COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges McClanahan, Petty and Senior Judge Fitzpatrick
Argued by teleconference
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
MEMORANDUM OPINION∗ BY
v. Record No. 0644-07-4 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN
AUGUST 27, 2007
CALVIN LAMONT BOWMAN, JR.
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
Arthur B. Vieregg, Judge
Susan M. Harris, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellant.
McGennis Williams for appellee.
Calvin Lamont Bowman, Jr. stands indicted for bank robbery and related charges. The
Commonwealth appeals the pretrial ruling of the trial court granting Bowman’s motion to
suppress his statements made to police shortly after his arrest. The Commonwealth contends the
trial court erred in ruling that Bowman’s inculpatory statements were inadmissible because they
resulted from police interrogation conducted in violation of his Miranda1 rights. For the
following reasons, we affirm the trial court.
On appeal of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, “the burden is upon [the
appellant] to show that the ruling . . . constituted reversible error.” McGee v. Commonwealth,
25 Va. App. 193, 197, 487 S.E.2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). Where the motion was granted, we review the evidence in the light most
∗
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
favorable to the accused, the prevailing party below, together with all reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from it. Commonwealth v. Spencer, 21 Va. App. 156, 159, 462 S.E.2d 899, 901
(1995).
Bowman was arrested in Maryland for his alleged involvement in a bank robbery in
Vienna, Virginia. His charges in this case arise from that robbery.2 Within a day or two of his
arrest, two Fairfax County Police Department detectives and an agent with the Federal Bureau of
Investigation met with Bowman in a Maryland county jail, as part of their robbery investigation.
Bowman was being held there while awaiting extradition to Virginia. The officers met with him
in an interrogation room in the jail for more than an hour and a half. Approximately twenty-five
minutes into the meeting, Detective Needles advised Bowman of his Miranda rights, after which
Bowman executed a waiver of those rights. Both before and after the Miranda warnings were
given and the Miranda waiver was executed, Bowman made numerous inculpatory statements to
the officers regarding the bank robbery.
Bowman filed a pretrial motion to suppress all of his inculpatory statements on the
grounds the statements were obtained in violation of his Fifth Amendment right against
self-incrimination, as protected under the procedural safeguards of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.
436, 478 (1966). More specifically, Bowman argues that his pre-Miranda warning statements
were the product of a custodial police interrogation, as defined in Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S.
291, 300-01 (1980), and that his post-Miranda warning statements were the product of a
deliberate two-step interrogation strategy designed to circumvent Miranda, a tactic proscribed in
Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600 (2004) (plurality opinion). After reviewing the
2
In this case, Bowman is charged with two counts of robbery in violation of Code
§ 18.2-58, abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-48, and three counts of using a firearm in the
commission of robbery and abduction in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. He was also charged
with felony unauthorized use of a vehicle in violation of Code § 18.2-102.
-2-
Commonwealth’s evidence presented at the suppression hearing,3 the trial court agreed with
Bowman and ordered that all of Bowman’s inculpatory statements to the officers were
inadmissible. The Commonwealth subsequently filed this pretrial appeal pursuant to Code
§ 19.2-398(A)(2) challenging the order.
“Miranda warnings are implicated . . . during a custodial interrogation.” Bailey v.
Commonwealth, 259 Va. 723, 745, 529 S.E.2d 570, 583 (2000) (citing Oregon v. Mathiason, 429
U.S. 492, 495 (1977)); see Innis, 446 U.S. at 300 (“[T]he special procedural safeguards outlined
in Miranda are required not where a suspect is simply taken into custody, but rather where a
suspect in custody is subjected to interrogation.”). “‘Failure to give Miranda warnings prior to
custodial interrogation requires suppression of any illegally obtained statements.’” Timbers v.
Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 187, 194, 503 S.E.2d 233, 236 (1998) (quoting Blain v.
Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 10, 13, 371 S.E.2d 838, 840 (1988)); see Commonwealth v.
Thornton, 24 Va. App. 478, 488, 483 S.E.2d 487, 491 (1997) (An accused “subjected to
custodial police interrogation” must first be advised of his Miranda rights in order “for any
statement he makes to be admissible.”).
Suppression of post-warning inculpatory statements may be required when police use a
“[deliberate] two-step questioning technique,” whereby an in-custody suspect is given
mid-interrogation Miranda warnings preceded by the suspect’s inculpatory statements made
during the first stage of the interrogation. Seibert, 542 U.S. at 620 (Kennedy, J., concurring
opinion).4 “When an interrogator uses this deliberate, two-step strategy, predicated upon
3
Only the Commonwealth presented evidence at the suppression hearing. See, e.g.,
Sellers v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 268, 272, 584 S.E.2d 452, 455 (2003), and
Timbers v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 187, 194, 503 S.E.2d 233, 236 (1998) (explaining the
Commonwealth’s burden of poof upon a defendant’s motion to suppress under Miranda).
