McLean v. Commonwealth

Tuesday 19th

January, 1999.

Lorenzo McLean, Appellant,

against Record No. 1637-97-1
Circuit Court Nos. CR96002332-00 and
CR96002332-01

Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.

Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc

Before the Full Court

On December 18, 1998 came the appellee, by counsel, and

filed a petition praying that the Court set aside the judgment

rendered herein on December 8, 1998, and grant a rehearing en banc

thereof.

On consideration whereof, the petition for rehearing en banc

is granted, the mandate entered herein on December 8, 1998 is stayed

pending the decision of the Court en banc, and the appeal is

reinstated on the docket of this Court.

The parties shall file briefs in compliance with Rule 5A:35.

It is further ordered that the appellee shall file with the clerk of

this Court ten additional copies of the appendix previously filed in

this case.

A Copy,

Teste:

Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk

By:

Deputy Clerk
 COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Benton, Elder and Lemons
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

LORENZO McLEAN
OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1637-97-1 JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR.
DECEMBER 8, 1998
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
John C. Morrison, Jr., Judge
Fay F. Spence (Spence & Whitlow, on brief),
for appellant.

Michael T. Judge, Assistant Attorney General
(Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief),
for appellee.

A jury convicted Lorenzo McLean of robbery and of capital

murder for a killing committed in the commission of a robbery.

On this appeal, McLean contends the trial judge erred by

instructing the jury during their deliberations on "concert of

action" in response to the jury's questions about "intent." For

the reasons that follow, we reverse the convictions and remand

for a new trial.

I.

The evidence at trial proved that a police officer found the

unconscious and severely beaten body of William Jones, Jr. in a

park in the City of Norfolk on January 1, 1995. Near Jones'

body, the police found a bloodstained concrete splash block.

Jones later died. An autopsy revealed that Jones had received

extensive blunt force trauma to his head, chest, and other areas
of his body. Jones also had an incision in his neck which cut

his jugular vein and a single stab wound to his chest. The

assistant medical examiner testified that several of the injuries

suffered by Jones would have been sufficient alone to eventually

cause Jones' death.

Nathaniel Lindsey testified that he, Lorenzo McLean, Neil

Bates, and another man known as "Skip" were drinking alcoholic

beverages and smoking marijuana in the park at night when they

encountered Jones, who was drinking beer in the park. After the

men talked with Jones, they pooled their money with Jones in an

unsuccessful attempt to buy more alcoholic beverages.
Lindsey testified that McLean accused Jones of being

homosexual and called Jones a "fag" several times. Jones

responded to McLean's taunts by attempting to hit McLean. When

Jones missed, McLean and Bates each struck Jones with their

fists, causing Jones to fall. Lindsey then kicked Jones twice.

McLean and Skip continued the assault by throwing a bicycle on

Jones. After McLean stated that Jones had seen their faces,

McLean said, "we got to kill him." McLean then asked if anyone

had a weapon.

According to Lindsey's testimony, Lindsey and Bates grabbed

a concrete splash block near a building. Lindsey testified,

however, that he dropped the splash block and walked away because

he "didn't feel right" about dropping it on Jones. Lindsey

testified that when he turned the corner of a building he met a

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woman and smoked a cigarette with her. During the ten minutes he

was smoking the cigarette, he heard no noise from the park.

Lindsey testified that he then returned to the park and saw Bates

and Skip drop the splash block on Jones' head. Bates and McLean

then dropped the splash block on Jones' head.

Lindsey further testified that McLean and Skip discussed

whether Jones had money. Lindsey saw Skip put his hands in

Jones' pockets and throw Jones' wallet and identification in a

field behind the park. He testified that he saw no one take

money from Jones. Lindsey said McLean then broke a bottle and

stuck it in Jones' neck. Lindsey testified that after he,

McLean, Bates, and Skip left the park, McLean changed his shoes

because they were covered with blood.
Sharee McCorkle testified that on that same night she heard

noise coming from the park. She heard a man saying, "come on,

man, help me," and heard McLean, whom she had known "a long

time," respond, "I can't help you." McCorkle testified that,

although the park was unlit, she saw five or six people in the

park and saw McLean as he slammed the cement block on Jones'

face.

Keisha Sanderson testified that when she saw McLean that

night, he had blood on his tennis shoes and had food stamps.

