COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Clements, Haley and Senior Judge Overton
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
GERARD VERNON MORTON
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 2938-04-2 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
MAY 16, 2006
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY
Catherine C. Hammond, Judge
James Edward Sheffield for appellant.
Stephen R. McCullough, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F.
McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Gerard Morton appeals from his convictions by jury of possession with intent to
distribute cocaine and possession of a firearm while in possession of a controlled substance.
Appellant asserts the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress both evidence seized
pursuant to an “anticipatory” search warrant and statements made to police before receiving his
Miranda rights. We affirm appellant’s convictions.
I.
In determining whether or not the trial court erred in denying Morton’s motions to
suppress, “we consider the evidence and all reasonable inferences flowing from that evidence in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Jackson v.
Commonwealth, 267 Va. 666, 672, 594 S.E.2d 595, 598 (2004) (citing Bass v. Commonwealth,
259 Va. 470, 475, 525 S.E.2d 921, 923-24 (2000)).
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
Also, “‘[t]he jury’s verdict will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is plainly wrong or
without evidence to support it.’” Fritter v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 345, 351, 610 S.E.2d
887, 890 (2005) (quoting Clark v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 406, 409-10, 517 S.E.2d 260,
261 (1999)).
II.
On May 20, 2003, Inspector Don Maxwell of the Henrico County Police received
information from informant Mitchell Fowler concerning appellant’s involvement in the sale of
narcotics. With this information, Maxwell obtained a search warrant for the premises at 2701
Cushing Drive in Henrico County. The record reflects that appellant resided at that address, with
the sole other occupant being his mother. The affidavit, authored by Maxwell, stated in pertinent
part:
On Monday May 19, 2003 your affiant had the . . . Informant
contact Morton by telephone, at 2701 Cushing Drive, and set up a
deal for Tuesday May 20, 2003 in which the . . . Informant will
meet Morton at 2701 Cushing Drive and purchase ½ kilogram of
cocaine for $15,000.00. . . . After Morton accepts payment for the
cocaine and delivers the cocaine to the . . . Informant, the search
warrant will be executed to recover the monies used to purchase
the cocaine as well as other evidence in the Conspiracy to
Distribute Cocaine.
This search warrant will only be executed on the residence if the
following occurs: The Confidential and Reliable Informant enters
2701 Cushing Drive and makes the exchange of money for cocaine
or . . . enters 2701 Cushing Drive to make the exchange and is at
risk from persons located within 2701 Cushing Drive. If none of
these events occurs the search warrant will not be executed and
will be returned to the issuing magistrate.1
The warrant specified the things to be searched as items associated with the distribution of
narcotics “including but not limited to: baggies, scales, ledgers, monies, photographs, electronic
monitoring devices or other paraphernalia.”
1
Both parties agree that such language renders this an “anticipatory” search warrant.
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Inspector Maxwell, accompanied by other Henrico police officers, executed this warrant
later the same day. As specified in the warrant, the informant, Fowler, contacted appellant on
May 19 and arranged to purchase one-half kilo of cocaine from appellant the following day. On
May 20 and after Maxwell gave him $15,000 in police funds, Fowler proceeded to appellant’s
residence at 2701 Cushing Drive, entered the same, and emerged “[n]o more than ten minutes”
later with one-half kilo of cocaine. Fowler testified that once inside, “we sat down, um, counted
the money, and Gerard put the coke on the table, and we exchanged the coke for the money.”
After leaving that address, Fowler met with Maxwell and gave him the cocaine from the
sale. Pursuant to the search warrant, police entered the residence at 1:05 p.m. and secured the
premises. Maxwell arrived and entered the residence at 1:20 p.m.
Upon his arrival, Maxwell began talking with appellant, who had been placed in
handcuffs by other officers prior to Maxwell’s arrival. Maxwell described the interaction as
follows:
When we first went in, [appellant] immediately was cooperative.
He was talking to us, and it came to a point where, um, I was, I
guess we were just in conversation, and I wanted to advise him of
his Miranda before we went into anything else with the house.
And then, like I said, we were in there for 27 minutes when I
advised him of Miranda.
Maxwell continued:
After, after we talked, I told him that he was going to be charged
with the distribution of cocaine. . . . I told him that time was of an
issue. If he wanted to cooperate, now was the time to do it because
we knew that somebody was expecting that money and whether, it
was up to him whether he wanted to cooperate. And we talked for,
like I said, probably 20 minutes, him asking questions, me
answering questions, and he was cooperative the whole time.
