COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Frank, McClanahan and Beales
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
RICKY O’BRIAN CAMPBELL
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 1471-07-2 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
JULY 15, 2008
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KING GEORGE COUNTY
Horace A. Revercomb, III, Judge
William M. Sokol (Sokol & Jones, on briefs), for appellant.
Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Ricky O’Brian Campbell, appellant, was convicted, in a bench trial, of leaving the scene of
an accident involving personal injury or death in violation of Code § 46.2-894. On appeal, he
contends the trial court erred in finding that he was “involved” in an accident that fatally injured one
individual and critically injured another. For the following reasons, we reverse appellant’s
conviction and remand for a new trial if the Commonwealth be so advised.
BACKGROUND
On May 7, 2006 appellant was visiting relatives at his cousin’s home on Route 301 in King
George County. He left the family gathering at approximately 1:00 a.m., traveling north on Route
301 on his motorcycle. Shortly after leaving his cousin’s driveway, appellant lost control of the
motorcycle and it spun to the ground. Corey Mickens witnessed the spill and told appellant’s
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
cousin, Kelvin, what had just happened. Kelvin ran up the hill from the residence to assist appellant
in moving the motorcycle out of the roadway.
While appellant was in the process of moving his motorcycle to the side of the road, a
pickup truck was traveling north in the left-hand lane heading toward appellant and Kelvin. The
truck veered onto the median strip to avoid striking a man and a woman who were in the road
jumping up and down and waving frantically. A Ford Freestyle was following the pickup in the
right-hand lane of travel. Tragically, the Ford struck both individuals, fatally injuring the man and
critically injuring the woman.
Appellant suffered only minor injuries from his fall. After restarting his motorcycle,
appellant drove to another cousin’s residence without reporting to law enforcement officials who
later arrived to investigate the accident with the Ford Freestyle. The following day appellant was
charged with leaving the scene of an accident involving injuries. The trial court, relying upon this
Court’s decision in Robinson v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 623, 633 S.E.2d 737 (2006),
determined that appellant was “involved” in the Ford Freestyle accident and found him guilty as
charged.
This appeal follows.
ANALYSIS
Procedural Default
The Commonwealth first claims that appellant has not preserved his right to challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence on appeal. The Commonwealth reasons that appellant is procedurally
barred from arguing sufficiency because he failed to renew his motion to strike the evidence at
the conclusion of the trial. Under the specific facts of this case, we disagree with the
Commonwealth.
-2-
Prior to trial, appellant moved the court to dismiss, arguing that the evidence would not
show that appellant was “involved” in the accident. After considering this Court’s decision in
Robinson, 48 Va. App. 623, 633 S.E.2d 737, the trial court overruled appellant’s motion. At the
close of the Commonwealth’s case, appellant moved the trial court to strike the evidence in its
entirety. The Commonwealth responded by arguing that Robinson controlled. The court stated
“[t]his case turns . . . on the sole question of whether or not the defendant was involved in the
accident.” Again referencing Robinson, the trial court overruled appellant’s motion to strike and
found that the Commonwealth met its prima facie burden.
Appellant presented evidence, and, at the close of the case, the court asked for argument.
Appellant’s counsel responded, “I have nothing to say, Your Honor.” The court stated:
As I indicated earlier, this case turns on the sole question
from a legal perspective on what has been presented as to whether
the accused was involved in the accident in order to meet the
requirements of that statute.
In looking to Robinson v. Commonwealth, looking for
guidance on the issue and looking at the facts of the case at bar, I
am satisfied that the Commonwealth has met its burden. The
evidence is sufficient and I, therefore, find him guilty.
It is well settled that when a defendant elects to present evidence on his behalf, he waives
the right to stand on his motion to strike the evidence made at the conclusion of the
Commonwealth’s case. White v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 231, 233, 348 S.E.2d 866, 868
(1986) (citing Spangler v. Commonwealth, 188 Va. 436, 50 S.E.2d 265 (1948)). This principle
recognizes that when
[an] accused elects not to stand on his motion and presents
evidence, he thereby creates a new context in which the court, if
called upon to do so, must judge the sufficiency of the evidence.
Thus, the original motion to strike is no longer applicable because
it addresses a superseded context.
-3-
McQuinn v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 753, 757, 460 S.E.2d 624, 626 (1995) (en banc).
