COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, Haley and Senior Judge Annunziata
Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
ORLANDO S. AVALOS
MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
v. Record No. 2874-03-4 JUDGE JAMES W. HALEY, JR.
JUNE 21, 2005
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA
Donald M. Haddock, Judge
Heidi Meinzer, Senior Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Amy L. Marshall, Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W. Kilgore,
Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Orlando S. Avalos appeals his conviction under Code § 18.2-67.2(A), animate object sexual
penetration of a child under the age of thirteen. Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in:
1) admitting his statements prior to being advised of his Miranda rights, 2) violating his due process
rights by admitting his statements when the interview had not been recorded in its entirety,
3) finding that the child witness was competent to testify against him, and 4) denying his motion to
strike and finding the evidence sufficient to prove penetration. We affirm.
I.
Under familiar principles, “we review the evidence, and all reasonable inferences that can
be drawn from the evidence, in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the party
prevailing below.” Moore v. Commonwealth, 45 Va. App. 146, 149, 609 S.E.2d 74, 76 (2005)
(citation omitted).
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
II.
The child was living with appellant, her mother, and others in late 2002. One night
during the Christmas holiday, the child testified that her mother went out for the night, leaving
her at home with her sister and appellant. The child went into a bedroom and accepted an
invitation by the appellant to watch television on the bed. While both were on the bed, appellant
put his hand inside the child’s pants and underwear and touched her “privates.” She testified that
appellant put his finger “in a little bit” and that she was sure his finger was inside her. She
testified that appellant hurt her by doing this. She left the bedroom and went to the bathroom to
“clean [her]self” with toilet tissue; she discovered she was bleeding. She told her mother of the
incident the next morning and showed her mother the bloodstained toilet tissue.
Detective Victor Ignacio investigated the incident. On January 4, 2003, Detective
Ignacio went to the apartment and spoke to appellant. Detective Ignacio explained to appellant
that he was not under arrest but wanted to ask him a few questions about the incident. Detective
Ignacio was not in uniform at the time but had his badge and service weapon displayed.
Detective Ignacio asked appellant to answer some questions at the police station. After appellant
agreed and stated that he did not have transportation, he rode in the front seat of the detective’s
police cruiser to the station. Appellant was unrestrained. At the end of a one-hour meeting,
appellant stated that he would take a polygraph test. Detective Ignacio returned the appellant to
the apartment.
At the appellant’s request, Detective Ignacio scheduled a polygraph test for February 4,
2003. Likewise, at appellant’s request, the detective picked up appellant. Again, appellant rode
in the front seat of the cruiser to the station. Appellant was unrestrained. Detective Ignacio was
again in plain clothes displaying his badge and service weapon. Detective Ignacio reminded
appellant that the polygraph was voluntary, and he could choose not to take it. The detective told
-2-
appellant that he was not under arrest and could return home after the test. Detective Ignacio
informed appellant that the polygraph test detects deception and advised him to tell the truth.
Appellant then informed the detective that he wanted to discuss something with him; Detective
Ignacio suggested they conduct another interview before administering the test.
Detective Ignacio told appellant once again that he was not under arrest. They discussed
the allegation for a few moments before the detective began to record the interview. Appellant
admitted that he had been drinking the evening of the incident and that the child came into his
bedroom. Appellant stated that the child lay on the bed with him and began to touch his
stomach. Appellant admitted that he then put his hand down her pants and touched her vagina.
Detective Ignacio asked appellant whether or not he penetrated her vagina; appellant responded
that he did not remember touching her vagina but did remember touching the skin of her vagina.
The videotape recording lasted eight minutes. After the interview, Detective Ignacio took
appellant home and did not place him under arrest.
Appellant was indicted on the charge of animate object sexual penetration of a minor
under the age of thirteen. The trial court convicted appellant of the charge and sentenced him to
fifteen years’ incarceration with ten years suspended.
III.
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting his statements because he had not
been advised of his Miranda rights. The trial court admitted only those statements from the
second, recorded interview of February 2003. Thus, those statements and the surrounding
circumstances are the only ones reviewed.
“‘[P]olice officers are not required to administer Miranda warnings to everyone whom
they question,’ and Miranda warnings are not required when the interviewee’s freedom has not
been so restricted as to render him or her ‘in custody.’” Aldridge v. Commonwealth, 44
-3-
Va. App. 618, 641, 606 S.E.2d 539, 550 (2004) (quoting Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492,
495 (1977)) (citation omitted).
Whether a suspect is “in custody” under Miranda is determined by
the circumstances of each case, and “the ultimate inquiry is simply
whether there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom of
movement’ of the degree associated with formal arrest.” . . . If a
reasonable person in the suspect’s position would have understood
that he or she was under arrest, then the police are required to
provide Miranda warnings before questioning. Among the
circumstances to be considered when making the determination of
whether a suspect was “in custody” are (1) the manner in which the
individual is summoned by the police, (2) the familiarity or
neutrality of the surroundings, (3) the number of officers present,
(4) the degree of physical restraint, (5) the duration and character
of the interrogation, and (6) the extent to which the officers’ beliefs
concerning the potential culpability of the individual being
questioned were manifested to the individual.
Harris v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 554, 564-65, 500 S.E.2d 257, 262 (1998) (footnote omitted)
(citations omitted).
In Garrison v. Commonwealth, 36 Va. App. 298, 309, 549 S.E.2d 634, 639-40 (2001)
(citations omitted), this Court stated:
“Custody does not result merely because an individual is
questioned in a ‘coercive environment,’ or is the ‘focus’ of a
criminal investigation.” “A person’s voluntary appearance at a
police station, where he is immediately advised that he is not under
arrest and from which he leaves ‘without hindrance’ [sic] at the
end of an interview, indicates that he is not in custody ‘or
otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant
way.’”
