COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Clements, Haley and Beales
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
RIVANNA WATER & SEWER AUTHORITY
AND VIRGINIA MUNICIPAL GROUP
SELF-INSURANCE ASSOCIATION;
VML INS. PROGRAMS MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
v. Record No. 0426-07-2 DECEMBER 18, 2007
ROSE LaFLEUR
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Ralph L. Whitt, Jr. (Whitt & Del Bueno, on briefs), for appellants.
Craig B. Davis (Emroch & Kilduff, LLP, on brief), for appellee.
Rivanna Water & Sewer Authority and its insurer (collectively employer) appeal from a
divided commission opinion that awarded benefits to Rose LaFleur (claimant) for injuries
sustained from a lightning strike. The sole issue before the commission and in this appeal is
whether or not claimant’s injuries arose out of her employment. For the reasons that follow, we
reverse the commission’s decision.
BACKGROUND
“In reviewing the commission’s judgment, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to [claimant], the prevailing party below.” Wainwright v. Newport News Shipbuilding
& Dry Dock Co., 50 Va. App. 421, 430, 650 S.E.2d 566, __ (2007). “‘Factual findings of the . . .
[c]ommission will be upheld on appeal if supported by credible evidence.’” Id. (quoting James
v. Capitol Steel Constr. Co., 8 Va. App. 512, 515, 382 S.E.2d 487, 488 (1989)).
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Claimant started working as a water operator at the Rivanna Water and Sewer plant in
May 2004. On June 16, 2004, claimant was injured while a thunderstorm passed over the plant.
While she was “in the process of” taking water samples from a faucet, “there was a flash, and a
noise, and a streak, and a zzzzz, and [she] wasn’t sure what happened.” Claimant, who was
facing a window, testified, “the flash was everywhere. It was brighter than anything I’ve ever
seen.” She remembered hearing a loud noise that sounded like the window breaking, saw a red
or orange streak on the side, “and then it chuuuuu, like sparks.” She stated that she probably had
her right hand on the faucet or that her hand was still very near the faucet and did not remember
whether or not the water was running when this occurred.
Dr. William Snuffin treated claimant at Martha Jefferson Hospital on the date of the
incident. Snuffin found “no appreciable or identifiable injury” but “suspect[ed] this could
represent a flash injury from lightning.” With the assistance of her supervisor, Richard
DeFibaugh, claimant completed an internal accident report while at the hospital. She later filed
an accident report with the commission on September 24, 2004, which stated her injury occurred
when “lightning struck close by.” The accident report identified claimant’s injuries as tingling in
her right extremities and a headache. Claimant returned to work after the incident, was placed on
leave in September 2004, and was ultimately terminated in November 2004.
DeFibaugh testified that the equipment at the plant loses power fairly easily during a
thunderstorm but could not recall a time during his thirty-seven-year tenure when the plant was
actually struck by lightning. He examined the plant’s operating equipment after the storm, found
that the equipment was functioning properly, and was unable to discover physical evidence of a
lightning strike at the plant. DeFibaugh explained that only one system of pipes in the facility is
metal and that all of the other pipes in the plant are made from non-conductive, flexible plastic.
The metal pipe carries wastewater from the plant into a lagoon and is not connected to any of the
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other pipes in the building. The pipe where claimant was working during the thunderstorm is
made out of the non-conductive, flexible plastic.
Dr. Diane Landauer, a family practice physician, treated claimant for a year following the
incident. In a letter containing her findings, Landauer opined,
In accordance with the history [claimant] provided, the injuries
and symptoms for which I am treating [claimant] are consistent
with a lightning injury resulting from electrical current traveling
through conductive metal into her right hand. The fact that her
hand may not have been actually touching the metal faucet at the
exact moment of the lightning strike is irrelevant as the electrical
charge in these instances will arc into an individual’s body.