However, this principle must be reviewed in a Rule 5A:18 context. See Campbell v.
Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 480, 405 S.E.2d 1, 3 (1991) (en banc) (finding that when
there is no question that the trial court was adequately advised of the defendant’s position, and
the court had the opportunity to take corrective action, the purpose underlying the
contemporaneous objection rule is fulfilled and defendant does not waive a sufficiency issue by
failing to renew his motion to strike at the close of all the evidence).
Appellant maintains that he did not waive his right to stand on his original motion
because the sole issue in the case, from the outset, was whether appellant was “involved” in the
accident as contemplated by Robinson. Thus, argues appellant, the trial court throughout the
trial was aware of the only issue in the case and the requirements of Rule 5A:18 were fulfilled.
We agree with appellant.
The purpose of Rule 5A:18 was met, and the sufficiency issue was preserved for appeal.
The record reveals that the sole issue before the trial court was whether appellant was “involved”
in the accident. Appellant made his position clear to the court prior to trial and repeated his
argument in his initial motion to strike. At the close of his evidence, the trial court addressed the
sole issue before it, and even referred back to its prior ruling on appellant’s motion to strike at
the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case. Thus, we find the trial court was aware of
appellant’s position, was able to consider it intelligently and, if desired, to take corrective action.
See Howard v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 473, 479, 465 S.E.2d 142, 145 (1995).
-4-
Sufficiency of the Evidence 1
Appellant was convicted of violating the provisions of Code § 46.2-894, which state in
relevant part:
The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident in which a
person is killed or injured or in which an attended vehicle or other
attended property is damaged shall immediately stop as close to the
scene of the accident as possible without obstructing traffic, as
provided in § 46.2-888, and report his name, address, driver’s
license number, and vehicle registration number forthwith to the
State Police or local law-enforcement agency, to the person struck
and injured if such person appears to be capable of understanding
and retaining the information, or to the driver or some other
occupant of the vehicle collided with or to the custodian of other
damaged property. The driver shall also render reasonable
assistance to any person injured in such accident, including taking
such injured person to a physician, surgeon, or hospital if it is
apparent that medical treatment is necessary or is requested by the
injured person.
(Emphasis added).
“‘It is the flight from the scene, and the failure to give the information required to the
person in charge of the property damaged or succor to the injured which constitute the completed
offense.’” O’Connell v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 719, 733, 634 S.E.2d 379, 386 (2006)
(citing Tooke v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 759, 765-66, 627 S.E.2d 533, 536 (2006)). The
duty imposed upon the driver of a vehicle involved in an accident requires positive, affirmative
action, namely to stop and give assistance and the necessary information specified. Id.
In convicting appellant, the trial court relied upon this Court’s holding in Robinson, 48
Va. App. 623, 633 S.E.2d 737. In that case, this Court was called upon to decide if the defendant
was “involved” in an accident in which there was no physical contact between the
defendant/driver and the injured parties. Guided by our decision, the trial court stated that
1
The parties stipulated at trial that the man was killed and the woman was injured as a
result of being struck by the Ford Freestyle.
-5-
nothing in Robinson required the accused to have “legally caused” the accident, only that he be
“implicated in or connect[ed] with the accident in a substantial or logical manner.”
On June 8, 2007, the Supreme Court decided Robinson v. Commonwealth, 274 Va. 45,
645 S.E.2d 470 (2007). There, the Supreme Court reversed this Court’s affirmance of the
conviction, stating “the numerous definitions of the word ‘involve’ used by the Court of Appeals
would permit a fact finder to find a driver guilty . . . even though that driver was . . . not a
proximate cause of the accident.” Id. at 53, 645 S.E.2d at 474. Thus, the Supreme Court
redefined “involved” to mean proximate cause, thereby announcing a new standard to evaluate
whether an accused violates Code § 46.2-894 when there is no physical contact between the
injured party and the accused driver.
Specifically, the Supreme Court concluded that in order for a driver of a vehicle to be
involved in an accident within the intendment of the statute, “there must be physical contact
between the driver’s vehicle and another vehicle, person, or object, or the driver of a motor
vehicle must have been a proximate cause of an accident.” Id. The Court further noted that “in
the application of legal principles pertinent to a finding of proximate causation, we have held that
‘[t]hese principles are constant whether considered in a civil or criminal context.’” Id. (quoting
Gallimore v. Commonwealth, 246 Va. 441, 447, 436 S.E.2d 421, 425 (1993)).