When she later saw McLean, he had changed clothes.

During the presentation of his evidence, McLean testified

that he could not remember where he was on January 1, 1995. He

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also testified that he had never met Jones, that he was not in

the park the night Jones was killed, and that the Commonwealth's

witnesses were "out to get him."

After the trial judge instructed the jury at the conclusion

of the evidence, the jury sent two written questions to the judge

during their deliberations. They asked: "May we have a legal

definition of intent?" and "Is the word intent collective?" The

trial judge told the prosecutor and McLean's counsel that he

would not answer the first question. The trial judge then asked

the jury to state "what they mean by that [second] question."

The jury restated the question as follows: "Once the intent is

spoken by one member of a group and the act is performed, does

the intent to commit the act apply to all? What is the law

concerning this?" Over McLean's counsel's objection, the trial

judge responded by informing the jury according to the following

instruction offered by the Commonwealth:
If you find that there is a concert of action
with the resulting crime one of its
incidental, probable consequences, then
whether such crime was originally
contemplated or not, all who participate in
any way in bringing it about are equally
answerable and bound by the acts of every
other person connected with the consummation
of the resulting crime.

The jury convicted McLean of capital murder and robbery and

recommended a sentence of life in prison on the capital murder

conviction. The trial judge imposed that sentence. Because

McLean was a juvenile at the time of the robbery offense, the

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trial judge determined McLean's sentence for robbery and imposed

a life sentence.

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 II.

Rule 3A:16(a) provides that "[i]n all cases the court shall

instruct the jury before arguments of counsel to the jury." The

principle is also well established that "[i]t [is] . . . proper

for the [trial judge] to fully and completely respond to inquiry

which might come from the jury for information touching their

duties." Williams v. Commonwealth, 85 Va. 607, 609, 8 S.E. 470,

471 (1889). See also Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619,

625, 347 S.E.2d 167, 171 (1986). "The trial judge's 'imperative

duty [to properly instruct the jury] . . . is one which can be

neither evaded nor surrendered.'" Johnson v. Commonwealth, 20

Va. App. 547, 554, 458 S.E.2d 599, 602 (1995) (citation omitted).

Thus, when read together, Rule 3A:16(a) and Virginia case

decisions allow the trial judge to give a supplemental jury

instruction which clarifies an existing instruction or a

principle previously existing before the jury.

The jury's questions clearly indicate that the jury was

seeking a definition of intent, an issue in the case. At the

conclusion of the evidence, the trial judge had given the jury

the following instructions concerning intent:
The defendant is charged with the crime of
capital murder. The Commonwealth must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt each of the
following elements of that crime:

(1) That the defendant killed William
Jones; and

(2) That the killing was willful,
deliberate and premeditated; and

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 (3) That the killing occurred during the
commission of a robbery while the defendant
was armed with a deadly weapon.

* * * * * * *

"Willful, deliberate, and premeditated"
means a specific intent to kill, adopted at
some time before the killing, but which need
not exist for any particular length of time.

* * * * * * *

The defendant is charged with the crime of
robbery of William Jones. The Commonwealth
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt each of
the following elements of that crime:
(1) That the defendant intended to steal;
and

(2) That property was taken; and

(3) That the taking was from William
Jones or in his presence; and

(4) That the taking was against the will
of the owner or possessor; and

(5) That the taking was accomplished by
beating William Jones.

* * * * * * *

The principal elements of robbery, a crime
against the person of the victim, are the
taking, the intent to steal and violence.
The violence must occur before or at the time
of the taking. The intent to steal and
taking must co-exist. The offense is not
robbery unless the intent was conceived
before or at the time the violence was
committed.

* * * * * * *

You may infer that every person intends
the natural and probable consequences of his
acts.

(Emphasis added).

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 When the jury asked the questions, "May we have a legal

definition of intent?" and "Is the word intent collective?," the

trial judge did not answer the first question and asked the jury

to state "what they mean by that [second] question." The jury

then asked, "Once the intent is spoken by one member of a group

and the act is performed, does the intent to commit the act apply

to all? What is the law concerning this?" In response to these

inquiries, the trial judge interjected for the first time the

issue of "concert of action." "However, if a supplemental jury

instruction given in response to a jury's question introduces a

new theory to the case, the parties should be given an

opportunity to argue the new theory." United States v. Fontenot,

14 F.3d 1364, 1368 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 966 (1994).

Failure to allow argument after a new issue is introduced in the

case results in "unfair prejudice." Id. See also Bouknight v.