Appellant’s cooperation, Maxwell explained, consisted of informing the Inspector “who his
source was,” so that Maxwell could elicit his help in arresting that individual.
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Maxwell advised appellant of his Miranda rights at 1:47 p.m., “27 minutes into [the
conversation].” Maxwell further testified, “I asked him if he wanted to continue to, uh,
cooperate and work with the police, and he said, I don’t have a problem with that. And that
started his cooperation. . . . He told me about [his supplier] Sean Taylor before Miranda. And
then he, after Miranda, he continued to cooperate.” Later in his testimony, Maxwell reiterated,
“And again, [appellant] said he understood [Miranda], he wanted to cooperate. And a minute
after that, we started making phone calls to who I knew then was Sean, who he owed the money
to.”
At trial, the Commonwealth introduced a certificate of analysis confirming the substance
Fowler gave to Maxwell as “four hundred and ninety-four point seven grams” “cocaine,
hydrochloride.” Maxwell also testified that police seized $14,500 in cash and a Raven 25
semiautomatic pistol from 2701 Cushing Drive.2 Maxwell testified that he later test-fired the
gun and confirmed its operability. Police found the weapon in a back bedroom that appellant
had previously identified as his own. Maxwell testified that appellant “pointed [the firearm] out
to the officers.” Another officer testified at trial that the firearm “was actually physically located
inside of a suitcase, which was inside of the bedroom . . . .”
During the search, police also seized digital scales, razor blades, baking soda, and several
other separately packaged quantities of cocaine. Maxwell testified that baking soda is often
combined with pure cocaine in order to increase quantity for resale purposes. Thus, as Maxwell
concluded “given all the circumstances,” the presence of these items is “very inconsistent with
personal use.”3
2
Fowler, the informant, testified that during the transaction appellant miscounted the
money and mistakenly gave him $500 back. Fowler returned this $500 to Inspector Maxwell.
3
Appellant stipulated that Maxwell qualified as an expert in narcotics.
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Sean Taylor appeared as a witness for the Commonwealth and testified that he delivered
500 grams of cocaine to appellant at his home on the morning of May 20. Taylor said that
appellant paged him and asked him to deliver that quantity of cocaine. Taylor testified that
appellant was to pay him $15,000 for the cocaine later that day. On the evening of May 20,
when Taylor returned to appellant’s home to collect the money, police arrested him and charged
him with conspiracy to distribute cocaine.
Appellant testified in his own defense. He testified that he lived at 2701 Cushing Drive
and that his mother was the only other occupant at that address. Appellant testified that he met
with Fowler, the informant, on the morning of May 20 at the post office. His purpose in meeting
Fowler was to get “a ride home because [his] mother was going to her friend’s, and [appellant]
was dropping the car off.” Appellant explained that his conversation with Fowler did not involve
drugs; instead “the discussion was pertaining to a young lady that was, that we both sort of was
seeing” and also involved cutting appellant’s grass. He explained that Fowler returned later to
“see if I had got in contact with the guy I was telling him about in reference to cutting the grass”
and reiterated that their conversation did not center on a drug transaction. Appellant testified that
he “initially” told the police “about the firearm.” He further explained that he “believe[ed] this
was a setup” and only admitted the cocaine belonged to him because he was “not going to let it
fall back on [his] mom, period.”
Appellant sought to suppress the evidence police seized from 2701 Cushing Drive and
the statements made to police before Maxwell administered Miranda warnings at 1:47 p.m.
Appellant argued the search warrant, when issued, lacked probable cause and that appellant’s
statements made prior to the Miranda warning were not made knowingly and voluntarily. The
trial court denied each motion to suppress. The jury subsequently convicted appellant of
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possession with intent to distribute cocaine and possession of a firearm while possessing a
controlled substance. This appeal followed.
III.
Generally speaking, when reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, “we
are bound by the trial court’s findings of historical fact unless ‘plainly wrong’ or without
evidence to support them and we give due weight to the inferences drawn from those facts by
resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” McGee v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App.
193, 198, 487 S.E. 2d 259, 261 (1997) (en banc) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,
699 (1996)).
A.
VALIDITY OF THE ANTICIPATORY SEARCH WARRANT
Initially, we recognize that “no [search] Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or things to be seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV, § 1. “Probable cause for issuance of a
search warrant exists when, ‘given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit . . . , there is a
fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.’”
Ward v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 733, 743, 627 S.E.2d 520, 525 (2006) (quoting Tart v.
Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 384, 387, 437 S.E. 2d 219, 221 (1993)).
