COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Clements and McClanahan
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
KATHLEEN K. TUCK
MEMORANDUM OPINION∗ BY
v. Record No. 2731-06-2 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN
JUNE 26, 2007
LENARD W. TUCK
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY
Daniel T. Balfour, Judge
(Hayward F. Taylor, IV; Taylor, Taylor & Taylor, on brief), for
appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.
Lawrence D. Diehl for appellee.
Kathleen K. Tuck (wife) appeals from an order modifying the spousal support obligation
of her former husband, Lenard W. Tuck (husband). She contends the trial court erred by
imputing income to her upon finding husband both alleged and proved a material change of
circumstances in the status of her earning capacity; denying her request for an increase in spousal
support; and granting husband’s request for a reduction in spousal support. For the reasons that
follow, we affirm the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
In reviewing the trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to husband, the prevailing party, granting him the benefit of any reasonable inferences.
Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 835 (2003). The facts relevant to
∗
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
the issues we address in this appeal are limited to the following.1 In 1999, the trial court entered
a final divorce decree ordering husband to pay $2,000 a month in spousal support. The court
also awarded primary custody of the parties’ two minor children to wife, who was “a stay at
home mother.”2 The court imputed no income to wife, even though she was employable as a
substitute school teacher.
The evidence before the court when entering the 1999 divorce decree regarding wife’s
earning capacity was that she could work nearly full-time as a substitute school teacher. She
held a B.A. degree in education and was teaching in a Henrico County high school when the
parties’ first child, Kathleen, was born in 1987. Afterwards, however, wife stopped teaching and
did not return to work outside the home. This was due to the parties’ understanding that, “when
[they] started a family, [wife] would stay home, raise the children and take care of them,” as wife
explained. She also testified she was precluded from “going to work” at the time of the divorce
because of the children’s needs related to the trauma they experienced as a result of the parties’
separation. She further explained that the oldest daughter in particular “was having some fairly
significant problems about the separation,” requiring wife to spend “additional time with her” on
a daily basis. Other home and school-related activities involving the children also required a
“great deal of [wife’s] time.” In sum, wife testified, “right now, my main objectives are to stay
with the children and help them have a normal, calm life, . . . it’s been a very traumatic
separation, and it’s not a time for me to be out of the home.”
1
As discussed, infra, wife has waived three of the six questions presented for appeal.
Thus, we need not summarize the facts related to those issues.
2
The court further ordered husband to pay child support for the two children.
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In 2005, husband filed a petition to modify his spousal support obligation.3 Specifically,
husband sought to have income imputed to wife and spousal support terminated. Husband
alleged in his petition, inter alia, that “[wife] does not have full-time employment although
nothing prohibits her from doing so. At the time of the [1999] Final Decree, it was contemplated
that [wife] would return to work to aid in her own support. Income should be imputed to her.”
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on husband’s petition on June 12, 2006.
Husband called wife to testify in support of his position. Wife stated she had not sought any
employment and had not worked outside the home following the divorce. Her reason for not
doing so was the original “deal” with husband that she “would stay home [and take care of the
children] until . . . both children had gotten through school.” At the time of the hearing, the
oldest daughter, Kathleen, was nineteen and had finished her first year of college. The youngest
daughter, however, was still a minor, having “just turned thirteen.” Wife nevertheless
acknowledged that child care was available for her thirteen-year-old daughter in the event wife
took a job outside the home. Notably, wife did not describe any ongoing emotional problems
with either of the children related to the divorce that now required her time and attention, unlike
the circumstances at the time of the divorce.
A vocational expert, Peter Melberg, testified regarding wife’s earning capacity. Given
wife’s work experience and education, Melberg opined she had the capacity to earn an income of
up to $39,000 a year in the field of education. He explained that, based on available positions in
the Richmond area school systems, she had the option of substitute teaching without any updated
certification, gaining provisional licensure to be a home bound teacher for students confined to
3
Husband’s petition also sought modification of his child support obligation, based on
the emancipation of the parties’ oldest daughter, Kathleen, and modification of his visitation
rights as to their youngest daughter. Those matters are not at issue in this appeal.