There can be more than one proximate cause [of an incident] and
liability attaches to each person whose negligent act results in the
victim’s injury or death. To be an intervening cause . . . [an
incident] must have been an event which [the defendant] could not
have foreseen. “An intervening act which is reasonably
foreseeable cannot be relied upon as breaking the chain of causal
connection between an original act of negligence and subsequent
injury.” Delawder v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 55, 58, 196 S.E.2d
913, 915 (1973). Furthermore, an intervening event, even if a
cause of the harm, does not operate to exempt a defendant from
liability if the intervening event was put into operation by the
defendant’s negligent acts.
Gallimore, 246 Va. at 447, 436 S.E.2d at 425 (other citations omitted).
-6-
“‘Generally, negligence (whether ordinary, gross, or willful and wanton), contributory
negligence, and proximate cause are issues for a [fact finder’s] resolution. They only become
questions of law to be determined by a court, when reasonable minds could not differ.’” Forbes
v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 304, 309, 498 S.E.2d 457, 459 (1998) (quoting Tubman v.
Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 267, 273-74, 348 S.E.2d 871, 875 (1986)).
While we acknowledge that neither party contests the retroactivity of the Supreme
Court’s holding in Robinson to the facts and issues presented in this appeal, 2 we point out that,
based upon the trial court’s correct interpretation of the law that existed at the time, proximate
cause was not the criteria used by the trial court in convicting appellant. Thus, we cannot say as
a matter of law appellant’s actions were the proximate cause of the accident because the trial
court never ruled as such.
We find that on this record, several facts upon which the trial court could have relied in
determining proximate cause are in dispute. For instance, the driver of the pickup truck testified
that the female was standing in the right-hand lane of Route 301 and the male was in the
left-hand lane. The driver’s wife was certain the male was in the “slow” lane and the female was
on the shoulder. The Ford’s driver stated that the male was in the left lane, and he never saw the
female. In other conflicting testimony, the pickup truck’s driver and his wife both observed that
as the accident occurred, the motorcycle was on the ground in the left-hand lane of the roadway.
In contrast, appellant and Kelvin each testified that at the time of the accident the motorcycle
was off onto the left-hand shoulder of the highway. Kelvin even noted that after appellant
2
Because appellant’s case was not final at the time the Supreme Court decided Robinson,
274 Va. 45, 645 S.E.2d 470, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Code § 46.2-894 is
controlling. See Kelson v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 170, 176-77, 604 S.E.2d 98, 102 (2004)
(discussing that when a decision announces a “new rule” of law, that decision applies to all
criminal cases still pending on direct review in state and federal courts).
-7-
moved the motorcycle off the road, he had already begun walking back toward the residence
when he observed the Ford veer off the highway. 3
The trial court did not resolve these conflicts in the testimony because their resolution
was not necessary for the trial court’s ruling under the standard announced in the first Robinson
decision. However, such resolution is necessary under the “proximate cause” standard
announced by the Supreme Court, and, thus, we cannot determine the sufficiency of the evidence
on the record before us. “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence
are matters solely for the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is
presented.” Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995).
The Commonwealth contended at oral argument that we should affirm the trial court
because it arrived at the right result for the wrong reason, since the Commonwealth argued at
trial that appellant was the proximate cause of the accident. See Driscoll v. Commonwealth, 14
Va. App. 449, 452, 417 S.E.2d 312, 313 (1992) (holding that an appellate court may affirm the
judgment of the trial court when it has reached the right result for the wrong reason). However,
the rule does not apply when “further factual resolution is needed.” Id. at 452, 417 S.E.2d at
314. Thus, without the resolution of the factual disputes, we cannot apply the rule.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find that we cannot determine, on the facts of this record,
whether appellant was involved in the accident as contemplated by the Supreme Court’s decision
in Robinson. We are unable to determine the sufficiency of the evidence; to do so we would
3
Kelvin did not see the Ford strike either of the two individuals.
-8-
need to make factual findings not addressed by the trial court. We therefore reverse appellant’s
conviction and remand for a new trial if the Commonwealth be so advised. 4
Reversed and remanded.