(Emphasis added). Additionally, this Court noted that “the Supreme Court of Virginia has
expressly recognized that ‘it is the custodial nature rather than the location of the interrogation
that triggers the necessity for giving Miranda warnings.’” Aldridge, 44 Va. App. at 643, 606
S.E.2d at 551 (quoting Coleman v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 31, 47, 307 S.E.2d 864, 872 (1983)
(emphasis added)).
-4-
In February 2003, appellant initiated contact with Detective Ignacio and asked to take a
polygraph test and that he be transported to the police station. The appellant rode in the
passenger seat of the police car and was unrestrained. Detective Ignacio reminded appellant that
he was not under arrest, that he did not have to take the test, and that the detective would take
him home after the test. Appellant, instead of taking the test, asked to discuss the matter with
Detective Ignacio. Appellant admitted during the discussion that he had touched the victim’s
vagina. Nevertheless, Detective Ignacio took appellant home after the interview.
At no time during the February interview was appellant’s freedom of movement
restrained, nor was he told that he was not free to leave. Appellant’s encounter with Detective
Ignacio was consensual and did not suggest any aspect of a formal arrest. The trial court
specifically found as a fact that appellant was not in custody during the interview. The evidence
supports that determination, and the trial court properly denied the motion to suppress on
Miranda grounds.
IV.
Appellant cites authority from other states and argues that the statements from the
videotaped interview should be suppressed because the interview was not taped in its entirety.
None of these cases is binding precedent in Virginia. Additionally, the cases cited by the
appellant involve circumstances of custodial interrogation; this case does not.
Virginia law does not require videotaping of police interrogations. The courts of this
state do not presume jurisdiction beyond that authorized by constitution or statute. Any change
to this aspect of Virginia law would require legislative action in accordance with the Constitution
-5-
of Virginia.1 Therefore, the trial court properly denied appellant’s motion to suppress on this
ground.
V.
Appellant asserts that the trial court erred in finding that the child was competent to testify.
Appellant argues that the child was incompetent because she did not independently remember the
incident, she had a limited capacity to recall the events, and she did not understand or affirm the
oath.
Code § 8.01-396.1 states, “No child shall be deemed incompetent to testify solely because of
age.” That statute is applicable to criminal proceedings. See Code § 19.2-267.
In Mackell v. Commonwealth, 236 Va. 240, 253, 372 S.E.2d 759, 767 (1988), the Supreme
Court of Virginia held:
Because of the opportunity a trial court has to see and observe a
child’s demeanor on the stand, his or her competence as a witness
is a matter within the discretion of the trial court and its ruling will
not be disturbed except for manifest error. A child is competent to
testify if he or she possesses the capacity to observe, recollect,
communicate events, and intelligently frame answers to the
questions asked of him or her with a consciousness of a duty to
speak the truth.
At trial, the child promised that she would tell the truth about what had happened; she stated
that it would be “bad” to do otherwise. She testified that she remembered the incident, and her
account of the incident paralleled the appellant’s version of the events. The fact that she had spoken
to others about the incident does not, in itself, support the conclusion that she had no independent
memory of the event or that her testimony was coached. The child demonstrated the capacity to
1
The due process procedures found in the Virginia Constitution and followed by Virginia
courts co-exist with those procedures found in the United States Constitution. See Lowe v.
Commonwealth, 230 Va. 346, 348, 337 S.E.2d 273, 274 (1985). The United States Constitution
does not require electronic recording of interrogations, and thus, neither does the Virginia
Constitution.
-6-
observe, recall, communicate, and respond by answering questions about her home, school, and
events from her last birthday. The trial court was satisfied with her competency to testify. Nothing
in the record suggests that she lacked the requisite capacity to testify. Any lack of detail in her
testimony goes to her credibility, not her competency. Thus, the trial court did not err by allowing
her to testify.
VI.
A conviction for animate object sexual penetration of a minor under thirteen years of age
requires evidence of penetration. See Code § 18.2-67.2(A). “For the purposes of Code § 18.2-67.2
. . . penetration ‘need be only slight.’” Jett v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 190, 194, 510 S.E.2d
747, 749 (1999) (en banc) (quoting Horton v. Commonwealth, 255 Va. 606, 612, 499 S.E.2d
258, 261 (1998) (citation omitted)). “Penetration may be proved by circumstantial evidence and
is not dependent on direct testimony from the victim that penetration occurred.” Morrison v.
Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 300, 301, 391 S.E.2d 612, 612 (1990).
When examining the sufficiency of evidence, we view the facts in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth, as initially noted. “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight
accorded the evidence are matters solely for the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and
hear that evidence as it is presented.” Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455
S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995) (citations omitted). A conviction for a sexual offense may be based
solely on the uncorroborated testimony of the victim. See Fisher v. Commonwealth, 228 Va.
296, 299, 321 S.E.2d 202, 203 (1984); Ashby v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548-49, 535
S.E.2d 182, 187 (2000).
Appellant admitted that he had touched the child’s vagina but did not remember whether
he penetrated the vagina. The child testified that appellant touched her “private parts” under her
pants and underwear; she stated that appellant’s finger went “in a little bit” and that it hurt. She
-7-
noticed she was bleeding and showed her mother the bloodstained toilet tissue. Likewise, her
mother testified that she also observed the bloodstained tissue, corroborating her child’s
testimony. The child’s testimony was not “inherently incredible, or so contrary to human
experience as to render it unworthy of belief.” Fisher, 228 Va. at 299-300, 321 S.E.2d at 204.
The trial court did not err in finding sufficient evidence of penetration.
VII.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s conviction of animate object sexual
penetration.
Affirmed.
-8-