COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judge Annunziata and Senior Judge Willis
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
KEVIN CHRISTOPHER KELLY
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 0762-03-4 JUDGE JERE M. H. WILLIS, JR.
FEBRUARY 3, 2004
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY
Rossie D. Alston, Jr., Judge
Edwin Vieira, Jr., for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General
(Jerry W. Kilgore, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Kevin Christopher Kelly was convicted in a jury trial of involuntary manslaughter and
felony child neglect in connection with the death of his twenty-one-month-old daughter, Frances.
On appeal, he contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions. We affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
BACKGROUND
“On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v. Commonwealth,
26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (citation omitted).
On May 29, 2002, at approximately 7:00 p.m., neighbors found Frances strapped in a car
seat inside a locked van parked outside Kelly’s house. The windows were closed. That day had
been very hot. Emergency workers who arrived at the scene determined Frances had died. Two
hours later, her body temperature was 105.7 degrees. The medical examiner testified Frances
died from hyperthermia caused by her being left inside the hot vehicle.
Kelly told investigating police officers that his wife and eldest daughter were visiting
family in Ireland, leaving him in charge of the family’s twelve other children. He gave the police a
written statement detailing his actions on that day. His statement reveals that although he was in
and out of the home throughout the day, he had not checked on Frances’ welfare for a period of
at least seven hours.
Around noon, Kelly took Frances and his other “preschool children,” “to pick up the high
school/junior high kids from” school. One of the children needed to stay late at school. He
returned home with the others. He told one officer that he instructed his “older kids” to get
everyone in the house. He told another officer that he told Anthony, his sixteen-year-old son, “to
take the children inside.” He did not see that this was done. Leaving the van parked in the
street, he left in another vehicle to pick up the child from school.
Kelly returned to the house at 1:00 p.m. He left again at 2:30 p.m. to pick up his “grade
school kids.” He returned home at approximately 4:00 p.m., at which time he spoke with
Michael Byrne, a heating and air conditioning mechanic working at a neighboring house. Kelly
told the police that during this time, he assumed Frances was taking a nap, that she normally took
a nap in the early afternoon.
Byrne testified that over the next two to three hours, he saw Kelly “in and out of the
house several different times.” During this time, Kelly and Anthony worked on a fence. The
van remained parked on the street. Between 5:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Byrne saw Kelly enter his
other vehicle and shortly thereafter noticed the vehicle was no longer in the driveway. Byrne
testified that Kelly would “either [have driven] by [the van] or he could have backed up next to it
when he backed out” of the driveway in the other vehicle.
At approximately 7:00 p.m., Joan and Brian McIvor discovered Frances in the van. Brian
McIvor went to the house and told Anthony that there was a child in the van. Anthony “looked
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very panicked” and ran to the van. He retrieved the keys to the vehicle and opened the door.
Joan McIvor screamed for help, and Byrne called 911 from his cellular telephone. Byrne
unsuccessfully attempted to resuscitate the child. He noticed she was very hot to the touch and
that her skin was peeling. The rescue squad arrived and determined Frances had died. One of
Kelly’s sons called him, and he returned home shortly after the paramedics arrived.
Dr. Robin Foster testified as an expert in pediatrics, pediatric emergency medicine, and
child abuse and neglect. He explained that a twenty-one-month-old child, “because of [her]
mobility, require[s] constant supervision.” He testified that during a seven-hour waking period,
such a child would need two meals and at least twelve ounces of fluid. He further explained that
during a seven-hour period, such a child would also require several diaper changes and a daytime
nap. Because of the heat on May 29, 2002, a twenty-one-month-old child would have required
additional fluid to remain hydrated.
Erin and Amber Beacher lived across the street from Kelly and his family. They
testified, without objection, about prior incidents involving Kelly’s children. Both girls had seen
children locked inside a car or the van in front of Kelly’s residence on hot or warm days. Erin
explained that on two occasions, approximately three and four years prior to the current incident,
she alerted Kelly that a child had been left in a vehicle. Both times “a slight crying from the
van” had attracted her attention. Amber reported a similar incident, two or three years earlier, in
which she and a friend found a crying two to three-year-old child locked in the van on a warm
summer day. Amber’s companion knocked on the Kellys’ door and spoke to Kelly.
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ANALYSIS
I.
In his sufficiency challenge, Kelly also argues that “the verdicts contravene the Due
Process Clauses of the Constitutions of Virginia and of the United States,” that the testimony of
the Beacher sisters was irrelevant, and that the evidence failed to exclude reasonable hypotheses
of innocence. We need not address these issues.
Constitutional Arguments
This Court will not consider an argument on appeal that was not presented to the trial
court. Ohree v. Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 299, 308, 494 S.E.2d 484, 488 (1998); Rule
5A:18. The requirements of Rule 5A:18 apply equally to constitutional claims. Deal v.
Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 157, 161, 421 S.E.2d 897, 900 (1992). Kelly raised no
constitutional arguments in his motion to strike the evidence. Accordingly, Rule 5A:18 bars our
consideration of this question on appeal. The record reflects no reason to invoke the good cause
or ends of justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18.
Relevancy Argument
Rule 5A:18 requires that objections to a trial court’s action or ruling be made with
specificity in order to preserve an issue for appeal. Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App.
476, 480, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2 (1991) (en banc). A trial court must be alerted to the precise “issue” to
which a party objects. Neal v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 422-23, 425 S.E.2d 521, 525
(1992). Kelly did not challenge the testimony of the Beacher sisters either at the time they
testified or in his motion to strike the evidence. Therefore, Rule 5A:18 bars our consideration of
this question on appeal.
