In Re: C.L.J.

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
October 31, 2003 Session

IN RE: C.L.J.

Appeal from the Davidson County Juvenile Court
No. 9619-23067 W. Scott Rosenberg, Special Judge

No. M2003-01949-COA-R9-JV - Filed November 7, 2003

This appeal involves a dispute over the custody of an eight-year-old boy. The child’s parents never
married and engaged in a protracted, bitter custody dispute until the father died of cancer in 2003.
Immediately after the father’s death, his sister and brother-in-law filed a petition in the Davidson
County Juvenile Court seeking custody of the child. The child’s mother opposed the petition,
asserting that her custodial rights were superior to those of the boy’s aunt and uncle. The juvenile
court granted temporary custody of the child to his aunt and uncle pending a hearing. The court also
determined that the child’s mother could not gain custody of her son unless she proved that she
would be able to adequately fulfill her parenting responsibilities. The juvenile court granted the
mother’s request for an interlocutory appeal, and this court granted the petition to determine whether
the juvenile court applied the correct legal standard for custody disputes between a biological parent
and non-parents. We have determined that the juvenile court has not employed the correct standard
in this case and that the child’s mother is entitled to have custody of her son unless the trial court
determines that returning the child to his mother will expose him to a risk of substantial harm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 9 Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
Affirmed in Part and Vacated in Part

WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM B. CAIN and
PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JJ. joined.

Kelli Barr Summers, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant.

J. L. Thompson, III, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees.

OPINION

I.

C.L.J. was born in June 1994. His mother, J.A.G., and his father, G. L. J., were not married,
and the pregnancy was not planned. In early 1996, G.L.J. filed a petition in the Davidson County
Juvenile Court to establish his parentage, and in March 1996, the court entered an order finding that
G.L.J. was C.L.J.’s biological father. Two months later, the court entered an agreed order giving
J.A.G. and G.L.J. joint custody of their son. J.A.G. was designated as the child’s primary physical
custodian, and G.L.J. was granted “liberal visitation rights.” G.L.J. later moved into a house close
to J.A.G.’s house to facilitate his visitation with the child.

As is so often the case, the animosity between J.A.G. and G.L.J. interfered with their ability
to cooperate in raising their child. The occasions when G.L.J. exercised his visitation became
confrontational and combative. J.A.G. resisted all of G.L.J.’s attempts to take their son out of state
to visit relatives despite the provision in the joint custody order permitting him to do so. In July
1999, J.A.G. petitioned the juvenile court to award her “full custody” of C.L.J. because G.L.J. had
taken him out of state without her permission. G.L.J. responded with his own request for sole
custody, detailing J.A.G.’s interference with his summer visitation rights, his concerns about
J.A.G.’s lifestyle and the environment in her home, J.A.G.’s interference with his telephone
visitation, and J.A.G.’s violent and abusive conduct when they exchanged the child.

A juvenile court referee entered an “agreed order” on August 12, 1999, modifying the joint
custody arrangement. While retaining the joint custody arrangement, the referee determined that the
parties would share physical custody of their son equally.1 The referee also gave each parent defined
telephone visitation rights and determined that the parents should cooperate regarding the major life
decisions affecting their son.

Despite this order J.A.G. continued to frustrate G.L.J.’s efforts to take C.L.J. out of state to
visit his relatives. Less than one week after the entry of the August 12, 1999 order, G.L.J. filed a
petition seeking to hold J.A.G. in civil contempt for interfering with his summer visitation, and the
referee ordered J.A.G. to relinquish physical custody to G.L.J. immediately. The referee later
referred the parties to mediation when J.A.G. insisted that she had not agreed to the August 12, 1999
order. When mediation failed, the referee conducted another hearing, and on November 3, 1999,
entered another agreed order that was substantially identical to the August 12, 1999 order.2

Approximately one week later, G.L.J. filed another petition seeking to hold J.A.G. in
contempt for interfering with his telephone visitation. The petition prompted yet another hearing
before the referee, and on January 21, 2000, the referee filed an order stating that “the constant
bickering between the parties is detrimental to the child’s well-being” and that the child would be
placed in “protective custody” should “such virtual warfare continue.” The referee also ordered both
J.A.G. and G.L.J. to undergo psychological assessments and to follow any recommendations for
treatment.