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their home, or working full-time as an art teacher upon restoring her certification. To obtain
re-certification, she would be required to complete two certain college level courses.
The trial court held that husband proved a material change in circumstances from those
existing in 1999 when the court entered the final divorce decree and that this change in
circumstances warranted a reduction in spousal support. The court reached this decision based,
in part, on finding a material change in wife’s earning capacity.4 From the evidence regarding
her earning capacity, the court imputed to wife an annual income of $36,000, which effect the
court deferred for six months to allow her time “to find employment and take additional
education requirements if she deems it appropriate.” The court reduced the spousal support from
$2,000 a month to $1,200 a month effective July 1, 2006, and further reduced it to $500 a month
effective January 1, 2007.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, wife argues the trial court erred in: (1) failing to dismiss husband’s petition
for modification of spousal support because he did not allege any material change of
circumstances in wife’s earning capacity from the time of the original divorce decree awarding
spousal support to the present; (2) finding a material change of circumstances in wife’s earning
capacity on the evidence presented, and then imputing income to wife and reducing husband’s
spousal support obligation based on that finding; (3) failing to include between $1,000 and
$1,500 each month in rent for housing as part of her monthly living expenses, whereas the trial
court found she paid no rent for housing; (4) denying her request for an increase in spousal
support because of her inability to “afford to pay market rent” and husband’s “substantial
4
The trial court also found a material change of circumstances in wife’s living expenses,
which was an additional basis for the court’s modification of the spousal support.
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increase in income”; and (5) imputing only $10,000 income to husband, for a total annual
income of $127,000, when his annual income was allegedly at least $199,932.5
A. Waiver of Issues 3, 4 and 5
Wife fails in her brief to support her arguments with any authority for issues 3 and 4.
She also provides no authority and no citations to the record in support of her argument for issue
5. “‘Statements unsupported by argument, authority, or citations to the record do not merit
appellate consideration.’” Budnick v. Budnick, 42 Va. App. 823, 833-34, 595 S.E.2d 50, 55
(2004) (quoting Roberts v. Roberts, 41 Va. App. 513, 527, 586 S.E.2d 290, 297 (2003)); see
Rule 5A:20(e) (requiring appellants to brief the “principles of law, the argument, and the
authorities relating to each question presented”). Having presented no authority in her brief for
issues 3 and 4, and no citations or authority in her brief for issue 5, wife has waived argument on
appeal on those issues, and thus we do not address them. See Rule 5A:20(e).
B. Change in Wife’s Earning Capacity and Imputation of Income
Wife argues husband neither alleged in his petition nor proved a material change in her
earning capacity since entry of the 1999 final divorce decree. Thus, she asserts, the trial court
erred in imputing income to her and reducing spousal support, in substantial part, based on such
purported change in circumstances.
Decisions concerning spousal support “rest within the sound discretion of the trial court
and will not be reversed on appeal unless plainly wrong or unsupported by the evidence.”
Calvert v. Calvert, 18 Va. App. 781, 784, 447 S.E.2d 875, 876 (1994). Under Code § 20-109(A),
the trial court is authorized to modify spousal support upon the petition of either party if the
5
While wife sets forth six questions presented on appeal, we have consolidated the
related matters posed by two of them (questions II and V) under issue number 2 above.
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court determines there has been “both a material change in circumstances and that this change
warrants a modification.”
In considering modification of a spousal support award, the trial court may, under
appropriate circumstances, impute income to the payee spouse upon a change in his or her
earning capacity. See O’Hara v. O’Hara, 45 Va. App. 788, 794, 613 S.E.2d 859, 862 (2005)
(imputing income to payee wife and reducing spousal support upon finding her employable). As
we explained in Blackburn v. Michael, 30 Va. App. 95, 515 S.E.2d 780 (1999), in evaluating a
request to impute income, the trial court considers the parties’ “earning capacity, financial
resources, education and training, ability to secure such education and training, and other factors
relevant to the equities” between the parties. Id. at 102, 515 S.E.2d at 784 (citations and internal
quotation marks and omitted.) “Furthermore, the party moving the court to impute income has
the burden of proving that the other party is voluntarily foregoing more [if any] gainful
employment.” Id.