United States, 641 A.2d 857, 861 (D.C. 1994) (after giving a

supplemental instruction on aiding and abetting, a new theory of

liability, the trial judge properly allowed limited additional

argument).

None of the jury instructions had mentioned "concert of

action" or touched upon that principle as a theory of liability.

Thus, this is not a case in which the trial judge amended an

instruction that was erroneous when earlier given to the jury.

See Blevins v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 622, 628, 166 S.E.2d 325,

330 (1969) (stating that the trial judge "not only has the right

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but . . . a duty to amend instructions which appear to be

erroneous or misleading after summation by counsel"). The jury

had not been instructed on the concept of "concert of action,"

and the jury made no inquiry about that concept. By injecting in

the trial for the first time during jury deliberations the

concept of "concert of action," the trial judge deprived McLean

of the right to have his counsel argue to the jury the principles

contained in the instruction as they related to the facts of the

case. See Rule 3A:16(a).

In addition, when responding to the jury's inquiry

concerning their duties, the trial judge must fully and

accurately inform the jury on matters upon which the jury makes

inquiry. See Jones v. Commonwealth, 194 Va. 273, 278, 72 S.E.2d

693, 696 (1952). The supplemental instruction that the trial

judge gave to the jury falls short of this standard. Even if the

trial judge's response to the jury's inquiry correctly stated the

law of "concert of action," the trial judge erred by answering

the jury in a manner that was incomplete and nonresponsive to the

jury's inquiry. See Shepperson v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 586,

591-92, 454 S.E.2d 5, 8 (1995). Simply put, "the statement by

the [trial judge] in the case in judgment did not fully inform

the jury upon the point to which their inquiry was directed."

Jones, 194 Va. at 278, 72 S.E.2d at 696.

The failure to respond to the jury's inquiry concerning

intent and the giving of an instruction on "concert of action,"

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without directly responding to the jury's inquiry, "might have

had the effect to mislead the jury as to the law of the case."

Wren v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. (25 Gratt.) 989, 994 (1875).

Indeed, as the Supreme Court observed in Wren, "[t]he jury,

composed of . . . [people] without knowledge of legal principles,

might have been led to believe [another proposition from the

trial judge's nonresponsive answer]." Id. at 995. The jury

certainly could have concluded that the question of intent, on

which they sought further guidance, was not as germane to their

inquiry as was the principle of "concert of action," which the

trial judge injected at the request of the Commonwealth.
For these reasons, we reverse the convictions and remand for

a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

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Lemons, J., dissenting.

As the majority fairly recites, substantial evidence

supports McLean's convictions for capital murder and robbery.

The victim's murder was committed in a particularly vicious

manner. The evidence supports the jury's finding that McLean and

others repeatedly dropped a heavy concrete splash block from a

nearby drain spout onto the victim's head, chest and other parts

of his body. The victim's jugular vein was cut, and he sustained

a single stab wound to his chest. The majority reverses McLean's

convictions for capital murder and robbery because a supplemental

jury instruction was allegedly improperly given. For the reasons

stated below, I respectfully dissent.
After the jury was instructed, it retired for deliberation.

During deliberation, the jury returned with two written

questions: "May we have a legal definition of intent?" and "Is

the word intent collective?" McLean objected to any further

communications with the jury on the grounds that "it unduly

emphasizes a portion of the evidence and it invades the

deliberations of the jury; and . . . [he] further object[ed] to

any attempt of the Court to clarify whether the intent can be

collective by offering a concert of action instruction." McLean

also argued that "[t]he defense does not want such an

instruction. It is prejudicial to the defendant for such an

instruction to be granted when the defense will have no

opportunity to argue the meaning of that instruction and how it

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applies." Finally, McLean argued, "[b]asically, it violates the

defense due process right to present its defense to have that

instruction granted at this late hour when the prosecution could

have had that instruction offered earlier." McLean stated, "[w]e

would also request a mere presence instruction if a concert of

action instruction were given." The trial judge did not answer

the first question. The trial judge asked the jury to explain

what it meant by the second question.
The jury restated its question as follows: "Once the intent

is spoken by one member of a group and the act is performed, does

the intent to commit the act apply to all? What is the law

concerning this?" The following instruction was given to the

jury over McLean's objection:
If you find that there is a concert of action
with the resulting crime one of its
incidental, probable consequences, then
whether such crime was originally
contemplated or not, all who participate in
any way in bringing it about are equally
answerable and bound by the acts of every
other person connected with the consummation
of the resulting crime.