Shortly after the entry of the January 21, 2000 order, C.L.J.’s guardian ad litem requested the
juvenile court to order the parties to address the child’s unmet medical and dental needs. In April
2000, G.L.J. again requested the juvenile court to grant him sole custody of C.L.J., asserting that
allowing J.A.G. to have physical custody could expose him to “potential danger.” In support of his

1
The referee determined that each parent would “have one-half of the days and nights each month with their
said minor child” and left it up to the parents to decide how to divide up the days.

2
The primary difference between the two orders involved physical custody. Instead of letting the parents decide
how to divide up physical custody, the November 3, 1999 order gave them physical custody on “alternating weeks.”

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claim, G.L.J. asserted (1) that he was now the child’s primary caregiver, (2) that J.A.G. has interfered
with his efforts to provide their son with adequate medical and dental care, (3) that J.A.G. had
interfered with his efforts to hire a private tutor to help the child with his school work, (4) that the
child needed the “influence and direction” of his father, and (5) that J.A.G. was setting a bad
example for their son by “having various men in her residence,” “watching inappropriate television
programs,” and refusing to work full time.

The referee conducted another hearing, and on August 30, 2000, entered another agreed
order. While this order continued joint custody, it was “joint” in name only. G.L.J. became C.L.J.’s
primary physical custodian, and J.A.G. received standard visitation rights. G.L.J. now had authority
to make all decisions regarding the child’s education and his medical and dental care. In addition,
G.L.J. was no longer required to pay child support because he was now the child’s primary
custodian. Less than one month after the entry of the order, the parties had another confrontation
over visitation that resulted in J.A.G. swearing out a domestic violence warrant against G.L.J. and
in G.L.J. filing another petition seeking to hold J.A.G. in contempt.

After additional hearings, the referee changed the location where the parties exchanged
possession of the child and found J.A.G. in contempt. Less than one month later, the parties were
back in court because one of J.A.G.’s male companions had exposed his buttocks to C.L.J. This
incident resulted in a referral to the Department of Children’s Services, the entry of an agreed order
directing J.A.G. to keep her son away from this male companion, and another petition for contempt
when G.L.J. discovered that J.A.G. was ignoring the order and telling her son to cover it up. In
January 2001, the referee entered an order finding J.A.G. to be in criminal contempt and sentencing
her to jail. The referee also limited J.A.G’s visitation to four hours of supervised visitation on
Saturday and four hours every other Sunday.

The parents’ battle continued unabated through 2001 despite the effects it was having on
3
C.L.J.. In December 2001, the juvenile court permitted J.A.G. to have ten hours of visitation every
other Saturday supervised by her mother. In early 2003, the juvenile court denied J.A.G.’s request
to return to the joint custody arrangement that existed prior to the August 30, 2000 order.

G.L.J. was operated on for cancer in January 2003. During his convalescence, his mother
and sisters traveled from their homes in Florida to take turns caring for him and C.L.J. G.L.J.
eventually decided that his convalescence would be aided by moving to Florida to be closer to his
extended family. On April 21, 2003, G.L.J. mailed J.A.G. the statutorily-required notice of his intent
to move to Florida with C.L.J. J.A.G. responded on April 30, 2003 by filing a petition for temporary
custody. She claimed that C.L.J. was dependent and neglected, that G.L.J. was unable to properly
care for C.L.J., and that she had not been treated fairly by the juvenile court referee in the earlier
proceedings. G.L.J. replied that his prognosis was good, that he was capable of taking care of
himself and C.L.J., and that his immediate family had been providing him support since his surgery

3
In February 2001, C.L.J.’s school reported that he was having “‘spells’ of seemingly being ‘proud’ of his
failures” and that his “inner attitude” had changed. In February 2002, his teacher noted a change in his behavior and that
he was “becoming a disturbance to the class” and that “now it is a struggle to get him to even do . . . [his work].”