4
“Because Seibert is a plurality decision and Justice Kennedy concurred in the result on
the narrowest grounds, it is his concurring opinion that provides the controlling law.” United
-3-
violating Miranda during an extended interview, postwarning statements that are related to the
substance of prewarning statements must be excluded absent specific, curative steps.” Id. at 621.
Here, it is undisputed Bowman was in custody at the time the three officers met with him.
Therefore, the issues in this case are: (a) whether Bowman’s inculpatory statements made during
the pre-warning phase of the meeting resulted from an interrogation; and (b) if so, whether his
inculpatory statements made during the post-warning phase of the meeting resulted from a
deliberate two-step questioning technique such as to render his mid-interrogation Miranda
warnings ineffective, under the applicable standards set forth in Seibert.
(i) Bowman’s Pre-Miranda Warning Inculpatory Statements
A person in custody may be subjected to interrogation by “either express questioning or
its functional equivalent.” Innis, 446 U.S. at 300-01. In other words, “the term ‘interrogation’
under Miranda . . . [includes] any words or actions on the part of the police (other than those
normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to
elicit an incriminating response from the suspect.” Id. at 301. The “‘Innis standard’” thus
presents a question of law, “‘requiring [our] determination whether an objective observer would
view an officer’s words or actions as designed to elicit an incriminating response.’” Hilliard v.
Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 659, 674, 601 S.E.2d 652, 659 (2004) (quoting Blain, 7 Va. App.
at 15, 371 S.E.2d at 841). See Timbers, 28 Va. App. at 193, 503 S.E.2d at 236 (“We review de
novo questions of law and the trial court’s application of defined legal standards to the particular
facts of a case.”).
States v. Street, 472 F.3d 1298, 1313 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Gonzalez-Lauzan,
437 F.3d 1128, 1136 n.6 (11th Cir. 2006); Romano v. Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 9 (1994); Marks v.
United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977)); see United States v. Mashburn, 406 F.3d 303, 308-09
(4th Cir. 2005) (same).
-4-
We agree with the trial court that Bowman’s pre-warning inculpatory statements were the
product of a police interrogation. It is clear that during those first twenty-five minutes of his
meeting with the officers, as the trial court concluded, “Mr. Bowman’s inculpatory statements
were preceded by the investigator’s repeated inquiry not only as to the name of Mr. Bowman’s
alleged accomplice, but also as to Mr. Bowman’s role in the robbery.” “Given that (1) an
innocent person does not have an accomplice, (2) Mr. Bowman could not discuss his accomplice
without also placing himself at the scene, and potentially without revealing his own actions, and
(3) the investigators included two police detectives and a federal agent extremely familiar with
the practice of interrogation,” the court aptly reasoned, it is “plain” that a reasonable investigator
“should have realized that the subject matter of the topic of the conversation as well as the
investigator’s actual statements likely would elicit incriminating responses from Mr. Bowman.”
The trial court thus correctly ruled that Bowman’s pre-warning inculpatory statements are
inadmissible because they resulted from what amounted to a custodial interrogation of an
unwarned suspect.
(ii) Bowman’s Post-Miranda Warning Inculpatory Statements
Having determined that Bowman’s pre-warning statements were the product of a
custodial interrogation, we must now decide the admissibility of his post-warning statements
under Seibert.
The United States Supreme Court has twice addressed the admissibility of a defendant’s
inculpatory statements obtained after Miranda warnings were given, but preceded by the
defendant’s earlier, unwarned inculpatory statements, first in Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298
(1985), and then in Seibert, 542 U.S. 600. In Elstad, the Supreme Court held that “subsequent
administration of Miranda warnings to a suspect who has given a voluntary but unwarned
statement ordinarily should suffice to remove the conditions that precluded admission of the
-5-
earlier statement.” Id. at 314. Under Elstad, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, in fact, the
second statement was also voluntarily made. As in any such inquiry, the finder of fact must
examine the surrounding circumstances and the entire course of police conduct with respect to
the suspect in evaluating the voluntariness of his statements.”5 Id. at 318.
In Seibert, the Supreme Court formulated an exception to Elstad, which is a “test
applicable only in the infrequent case” where the police have used “a two-step questioning
technique based on a deliberate violation of Miranda.”6 Seibert, 542 U.S. at 620-22 (Kennedy,
J., concurring). Under Justice Kennedy’s concurring opinion in Seibert, the trial court must
suppress post-warning inculpatory statements obtained through a deliberate two-step
interrogation strategy, predicated on rendering the mid-interrogation Miranda warnings
ineffective, unless the police take specific “curative measures.” Id. at 622. Such measures
“should be designed to ensure that a reasonable person in the suspect’s situation would
understand the import and effect of the Miranda warning and of the Miranda waiver.”7 Id.
5
The Supreme Court reasoned that it would be
an unwarranted extension of Miranda to hold that a simple failure
to administer the warnings, unaccompanied by any actual coercion
or other circumstances calculated to undermine the suspect’s
ability to exercise his free will, so taints the investigatory process
that a subsequent voluntary and informed waiver is ineffective for
some indeterminate period. Though Miranda requires that the
unwarned admission must be suppressed, the admissibility of any
subsequent statement should turn in these circumstances solely on
whether it is knowingly and voluntarily made.