We note that each party in this matter recognizes that the warrant at issue here is
commonly referred to as an “anticipatory search warrant.” On March 21, 2006, the United States
Supreme Court decided United States v. Grubbs, 126 S. Ct. 1494 (2006), which deals with the
precise issue of anticipatory search warrants. There, the Court held:
Anticipatory warrants are . . . no different in principle from
ordinary warrants. They require the magistrate to determine
(1) that it is now probable that (2) contraband, evidence of a crime,
or a fugitive will be on the described premises (3) when the
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warrant is executed. It should be noted, however, that where the
anticipatory warrant places a condition (other than the mere
passage of time) upon its execution, the first of these
determinations goes not merely to what will probably be found if
the condition is met.
Id. at 1500 (emphasis in original). Justice Scalia, writing for the Court, continued:
In other words, for a conditioned anticipatory warrant to comply
with the Fourth Amendment’s requirement of probable cause, two
prerequisites of probability must be satisfied. It must be true not
only that if the triggering condition occurs “there is a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in
a particular place,” but also that there is probable cause to believe
the triggering condition will occur. The supporting affidavit must
provide the magistrate with sufficient information to evaluate both
aspects of the probable-cause determination.
Id. (citation omitted) (emphasis in original).
This Court also recently addressed anticipatory search warrants in Ward. There, we held
that
[w]arrants issued when the contraband which gives rise to the
search is not yet at the premises to be searched are called
“anticipatory search warrants” and are valid as long as the warrant
and affidavit establish “a substantial probability that the seizable
property will be on the premises when searched” pursuant to the
anticipatory warrant.
47 Va. App. at 744, 627 S.E.2d at 526 (citation omitted). “Thus, in determining the validity of
an anticipatory warrant, a court may consider the facts surrounding its execution.” Id.
We will address each of the two prerequisites necessary for a valid anticipatory search
warrant as articulated in Grubbs in order. The first, that being the likely presence of contraband
or evidence of a crime in the place to be searched after the occurrence of a triggering event, was
certainly satisfied here. Here, Inspector Maxwell arranged for an informant, Fowler, to enter
2701 Cushing Drive with $15,000 to consummate a transaction with appellant for cocaine. The
triggering event was specified in the warrant as follows:
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This search warrant will only be executed on the residence if the
following occurs: The Confidential and Reliable Informant enters
2701 Cushing Drive and makes the exchange of money for cocaine
or . . . enters 2701 Cushing Drive to make the exchange and is at
risk from persons located within 2701 Cushing Drive.
If neither of these events occurred, police would not execute the warrant.
As such, police would not execute this warrant unless either Fowler finished the
transaction and brought the purchased cocaine to Maxwell or police determined that Fowler was
at risk from persons inside the residence. In either case, “there [was] a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime [would] be found” in the residence. Grubbs, 126 S. Ct. at
1500. If after emerging from appellant’s residence Fowler gave cocaine to Inspector Maxwell,
then certainly one could assume the money used to consummate that transaction was present in
the residence and also “a fair probability” that other items indicative of conspiracy to distribute
cocaine were present as well. If the second event were to occur, that being the informant was at
risk from those inside the residence, then there is “a fair probability” of evidence of another
crime, that being a crime against Fowler’s person. Either way, the first prerequisite is satisfied.
The second prerequisite deals with the triggering event itself; there must be probable
cause to believe the triggering event will in fact occur. As Inspector Maxwell himself was
responsible for orchestrating the triggering event, there is no question that the magistrate had
probable cause to believe the event would occur. Moreover, the affidavit contained information
describing informant’s preliminary actions: “On Monday May 19, 2003 your affiant had the . . .
Informant contact Morton by telephone, at 2701 Cushing Drive, and set up a deal for Tuesday
May 20, 2003 in which the . . . Informant will meet Morton at 2701 Cushing Drive and purchase
½ kilogram of cocaine for $15,000.00.” Thus, the affidavit contained particular information
describing an appointment at a specific time and at a specific place. That, coupled with
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Maxwell’s oversight of the entire process, gave the magistrate probable cause to issue a valid
anticipatory search warrant.
We therefore hold that the two prerequisites for issuance of a valid anticipatory search
warrant were met in the instant case. Maxwell’s affidavit gave the magistrate grounds to
conclude that there was both “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
found” at 2701 Cushing Drive and “that there is probable cause to believe the triggering
condition will occur.” Grubbs, 126 S. Ct. at 1500. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in
denying appellant’s motion to suppress evidence seized pursuant to this search warrant.
B.