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Hypotheses of Innocence Argument
Kelly contends that his convictions must be reversed because the Commonwealth failed
to exclude all reasonable hypotheses of his innocence. This principle applies only when the
Commonwealth attempts to prove its case through circumstantial evidence. See, e.g., Burrows v.
Commonwealth, 224 Va. 317, 319, 295 S.E.2d 893, 894 (1982) (evidence insufficient to prove
accused was criminal agent in robbery and malicious wounding because victim could not
affirmatively identify his assailant and circumstantial evidence did not exclude all reasonable
hypotheses of appellant’s innocence). When the Commonwealth offers direct evidence from
eyewitnesses whose testimony is not inherently incredible, the jury may accept that testimony as
credible and reject all conflicting evidence, thereby determining, in essence, that no reasonable
hypotheses of innocence remain.
II.
Kelly contends that the Commonwealth failed to demonstrate that he acted with “criminal
negligence” and, therefore, failed to prove the elements of the involuntary manslaughter and
child neglect charges.
The Charges
Involuntary manslaughter is defined “as the accidental killing of a person, contrary to the
intention of the parties, during the prosecution of an unlawful, but not felonious, act, or during
the improper performance of some lawful act.” Gooden v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 565, 571,
311 S.E.2d 780, 784 (1984). To convict Kelly of involuntary manslaughter, the Commonwealth
had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Kelly committed
acts of commission or omission of a wanton or willful nature,
showing a reckless or indifferent disregard of the rights of others,
under circumstances reasonably calculated to produce injury, or
which make it not improbable that injury will be occasioned, and
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the offender knows, or is charged with the knowledge of, the
probable results of his acts.
Bell v. Commonwealth, 170 Va. 597, 611-12, 195 S.E. 675, 681 (1938).
Similarly, Code § 18.2-371.1(B)(1) provides:
Any parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the care of a
child under the age of 18 whose willful act or omission in the care
of such child was so gross, wanton and culpable as to show a
reckless disregard for human life shall be guilty of a Class 6
felony.
Both charges require proof that Kelly engaged in gross, wanton and culpable conduct
which demonstrated a reckless disregard for human life. “Such conduct ‘has come to be known
as “criminal negligence.”’” Cottee v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 398, 400, 524 S.E.2d 132,
133 (2000) (citation omitted).
Criminal Negligence
Criminal negligence “must be something more than mere inadvertence or misadventure.
It is a recklessness or indifference incompatible with a proper regard for human life.” Bell, 170
Va. at 611, 195 S.E. at 681.
Criminal negligence . . . is judged under an objective standard and,
therefore, may be found to exist where the offender either knew or
should have known the probable results of his acts. See Keech [v.
Commonwealth], 9 Va. App. [272,] 279, 386 S.E.2d [813,] 817
[(1989)] (citing Bell v. Commonwealth, 170 Va. 597, 611-12, 195
S.E. 675, 681 (1938)). Thus, criminal negligence “‘is acting
consciously in disregard of another person’s rights or acting with
reckless indifference to the consequences, with the defendant
aware, from his knowledge of existing circumstances and
conditions, that his conduct probably would cause injury to
another.’” Tubman [v. Commonwealth], 3 Va. App. [267,] 271,
348 S.E.2d [871,] 873 [(1986)](emphasis added) (quoting Griffin
[v. Shively], 227 Va. [317,] 321, 315 S.E.2d [210,] 213 [(1984)];
Friedman v. Jordan, 166 Va. 65, 68, 184 S.E. 186, 187 (1936)).
Conrad v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 113, 121-22, 521 S.E.2d 321, 325-26 (1999) (en banc).
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Kelly was solely responsible for Frances, a twenty-one-month-old child. He strapped her
into her car seat in the family van, thus placing her in a position in which she was rendered
helpless. This position became lethal when Kelly, through his dereliction, left Frances in the
vehicle and only quickly and casually instructed other children or a sixteen-year-old boy to get
all the children out of the van and into the house. Kelly departed immediately without ensuring
that his instructions were obeyed. Specifically, he abandoned Frances without ensuring that she
was removed from her confinement in the car sear and lodged safely in the house. Thereafter,
over the course of several hours, he made no further provisions for or inquiry about Frances. He
busied himself with family matters and household repairs, at times within sight of the van in
which Frances was trapped. During a period of over seven hours, Kelly assumed but never
ascertained that Frances was asleep in the house. During that period, he made no provision for
her care, nourishment, or safety. Expert testimony established that a child of Frances’ age would
require food, drink, sleep, and diaper changes over the course of a seven-hour period. Kelly
made no effort to provide these necessities. He utterly ignored Frances.
The Beacher sisters explained that they had informed Kelly on at least three previous
occasions that one of his children was locked in a vehicle. Thus, Kelly was on notice of this
hazard. Nevertheless, Kelly failed to oversee Frances and, in complete dereliction of his duty to
her, he failed to investigate her whereabouts or well-being for an unreasonably long period of
time.
The medical examiner testified that Frances could have survived only one and a half or
two hours in the closed van. Kelly argues that only his omissions in that time frame are relevant
to the charges against him. We disagree. His failure to inquire after Frances from the time he
left her in the van to her discovery by the McIvors bespeak his total and utter disregard for her
well-being, safety, and life.
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Accordingly, the record supports the jury’s conclusion that Kelly knowingly engaged in
conduct “so gross, wanton, and culpable as to show a reckless disregard of human life” which
proximately caused Frances’ death. We, therefore, affirm the convictions.
Affirmed.
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