4
We emphasize that we are not ruling on the sufficiency of the evidence. We further
note that at oral argument before this Court on appeal, counsel for appellant waived any double
jeopardy defense upon remand.
-9-
McClanahan, J., dissenting.
I respectfully disagree with the majority’s threshold determination that appellant
preserved his right to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal.
The trial court denied appellant’s motion to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence at the
close of its case. Appellant then presented evidence. Thereafter, in the trial court appellant did
not again challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supportive of his conviction.
It is well established that a defendant waives a sufficiency objection under Rule 5A:18
when he fails to renew this evidentiary challenge after presenting evidence on his own behalf.
McQuinn v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 753, 755-57, 460 S.E.2d 624, 625-26 (1995) (en
banc). More specifically, in a bench trial, as in the instant case, “where a defendant wishes to
preserve a sufficiency motion after presenting evidence, the defendant must make a motion to
strike at the conclusion of all the evidence, present an appropriate argument in summation, or
make a motion to set aside the verdict.” 5 Howard v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 473, 478, 465
S.E.2d 142, 144 (1995). See Cotter v. Commonwealth, 21 Va. App. 453, 454, 464 S.E.2d 566,
567 (1995) (en banc); McQuinn, 20 Va. App. at 756, 460 S.E.2d at 625; Campbell v.
Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 480-81, 405 S.E.2d 1, 2-3 (1991) (en banc); McGee v.
Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 317, 321, 357 S.E.2d 738, 739-40 (1987). The reason for this
principle is that, once the defendant has presented evidence, “he thereby creates a new context in
which the court, if called upon to do so, must judge the sufficiency of the evidence.” McQuinn,
20 Va. App. at 757, 460 S.E.2d at 626. In other words, “the original motion to strike is no longer
applicable because it addresses a superseded context.” Id.
5
This principle does not apply in jury trials with regard to the closing argument, where
“argument is addressed to the jury, not the trial judge, and does not require the trial judge to rule
on the evidence as a matter of law.” Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 481, 405
S.E.2d 1, 3 (1991) (en banc).
- 10 -
While recognizing this waiver principle, the majority, citing Howard, reasons that this
case is subject to a limited exception applicable where the record makes clear that, at the close of
all the evidence, the trial court was aware of defendant’s position, “consider[ed] it intelligently,”
and if necessary, could have “take[n] corrective action” (citing Howard, 21 Va. App. at 479, 465
S.E.2d at 145). The majority gleans such were the circumstances in this case based on the trial
judge’s statements at the end of the trial that he had denied appellant’s motion to strike at the end
of the Commonwealth’s case, finding that the Commonwealth had made a prima facie case at
that point”; that the “sole question” in the case was whether appellant was, in fact, “involved” in
the subject accident, as that term is defined under Code § 46.2-894; that the trial judge “[is]
satisfied that the Commonwealth has met its burden”; and that “[t]he evidence is sufficient and I,
therefore, find [appellant] guilty.”
In Howard, the defendant failed to renew his motion to strike or move to set aside the
verdict after presenting evidence in his bench trial. The trial transcript did not contain closing
arguments. Nevertheless, this Court held that the sufficiency issue was preserved for appeal
because the record showed that, at the end of the trial, the trial court specifically took the issue
under advisement for further consideration before finding defendant guilty. Howard, 21
Va. App. at 478-79, 465 S.E.2d at 144-45.
The statements by the trial judge in the instant case, however, do not support such an
interpretation. That is, they do not establish that the trial judge considered at the end of the case
whether all of the evidence—taken at face value—would be insufficient as a matter of law to
permit “‘any rational trier of fact’” to find “‘the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 250, 257, 584 S.E.2d 444, 447 (2003)
(en banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Rather, the trial judge’s
statements can be reasonably interpreted only to mean he found, as the trier of fact, that based on
- 11 -
the weight of the evidence the Commonwealth had proved appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt—no different than the meaning we ascribe to a jury’s guilty verdict. See Campbell, 12
Va. App. at 480-81, 405 S.E.2d at 2-3 (addressing, in the context of a closing argument, the
distinction between a sufficiency challenge and an argument on the merits pertaining to the
“weight of the evidence” favoring or disfavoring a conviction).
For these reasons, I dissent and would affirm the conviction.
- 12 -
Ricky O'Brian Campbell v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Combined Opinion