APPELLANT’S PRE-MIRANDA STATEMENTS TO POLICE
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting statements he made to police
before being advised of his Miranda rights. We assume without deciding that appellant’s
argument has merit and hold that any error, if present at all, was harmless.4
“When a federal constitutional error is involved, a reviewing court must reverse the
judgment unless it determines that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Clay v.
Commonwealth, 262 Va. 253, 259, 546 S.E.2d 728, 731 (2001) (citations omitted).
The reviewing court must determine “‘whether there is a
reasonable possibility that the evidence complained of might have
contributed to the conviction.’” In making that determination, the
court must consider, among other factors, “the importance of the
tainted evidence in the prosecution’s case, whether that evidence
was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating
or contradicting the tainted evidence on material points, and the
overall strength of the prosecution’s case.”
Pitt v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 692, 695, 539 S.E.2d 77, 78 (2000) (citations omitted).
4
At oral argument, appellant’s counsel conceded that if this Court was to find the
anticipatory search warrant in this case valid, then the evidence seized would be sufficient to find
him guilty of the two charges, independent of any statements he made to police.
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We will first address appellant’s assertion that the trial court erred in admitting
incriminating statements related to the charge of possession with intent to distribute cocaine.
The record reflects that appellant gave Inspector Maxwell his supplier’s name both before and
after being given Miranda warnings. However, nowhere in the record can we find a statement
from appellant admitting to the sale of cocaine. Thus, we hold the incriminating statement
appellant made, relating to his supplier Sean Taylor, was cumulative of other evidence and
accordingly, harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
As the Virginia Supreme Court held in McCain v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 483, 545
S.E.2d 541 (2001),
Several factors may constitute probative evidence of intent to
distribute a controlled substance. These factors include the
quantity of the drugs seized, the manner in which they are
packaged, and the presence of an unusual amount of cash,
equipment related to drug distribution, or firearms.
Id. at 493, 545 S.E.2d at 547. Moreover,
“Possession of a quantity greater than that ordinarily possessed for
one’s personal use may be sufficient to establish an intent to
distribute it.” . . . Expert testimony, usually that of a police officer
familiar with narcotics, is routinely offered to prove the
significance of the weight and packaging of drugs regarding
whether it is for personal use.
Askew v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 104, 109, 578 S.E.2d 58, 60-61 (2003).
Here, Maxwell, an expert familiar with narcotics, testified that the differently bagged
quantities of cocaine, along with the presence of digital scales, razor blades, and baking soda,
were “very inconsistent with personal use.” Specifically, Maxwell testified that the presence of
baking soda was significant, as the same is used to increase the quantity of pure cocaine for
distribution purposes. Thus, the cumulative evidence of possession with intent to distribute
cocaine renders the allegedly erroneous admission of appellant’s pre-Miranda statements
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
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Likewise, any statement of appellant claiming ownership of the firearm seized by police
was merely cumulative of other evidence of ownership. Code § 18.2-308.4 provides that “[i]t
shall be unlawful for any person unlawfully in possession of a controlled substance . . . to
simultaneously with knowledge and intent possess any firearm.” Possession of the firearm may
be either actual or constructive, and this Court has held on prior occasions that the analysis used
to establish constructive possession of drugs is applicable to firearms as well. See Archer v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11-12, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997); Blake v. Commonwealth, 15
Va. App. 706, 708-09, 427 S.E.2d 219, 220-21 (1993).
To support a conviction based upon constructive possession, the
Commonwealth “must point to evidence of acts, statements, or
conduct of the accused or other facts or circumstances which tend
to show that the defendant was aware of both the presence and
character of the substance and that it was subject to his dominion
and control.”
Jefferson v. Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 77, 81, 414 S.E.2d 860, 862 (1992). Here, police
seized the firearm from a suitcase in appellant’s bedroom. Not only was the weapon in close
proximity to the cocaine, scales, razor blades, and baking soda seized by police, the weapon was
readily accessible to appellant within his own bedroom. Thus, the jury as trier of fact could
rationally conclude that this weapon belonged to appellant independent of any statement from
him that claimed ownership. Any error, if present at all, in admitting such a statement would be
harmless, given the cumulative evidence of possession of the firearm while in possession of a
controlled substance.
IV.
In light of the foregoing, we hold that the anticipatory search warrant present here
contained probable cause for the specified search of appellant’s home and that any error, if
present at all, in admitting appellant’s pre-Miranda statements was harmless, given the fact that
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the statements were cumulative of other evidence presented at trial. As such, appellant’s
convictions are affirmed.
Affirmed.
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