According to Landauer, her findings were based upon her treatment of claimant and “a review of
relevant medical literature related to the diagnosis and treatment of lightning strike injuries.”
Dr. Mary Ann Cooper, “an expert in emergency medicine and the diagnosis and
treatment of lightning and lightning-related injuries and the mechanism of such injuries and in
lightning safety and injury avoidance,” reviewed claimant’s records and prepared a report at
claimant’s request. Cooper, though, never visited the water plant. Cooper opined that the plant
was more likely to be struck by lightning because it is “out in the open,” “up on a small hill,” and
“had an antenna coming from the roof.” Cooper also stated that the facility’s piping “could well
have transmitted [lightning] in through the plumbing system to where [claimant] was working”
and that the water “had enough contaminants to be able to conduct electricity fairly well and
lightning very well.” Cooper further explained the concept of arcing, where lightning “can shoot
across, through the air, because of the high voltage nature of the lightning.” Because lightning
can arc, Cooper concluded that claimant could have been struck even if she was standing
“nearby” and not actually touching the faucet. Cooper explained, “And by nearby, I mean within
a very short proximity of a few inches. I don’t mean feet away.”
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Ronald Holle, “an expert in the field of meteorology and lightning safety and casualty,”
opined,
[T]he situation here is that people at this facility handle things that
are related to water. And with electronic systems around there
also, power lines, and so on. So the footprint of the facility has a
connection to this - - to someone working inside of this building.
That’s more than most people have. If you’re in a neighborhood
with houses fairly close by, normally you aren’t too much affected
by a flash when it hits a power pole a block or two away. But in
this case when it hits, it will hit the facility somewhere around.
Holle explained that in using the term “footprint,” he
mean[s] the whole complex there is connected by wiring and
plumbing. And so a strike to any part of that facility, including the
fences or the pipes, or whatever, that are aboveground, certainly
would be reasonable to have expectation that the current would
travel through the wiring and the plumbing and reach [claimant].
When asked whether claimant was exposed to a greater risk of a lightning strike than the general
public, Holle opined, “At this particular facility at that particular time in that situation,
absolutely, yes.”
A deputy commissioner entered an award in favor of claimant for temporary total
disability benefits, medical benefits, and attorney’s fees. The commission’s majority affirmed
the deputy commissioner’s award, finding,
as the Deputy Commissioner correctly held, the evidence in the
case at bar not only establishes the propensity of the physical
location of the plant to receive a lightning strike, but also
establishes a special risk posed by the greater likelihood of
conduction of current through the large amount of water, pipes,
and metal.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
An injury, as defined by the Workers’ Compensation Act, “means only injury by accident
arising out of and in the course of the employment.” Code § 65.2-101.
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“The phrases arising ‘out of’ and arising ‘in the course of’ are
separate and distinct. We have long held that they mean different
things and that proof of both is essential to recovery under the Act.
. . . The phrase arising ‘in the course of’ refers to the time, place,
and circumstances under which the accident occurred. The phrase
arising “out of” refers to the origin or cause of the injury.”
Lucas v. Fed. Express Corp., 41 Va. App. 130, 133-34, 583 S.E.2d 56, 58 (2003) (quoting
County of Chesterfield v. Johnson, 237 Va. 180, 183, 376 S.E.2d 73, 74 (1989)). In short,
“There must be a link between the injury and the employment.” Id.
The sole issue to be decided in this appeal is whether or not claimant’s injury arose out of
her employment. To resolve this issue, “Virginia recognizes the ‘actual risk’ test which requires
that the employment subject the employee to the particular danger that brought about his or her
injury.” Lipsey v. Case, 248 Va. 59, 61, 445 S.E.2d 105, 106 (1994). “Consequently, an
accident arises out of the employment when it is apparent to a rational mind, under all attending
circumstances, that a causal connection exists between the conditions under which the work is
required to be performed and the resulting injury.” Id. Generally speaking, “[h]azards to which
the general public is equally exposed are non-compensable.” Lucas, 41 Va. App. at 134, 583
S.E.2d at 58. The foregoing “determination involves a mixed question of law and fact.” Va.