McLean's question presented on appeal is stated generally:

"Whether the trial court erred by instructing the jury on concert

of action, over defendant's objection, in response to the jury's

questions about intent during the middle of their deliberations?"

Only those arguments presented in the petition for appeal and

granted by this Court will be considered on appeal. Rule

5A:12(c); see Cruz v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 661, 664 n.1, 406

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S.E.2d 406, 407 n.1 (1991). "In order to be considered on

appeal, an objection must be timely made and the grounds stated

with specificity." Marlowe v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 619, 621,

347 S.E.2d 167, 168 (1986). "To be timely, an objection must be

made when the occasion arises -- at the time the evidence is

offered or the statement made." Id. at 621, 347 S.E.2d at 168.

Matters raised on appeal that were not raised at trial are

defaulted. Rule 5A:18.
A review of the record reveals that McLean objected for the

following reasons:
1. "[W]e further object to any attempt of the court to
clarify whether intent can be collective by
offering a concert of action instruction. The
defense does not want such an instruction."

2. "It is prejudicial to the defendant for such an
instruction to be granted when the defense will
have no opportunity to argue the meaning of
that instruction and how it applies."

3. "Basically, it violates the defense due process
right to present its defense to have that
instruction granted at this late hour when the
prosecution could have had that instruction
offered earlier"

4. "We would also request a mere presence at the scene
is not enough instruction if a concert of action
instruction were given."

5. "We think that would inject a new issue in this
case that we won't have an opportunity to argue
to the jury."

6. "We think it would be prejudicial to the defendant
and we think only the defendant would have a right
to ask for the instruction at this point and not
the Commonwealth . . . ."

7. "[T]he instruction the Commonwealth had offered, we
submit is unclear and improper."

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- 15 -
 I.

Each of these objections shall be considered seriatim:

1. "[W]e further object to any attempt of the court to
clarify whether intent can be collective by offering a
concert of action instruction. The defense does not
want such an instruction."

No basis for this "objection" is stated; McLean simply said

he did not want it to be given. This "objection" does not meet

the requirement of specificity required to preserve an issue for

appeal. Rule 5A:18.
2. "It is prejudicial to the defendant for such an
instruction to be granted when the defense will have
no opportunity to argue the meaning of that instruction
and how it applies."

Rule 3A:16 provides in part that in "all cases the court

shall instruct the jury before arguments of counsel to the jury."

Additionally, "it is proper for a trial court to fully and

completely respond to a jury's inquiry concerning its duties."

Marlowe, 2 Va. App. at 625, 347 S.E.2d at 171. Assuming without

deciding that the concert of action instruction was new material

and not clarification of previously given instructions, McLean
never requested opportunity to argue the matter before the jury.

It may have been either a tactical decision or an oversight by

McLean's counsel, but in either event, McLean cannot complain

about his inability to argue based upon the new instruction

because he failed to request an opportunity to do so. Rule

5A:18.

In Blevins v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 622, 166 S.E.2d 325

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(1969), the trial court gave a supplemental instruction during

jury deliberations. Among other observations made by the Supreme

Court when it upheld the trial judge's decision, the Court said,

"As a result of the amendment, counsel for defendant moved for a

mistrial, which was not granted. He did not ask for an

opportunity to make additional argument to the jury." Id. at

628, 166 S.E.2d at 329.

Had McLean asked permission to argue the matter before the

jury, the request may have been granted, but the Commonwealth

would have been granted an opportunity to address the jury as

well. As a tactical decision, McLean may not have asked to

address the jury because he did not want to afford the

Commonwealth another opportunity to present its case to the jury.