Elstad, 470 U.S. at 309.
6
Therefore, “[t]he admissibility of postwarning statements should continue to be
governed by the principles of Elstad unless the deliberate two-step strategy was employed.”
Seibert, 542 U.S. at 622 (Kennedy, J., concurring).
7
In his concurring opinion, Justice Kennedy provides specific examples of remedial
measures that may be sufficient. Seibert, 542 U.S. at 622. As explained, supra, no such
measures are presented for our review in the instant case.
-6-
In adopting this subjective test requiring deliberate or intentional police misconduct,
Justice Kennedy rejected the plurality’s “objective inquiry” that would have been applicable “in
the case of both intentional and unintentional two-stage interrogations,” which, in Justice
Kennedy’s opinion, “cuts too broadly.” Id. at 621-22. Justice Kennedy reasoned that
“Miranda’s clarity is one of its strengths, and a multifactor test that applies to every two-stage
interrogation may serve to undermine that clarity.” Id. at 622. He thus favored the “narrower
test” applicable only where the “two-step interrogation technique was used in a calculated way to
undermine the Miranda warning.” Id.
In the instant case, the trial court made a finding that the officers deliberately engaged in
a two-step interrogation strategy during Bowman’s interview,8 as proscribed in Seibert under
Justice Kennedy’s subjective standard.9 The appellate standard we use to review this finding is a
matter of first impression for a Virginia appellate court. We conclude, as the Ninth Circuit did
recently in United States v. Narvaez-Gomez, 489 F.3d 970, ___, 2007 U.S. App. LEXIS 13021,
8
Prior to oral argument in this appeal, we issued an order directing counsel to be
prepared to address, inter alia, whether “the trial court [made] a finding of a deliberate use of the
two-step interrogation process proscribed in [Seibert].” During oral argument, the
Commonwealth conceded the trial court made this finding, specifically acknowledging that the
trial court found “there was a deliberate intent to circumvent Miranda” by the officers’ two-step
interrogation strategy. This Court is entitled to rely on this concession because it is a concession
of a factual finding, as addressed supra. See Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172,
622 S.E.2d 771, 773 (2005) (en banc) (“‘A party can concede the facts but cannot concede the
law.’” (quoting Cofield v. Nuckles, 239 Va. 186, 194, 387 S.E.2d 493, 498 (1990))). We
nevertheless reach the same conclusion based on our own review of the record.
9
The trial court also made an alternative ruling under an objective test, consistent with
Justice Souter’s plurality opinion: that “[i]rrespective” of the “subjective intent” of Detective
Needles (the only interrogating officer who testified at the suppression hearing), a “reasonable
police officer” should have known that Bowman’s two-step interrogation was in violation of
Miranda. We reject this ruling, as the trial court’s subjective inquiry, consistent with Justice
Kennedy’s concurring opinion, is the correct approach. See, infra, footnote 4. In other words, of
the trial court’s two, alternative rulings, it is the court’s ruling under the subjective test that
“legally constitute[s] a freestanding basis in support of the trial court’s decision.” Johnson v.
Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 113, 117, 609 S.E.2d 58, 60 (2005).
-7-
*6 (9th Cir. 2007), that this “deliberateness finding is appropriately reviewed as a factual
finding.” See United States v. Mashburn, 406 F.3d 303, 306-10 (4th Cir. 2005). And “we are
bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or ‘without evidence
to support them.’” McGee, 25 Va. App. at 198, 487 S.E.2d at 261 (quoting Ornelas v. United
States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996)).
From our review of the record, we cannot say the trial court’s finding of a deliberate
violation of Miranda under Seibert was plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. The trial
court made this finding based not only on the recording and transcript of Bowman’s
interrogation, but also on the testimony of Detective Needles. After reciting Justice Kennedy’s
subjective test in its opinion, the court specifically found that the officers “plain[ly] . . .
conducted [the proscribed] two-step strategy” in such a way as to “eventuate in [Bowman’s]
restatement of inculpatory statements made in the pre-Miranda phase as well as further
admissions.” The trial court also explained that, while Detective Needles denied “deliberately
engag[ing] in a two-step strategy,” he offered the court no “plausible explanation why Miranda
warnings were not given at the beginning of the interview.” Under familiar principles, “it is the
province of the [trier of fact], rather than an appellate court, to weigh the facts and to judge the
credibility of the various witnesses.” Ford v. Commonwealth, 48 Va. App. 262, 268, 630 S.E.2d
332, 335 (2006). Finally, it is undisputed that no curative measures of any kind were taken
during Bowman’s interrogation. Thus, we conclude that Bowman’s post-warning inculpatory
statements are also inadmissible.
For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s ruling to suppress all of Bowman’s
inculpatory statements made during his interrogation conducted by the three officers at the
Maryland county jail shortly after his arrest.
Affirmed.
-8-