Empl. Comm’n v. Hale, 43 Va. App. 379, 385, 598 S.E.2d 327, 330 (2004). “Accordingly, while
we must defer to the factual findings of the commission” in this case, “we review de novo the
commission’s application of the law to those findings” of fact. Roanoke Belt, Inc. v.
Mroczkowski, 20 Va. App. 60, 68, 455 S.E.2d 267, 271 (1995).
In Lucas, we recited the following “general rule regarding natural disasters,” and more
specifically, lightning strikes:
“If an employee is injured by some natural force, such as . . .
[being] struck by lightning during a storm, . . . the event does not
in and of itself fasten liability on the employer. The theory is that
death or any incapacity to work resulting from some natural force
operating directly upon the victim without the intervention of any
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other agency or instrumentality, arises not out of the employment
but is due solely to an act of God. However, when the nature of
the employment, or some condition, or environment therein, brings
into existence a special or peculiar risk to the disastrous forces of
nature, the injury or death of an employee may be compensated as
a risk of the employment. The applicable test seems to be not
whether the injury was caused by an act of God, but whether the
employment collaborated in causing the injury or death.”
Lucas, 41 Va. App. at 134-35, 583 S.E.2d at 59 (quoting Elmer H. Blair, Reference Guide to
Workmen’s Compensation § 9.02 (1974)) (emphasis added). “This position recognizes the
causal connection required by the actual risk test that Virginia follows.” Id. at 135, 583 S.E.2d at
59. This Court applied this actual risk test in both Lucas and Hale, both of which dealt with
injuries sustained during a lightning strike.
In Lucas, the claimant, a delivery driver, “presented evidence of the [delivery] truck’s
electrical and structural characteristics,” including evidence that the truck was metal, “had an
antenna, a computer system, and a communication radio.” Id. at 136, 583 S.E.2d at 59.
However, the claimant did not present evidence that illustrated how the physical “characteristics
caused her injury by exposing her to a particular risk of injury from lightning not otherwise
experienced by any other person in the same vicinity,” and, therefore, her injury was not
compensable under the Act. Id. at 136, 583 S.E.2d at 59-60. Likewise, in Hale, benefits were
denied because the claimant did not prove how using a computer or a telephone “created a
‘heightened risk of injury’ beyond the general risk to anyone in a building during a storm.”
Hale, 43 Va. App. at 386, 598 S.E.2d at 331.
The actual risk test applied in Lucas and Hale stands in contrast to the increased risk test,
which is used in and by some other jurisdictions. In an increased risk analysis,
“[T]he issue from that point on has become one of physics rather
than of law, namely, whether the work conditions -- such as height
above the surrounding area, nearness to the trees or tall structures,
nearness to metallic objects likely to attract lightning, or presence
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of wetness and other conditions facilitating transmission of
lightning -- enhanced the probability of injury from lightning.”
Lucas, 41 Va. App. at 135, 583 S.E.2d at 59 (quoting Arthur Larson & Lex K. Larson, Larson’s
Workers’ Compensation Law § 5.01[1] (2002)). Therefore, a claimant could theoretically pass
the increased risk test by merely identifying physical characteristics of the location of
employment that increase the propensity of that location to receive a lightning strike. As our
precedents make clear, though, this type of evidence alone does not prove causation when
applying the actual risk test.
Here, Dr. Cooper and Ronald Holle extensively discussed the plant’s location, including
the presence of pipes and water, and opined that the physics of the plant exposed claimant to a
greater risk of a lightning strike than a member of the general public faces. The commission
explicitly based its finding of a “propensity of the physical location of the plant to receive a
lightning strike” upon the physical characteristics identified by the experts. In addition, the
commission’s other finding -- the creation of “a special risk posed by the greater likelihood of
conduction of current through the large amounts of water, pipes, and metal” – is merely a
restatement of its propensity finding and is also based solely upon the physics of the plant. Thus,
while the commission’s majority explicitly recognized that Virginia applies the actual risk test to
this inquiry, both of its findings appear based upon an erroneous application of the increased risk
test rather than the actual risk test adopted and used by Virginia courts.