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and intended to continue providing this support. In response, J.A.G. filed a motion to prevent G.L.J.
from removing C.L.J. from the state because his planned relocation was “vindictive” and was
intended to “defeat or deter” her visitation rights.

G.L.J. died on July 8, 2003. On July 9, 2003, T.J.S., G.L.J.’s sister, filed a petition for
temporary custody in the juvenile court. The referee entered an emergency protective custody order
on July 9, 2003 giving temporary custody to T.J.S. after determining that “[b]ased on prior orders
[the] court is concerned that mother might not be appropriate placement prior to hearing.” On July
10, 2003, T.J.S. and her husband, M.W.S., filed a petition for custody of C.L.J., asserting that J.A.G.
had “mental problems” and that she was “unsuitable to have care, custody and control” of C.L.J.

On July 22, 2003, the referee, now sitting as a special juvenile court judge, began hearing the
petition of T.J.S. and M.W.S. for custody. J.A.G. insisted that she had “superior rights” to custody
of C.L.J. because she was his biological mother and, therefore, she should be given custody
immediately unless there was evidence that C.L.J. would be exposed to a substantial risk of harm
by being placed in her custody. The court characterized the case as a “hybrid.” In light of what it
characterized as “valid concerns” regarding J.A.G.’s mental health and ability to fully care for the
child, the court determined that J.A.G. would not be entitled to custody of her son unless she proved
“a substantial and material change in circumstances affecting her ability to parent.”4 The court also
noted that “[i]f . . . [J.A.G.] can present sufficient evidence to show that her circumstances have
changed such that she will reasonably be able to adequately fulfill her parenting responsibilities then
custody will be returned to her without a ‘best interests’ determination between . . . [J.A.G.] and .
. . [T.J.S. and M.W.S.].” At the conclusion of the July 24, 2003 hearing, the court granted J.A.G.’s
request for a continuance to give her additional time to obtain evidence and ordered that the hearing
would resume on December 22, 2003. In the meantime, the court directed that C.L.J. remain in the
custody of T.J.S. and M.W.S.

Thereafter, the juvenile court entered an order sua sponte inviting either party to apply to this
court for an interlocutory appeal pursuant to Tenn. R. App. P. 9. J.A.G. filed an application for
permission to appeal with this court, and on August 21, 2003, this court granted the application and
established an accelerated briefing and argument schedule. We limited the issue on appeal to
whether the juvenile court had applied the correct legal standard for custody disputes between
parents and non-parents.

II.

Biological parents have a fundamental, constitutionally protected right in the care and
custody of their children. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 66, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2060 (2000);
Gallaher v. Elam, 104 S.W.3d 455, 461 (Tenn. 2003); In re C.A.F., 114 S.W.3d 524, 531 (Tenn. Ct.

4
The emphasis was added in the juvenile court.

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App. 2003).5 Their rights are superior to all others, including the members of their extended families
and the government,6 and continue without interruption unless a biological parent relinquishes them,
abandons them, or engages in conduct justifying their modification or termination. Blair v.
Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002); Stokes v. Arnold, 27 S.W.3d 516, 520 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2000); O’Daniel v. Messier, 905 S.W.2d 182, 186 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).

The constitutional weight of a biological parent’s custodial rights colors custody
determinations. When adjudicating initial custody disputes between a biological parent and a non-
parent, the courts must find that the biological parent’s rights are superior unless granting the
biological parent custody will expose the child to a substantial risk of harm.7 In re Askew, 993
S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tenn. 1999); In re Adoption of Female Child, 896 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tenn. 1995). The
burden of demonstrating the existence of a substantial risk of harm is on the party opposing the
biological parent’s custody claim. Hall v. Bookout, 87 S.W.3d 80, 86 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002).