McLean cannot allege error where he has not presented the issue

to the trial judge and may not have wanted the opportunity at

trial that he vigorously asserts on appeal. "This Court has said

the primary function of Rule 5A:18 is to alert the trial judge to

possible error so that the judge may consider the issue

intelligently and take any corrective actions necessary to avoid

unnecessary appeals, reversals and mistrials." Neal v.

Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 416, 422, 425 S.E.2d 521, 525. "The

purpose of Rule 5A:18 is to provide the trial court with the

opportunity to remedy any error so that an appeal is not

necessary." Knight v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 207, 216, 443

S.E.2d 165, 170 (1994).
3. "Basically, it violates the defense due process right to

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 present its defense to have that instruction granted at
this late hour when the prosecution could have had that
instruction offered earlier."

A conclusory allegation of a due process violation, absent

some specific claim, does not preserve any issue for appeal.

McLean complains the instruction was "granted at this late hour

when the prosecution could have had that instruction offered

earlier." As previously stated, however, a trial court has an

obligation to respond fully and completely to a proper inquiry by

the jury even if the inquiry is made during deliberations. See

Marlowe, 2 Va. App. at 625, 347 S.E.2d at 171. McLean's argument

that the instruction was granted at a "late hour" is, therefore,

without merit.
4. "We would also request a mere presence at the scene is
not enough instruction if a concert of action
instruction were given."

McLean's counsel made this statement during argument over

whether the concert of action instruction would be given to the

jury. Although counsel indicated that "we would . . . request"

an instruction concerning "mere presence at the scene," when the

trial judge made his decision to give the concert of action

instruction, no further request and no tender of an instruction

were made.

Even if McLean had tendered such an instruction, the trial

judge would have been justified in rejecting the instruction

based upon the evidence in the case. The Commonwealth's evidence

was that the defendant was an active participant in the crime;

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the defendant contended he was not present. Neither theory of

the case supported a "mere presence" instruction. When the

evidence does not support an instruction, it is not error for the

court to refuse to grant it. See Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244

Va. 220, 256-57, 421 S.E.2d 821, 843 (1992).
5. "We think that would inject a new issue in this case
that we won't have an opportunity to argue to the
jury."

The majority cites United States v. Fontenot, 14 F.3d 1364,

1368 (9th Cir. 1994): "if a supplemental jury instruction given

in response to a jury's question introduces a new theory to the

case, the parties should be given an opportunity to argue the new

theory." The majority ignores the failure of McLean's counsel to

request an opportunity to argue to the jury. In Fontenot,
counsel similarly "contend[ed] that his counsel should have been

permitted to make further argument to the jury after its question

was answered." Id. at 1368. However, recognizing that "no

request for leave to reopen the argument was made," the Ninth

Circuit declined to consider the issue on appeal, stating, "[w]e

have no ruling to review." Id. As previously stated, assuming

without deciding that a new issue was contained in the

supplemental instruction on concert of action, the record

contains no reference to any request by counsel to argue to the

jury after the court gave the supplemental instruction.
6. "We think it would be prejudicial to the defendant and
we think only the defendant would have a right to ask
for the instruction at this point and not the
Commonwealth . . . ."

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 Virginia law does not support McLean's position. A trial

court may provide supplemental instructions to a jury over a

defendant's objection. Blevins, 209 Va. at 628, 166 S.E.2d at

330. In fact, "[i]t is proper for a trial court to fully and

completely respond to a jury's inquiry concerning its duties."

Marlowe, 2 Va. App. at 625, 347 S.E.2d at 171. The trial court

must "give a direct and correct response to an inquiry by the

jury and its failure to do so is ground for reversal."
Shepperson v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 586, 591, 454 S.E.2d 5, 8

(1995).
7. "[T]he instruction the Commonwealth had offered, we
submit is unclear and improper."

Nothing in this assertion preserves an issue for appeal.

Rule 5A:18. McLean did not inform the trial judge in what manner

the instruction was unclear, and his mere assertion that it was

improper adds nothing specific for the court to consider.

McLean maintained that, for the reasons stated in the

objections listed above, it would be "prejudicial" to the defense

to give the concert of action instruction. Before giving the

concert of action instruction to the jury, the trial judge asked,

"Tell me in what particulars you think that is an improper

instruction." Incorporating all of the above-referenced

objections, McLean's counsel replied, "We have already indicated,

Judge, why we think it would be improper." Thereafter the

following colloquy ensued:
THE COURT: But insofar as if there is
to be an answer to that

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 question, is that not a
proper legal answer to
the question notwithstanding
the prejudice?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: That you include in there
if –

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 THE COURT: If there is concert of
action.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: I think it would be better
if you find there was
concert of action.