The evidence in the record reflects that only one system of pipes in the facility, which
carries wastewater away from the plant, was made of metal. Claimant was clearly not near that
system of pipes when she was injured. The other pipes, as Richard DeFibaugh explained, were
made of non-conductive, flexible plastic. Furthermore, claimant was not completely sure if she
was actually touching the faucet (or, if not, how far from it she was when lightning apparently
struck). In addition, she was completely uncertain if water was actually flowing from the faucet
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at that moment. While arcing, as Dr. Cooper explained, could have caused claimant’s injury,
claimant bore the burden of showing her hand was “a very short proximity” away from the
faucet. When asked how far her “right hand was from where the water comes out of the faucet”
at the time that she believed she was struck, claimant responded that she did not know. While it
is certainly understandable that the details of this ordeal are difficult for claimant to recall, she
must still meet her burden in demonstrating that her injury arose out of her employment. See
Merillat Indus. v. Parks, 246 Va. 429, 431, 436 S.E.2d 600, 601 (1993) (“[T]he claimant has the
burden of showing that the injury or disease arose out of and in the course of the employment.”).
In addition, we do not find the Virginia Supreme Court’s decision in Scott County School
Board v. Carter, 156 Va. 815, 159 S.E. 115 (1931), is analogous to the actual facts and situation
of the case at bar. In Carter, the Court affirmed an award where a schoolteacher was killed “by
reason of a cyclone demolishing the building in which she was a teacher,” and “the schoolhouse
[where she was killed] was located on an eminence on a plateau, at a point where the wind blew
more continually than at other points, and so located as to be exposed to, and more susceptible
to, the hazard of storms.” Id. at 816-17, 159 S.E. at 116-17 (emphasis added). Here, Richard
DeFibaugh, the plant’s manager, did not recall the plant being struck by lightning at any time,
prior to this incident, during his thirty-seven-year tenure at the facility. DeFibaugh’s testimony
on this point was undisputed, and no other evidence in the record demonstrates that the plant was
struck by lightning in the past. Because lightning, by its very nature, is a much more isolated
and random occurrence than wind, DeFibaugh’s recollection that the facility had not been struck
by lightning in nearly forty years stands in stark contrast to the evidence in Carter of the
continual or, at least, frequent hazard of wind the schoolhouse in the mountains was known to
have experienced.
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As discussed above, Virginia applies the actual risk test in deciding whether claimant’s
injuries arose out of her employment. That test requires proof that the nature of claimant’s
employment, and not merely the physical properties of the location of employment, exposed the
claimant to a particular risk of injury that is usually not faced by a member of the general public.
The commission, in its opinion on this matter, actually erroneously based its findings upon an
increased risk analysis focused solely on physics, with quotes, for example, about the plant’s
location -- “isolated, out in the open on a small hill, and had an antenna on the roof” – and the
presence of pipes and water. While we do not question the experts’ findings on the propensity of
the physical location to receive a lightning strike, those findings, in and of themselves, cannot
satisfy the actual risk test. Because the commission utilized an incorrect legal standard and
hinged its award purely upon findings relating the plant’s physical characteristics to a propensity
of the location itself to receive a lightning strike, we find its decision is in error. Moreover,
applying the actual risk test, we hold the evidence in this case does not affirmatively establish the
causal link necessary to demonstrate claimant’s injury arose out of her employment.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the commission’s award of benefits to claimant.
Reversed.
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Rivanna Water & Sewer Authority & v. Rose Lafleur
Combined Opinion