However, a biological parent cannot invoke his or her superior custodial rights when seeking
to modify an existing, otherwise valid, order granting custody to a non-parent. Such an order reflects
a studied judicial determination that the child’s interests will be served best by placing him or her
in the custody of someone other than a biological parent. In that circumstance, and in that
circumstance alone, a biological parent seeking custody must demonstrate (1) that a material change
in circumstances has occurred and (2) that changing custody is in the child’s best interests. Blair v.
Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d at 148.

In this case, the juvenile court declined to accord J.A.G. the benefits of the superior rights
doctrine because she had lost primary physical custody of C.L.J. to G.L.J. in an earlier proceeding.
However, the resolution of a custody dispute between biological parents cannot, by definition,
implicate the superior rights doctrine because each parent’s rights have the same constitutional
magnitude. Thus, the prior custody adjudication between J.A.G. and G.L.J. is not analogous to the
initial custody order in Blair v. Badenhope that awarded custody to the child’s maternal grandmother
and should not be given the same legal significance.

5
These rights exist notwithstanding the marital status of the biological parents as long as the biological parent
has established a parental relationship with the child. Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W .3d 726, 732 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001). Adoptive
parents have the same parenting rights as biological parents. Simmons v. Simmons, 900 S.W .3d 682, 684 (Tenn. 1995).

6
Skerrett v. Association for Guidance, Aid, Placement and Empathy, Inc., No. M2002-00218-COA-R3-JV,
2003 W L 21634412, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 11, 2003) (No Tenn. R. App. P. 11 application filed) (grandparents);
State ex rel. Cihlar v. Crawford, 39 S.W .3d 172, 182 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000) (government).

7
W e have explained that “substantial risk of harm” has the following two facets:

First, it connotes a real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it indicates
that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. W hile the harm need not be inevitable, it
must be sufficiently probable to prompt a reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more
likely than not.

Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W .3d at 732.

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 What the juvenile court currently has before it is an initial petition for custody filed by
persons who are not C.L.J.’s biological parents. J.A.G., the child’s biological mother, has never
relinquished custody to a non-parent, nor has a court previously awarded custody of C.L.J. to a non-
parent. Accordingly, J.A.G. is entitled to invoke the superior rights doctrine. She cannot be
deprived the custody of C.L.J. unless the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that placing
C.L.J. in her custody will expose him to a substantial risk of harm.

The juvenile court erred by imposing upon J.A.G. the burden of demonstrating a material
change in her parenting skills to forestall comparing her fitness as a parent with that of T.J.S. and
M.W.S.. Unless T.J.S. and M.W.S. present clear and convincing evidence that returning C.L.J. to
his mother will expose him to a substantial risk of harm, the court must give J.A.G. custody of her
child. Parental fitness is an essential ingredient in any inquiry into whether a particular custody
arrangement could expose a child to a substantial risk of harm. Hall v. Bookout, 87 S.W.3d at 86.
Accordingly, the court may decline to grant custody of C.L.J. to J.A.G. if it determines that she is
currently unfit to be his custodial parent. Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. at 68-69, 120 S. Ct. at 2061
(“[S]o long as a parent adequately cares for his or her children (i.e., is fit), there will normally be no
reason for the State to inject itself into the private realm of the family to further question the ability
of that parent to make the best decisions concerning the rearing of that parent’s children.”); Ray v.
Ray, 83 S.W.3d at 732 (‘[A] biological parent cannot be denied custody unless he or she is found
to be unfit.”).

III.

We affirm the portion of the July 31, 2003 order granting T.J.S. and M.W.S. temporary
custody of C.L.J. pending the completion of the pending custody proceeding. However, we vacate
the portion of the July 31, 2003 order placing the burden on J.A.G. to demonstrate a material change
in her parenting skills and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We
tax the costs of this appeal to T.J.S. and M.W.S. for which execution, if necessary, may issue.

______________________________
WILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., P.J., M.S.

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