THE COURT: Well, that's okay I think.

PROSECUTOR: That's fine, Judge.

THE COURT: All right. Bring them
out Mr. Sheriff.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: We would agree that
that language is the
definition, but we are
opposed to you giving
that at all.

THE COURT: I understand and I note
your exception for the
record.

Thereafter, the trial judge gave the instruction McLean

conceded was a "proper legal answer to the question."

On appeal, McLean contends for the first time that the

concert of action instruction was out of context, misleading and

incomplete; that intent was not defined; that the instruction

failed to emphasize that the intent had to exist before or during

the violence; and that the trial court violated Rule 3A:16(a).

McLean failed to object to the trial judge's decision not to

answer the first question raised by the jury ("May we have a

legal definition of intent?"). These arguments are not properly

before us on appeal. See Able v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 542,

550, 431 S.E.2d 337, 342 (1993) (where defendant failed to raise

objection regarding "confusing nature" of jury instruction at

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trial, he is barred from raising issue on appeal).

II.

The majority opinion advances the following reasons for

reversal of McLean's convictions:
1. The jury was seeking a legal definition of intent, and
the trial judge failed to provide it.

2. The trial judge "injected the issue of 'concert of
action'" into the case, "and the jury made no inquiry
about that concept."

3. The trial judge's response to the jury's second question
was "incomplete and nonresponsive to the jury's
inquiry."
4. The trial judge's failure to answer the first question
combined with the giving of the instruction on
"concert of action," at the request of the Commonwealth,
may have misled the jury as to the law of the case.

Each of these shall be considered seriatim:

1. The jury was seeking a legal definition of intent, and
the trial judge failed to provide it.

When the trial judge stated that he would not answer the

jury's question, "May we have a legal definition of intent?,"

McLean's counsel raised no objection to the failure to respond.

In fact, McLean objected to any response. This issue was not

before the trial court and is not even presented to us in

McLean's appeal.

An alleged error will not be considered a basis for reversal

where counsel fails to make a contemporaneous objection. Rule

5A:18.
2. The trial judge "injected the issue of 'concert of
action'" into the case, "and the jury made no inquiry
about that concept."

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 The majority states that in responding to the questions

asked by the jury during its deliberations, the trial court

introduced a new theory to the case. The majority states that

because the jury made no inquiry about the concept of "concert of

action," "the trial judge erred by answering the jury in a manner

that was incomplete and nonresponsive to the jury's inquiry." I

respectfully disagree. The jury asked, "Is the word intent

collective?" Upon further inquiry from the court, the jury

asked, "Once the intent is spoken by one member of a group and

the act is performed, does the intent to commit the act apply to

all? What is the law concerning this?" The trial judge, the

prosecutor, and McLean all believed the question implicated the

concept of "concert of action." McLean agreed that it was a

proper response; he objected for other reasons stated above.
3. The trial judge's response to the jury's second question
was "incomplete and nonresponsive to the jury's
inquiry."

The objections made by McLean at trial had nothing to do

with whether the court's response was incomplete or

nonresponsive. In fact, McLean agreed that the instruction was a

correct statement of the law; he objected on other grounds,

stated earlier in this dissenting opinion.
4. The trial judge's failure to answer the first question,
combined with the giving of the instruction on "concert
of action," at the request of the Commonwealth, may have
misled the jury as to the law of the case.

The majority states that the trial court's failure to

respond to the jury's first inquiry about the legal definition of

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intent, and the subsequent "giving of an instruction on 'concert

of action,' may have caused the jury to believe that the question

of intent . . . was not as germane to their inquiry as was the

principle of 'concert of action,' which the trial court injected

at the request of the Commonwealth." Again, McLean never raised

an objection that the jury could be misled about the law of the

case because the court answered only their second question. See

Able, 16 Va. App. at 550, 431 S.E.2d at 342.
The majority decides this case on grounds that have been

raised for the first time on appeal. These issues are not

properly before us. For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm

the convictions.

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