knew he possessed illegal drugs. See Norman, 2 Va. App. at 520, 346 S.E.2d at 45.
Additionally, appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he intended to
distribute the heroin. He notes the police did not find cash, a beeper, or a cell phone on his person.
He contends the amount of heroin was insufficient to prove an intention to distribute. We disagree.
The Commonwealth’s expert testified that the amount of heroin, the lack of devices to
ingest the heroin, and appellant’s unemployment made his possession of forty-nine capsules,
worth approximately $500, inconsistent with personal use. The trial court was entitled to believe
this testimony. Marable, 27 Va. App. at 509, 500 S.E.2d at 235. The quantity of capsules found in
appellant’s pocket, which the expert testified was itself inconsistent with personal use, is sufficient
to support the conviction. See Dukes v. Commonwealth, 227 Va. 119, 122, 313 S.E.2d 382, 383
(1984) (“Indeed, quantity, alone, may be sufficient to establish such intent [to distribute] if it is
greater than the supply ordinarily possessed for one’s personal use.”). The trial court did not err
in denying appellant’s motion to strike the evidence.
CONCLUSION
We find the trial court did not err in denying appellant’s motions. We affirm the
convictions.
Affirmed.
-9-