First, husband adequately alleged in his petition a material change in circumstances in
wife’s earning capacity, for which he sought imputation of income to wife and modification of
spousal support. Husband alleged that wife did not have full-time employment; that nothing
prohibited her from being employed full-time; that at the time of the divorce it was contemplated
she “would return to work to aid in her own support;” and that income should therefore be
imputed to her. Wife nevertheless complains that husband did not expressly assert in his petition
that these alleged facts constituted “a material change in circumstances” from those in existence
when the final divorce decree was entered. Pleading requirements, however, “‘are not so strict as
to demand specificity beyond that necessary to “clearly [inform] the opposite party of the true
nature of the claim or defense” pled.’” O’Rourke v. Vuturo, 49 Va. App. 139, 147, 638 S.E.2d
124, 128 (2006) (quoting Balzer & Assocs. v. Lakes on 360, 250 Va. 527, 531, 463 S.E. 2d 453,
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456 (1995) (quoting Rule 1:4(d))). Wife was clearly informed of the nature of husband’s claim
by the allegations in his petition, particularly in light of the prior evidence presented in the
divorce proceeding regarding wife’s reasons for not working outside the home at that time,
which provided the context for the petition.
Second, there is evidence in the record to support the trial court’s finding of a material
change in wife’s earning capacity and its imputation of income to her, constituting a basis for
reducing her spousal support. In challenging that finding, wife points to the fact that she had the
same qualifications at the time of the divorce decree as she does now; that teaching positions
were available to her then as they are now; and that she has remained a “stay at home mother”
the entire time. Thus, she contends, there has been no change in circumstances regarding her
employability. While those facts upon which wife relies are undisputed, the record contains
other facts constituting a change in her opportunity to earn income. The trial court noted that
wife is now responsible for one teenage daughter. Wife also acknowledged that day care was
available for her daughter if necessary. By contrast, at the time of the divorce, wife was
responsible for the care of two pre-teenage children, who were experiencing emotional problems
from the trauma of the parties’ separation. That is no longer the case.
Wife also points to the parties’ understanding that “she would not work until both
children were adults.” Though such an understanding may be one of the “factors relevant to the
equities” between the parties for a trial court’s consideration, Blackburn, 30 Va. App. at 102, 515
S.E.2d at 784, in this case, that arrangement was not incorporated into a property settlement
agreement, and was not binding upon the court under Code § 20-109(A) when ruling on
husband’s petition for modification of spousal support. See id.
Having determined a change in wife’s earning capacity and imputed income to her based
on expert testimony regarding teaching positions available to her, the trial court appropriately
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phased in the imputed income over a six-month period in order to give wife an opportunity to
secure employment and gain re-certification to teach school.
C. Attorney’s Fees
Husband requests this Court to award attorney’s fees incurred on appeal. See O’Loughlin
v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996) (holding appellate attorney’s
fees in domestic dispute may be awarded pursuant to Code § 20-99 upon specific remand to trial
court for determination of amount to be awarded). As addressed above, we find three of wife’s
six questions presented were not supported on brief by citations to legal authority or evidence in
the record. See Gottlieb v. Gottlieb, 19 Va. App. 77, 95, 448 S.E. 2d 666, 677 (1994) (awarding
appellate attorneys fees because “[m]any of husband’s questions presented or assignments of
error were not supported by the law or evidence”). Therefore, we award attorney’s fees to
husband and remand this case to the trial court to determine an appropriate award of attorney’s
fees incurred in this appeal relative to wife’s waiver, under Rule 5A:20, of three of the questions
presented for appeal.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court, but remand for the
limited purpose of determining the amount husband should be awarded for attorney’s fees for
this appeal.
Affirmed and remanded.
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