IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
May 7, 2002 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. RONALD SIMMONS
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 00-04708 James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge
No. W2001-02352-CCA-R3-CD - Filed August 27, 2002
The defendant pled guilty to sexual battery, a Class E felony, in exchange for a two-year sentence.
The trial court sentenced the defendant to ninety days of weekend confinement, suspended the
balance of the two-year sentence, and placed the defendant on probation for four years. The
defendant appeals his sentence, arguing that the trial court erred in denying his petition for judicial
diversion and in sentencing him to ninety days of confinement. After a review of the record, we
affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and JERRY L.
SMITH, JJ., joined.
Robert M. Brannon, Jr., Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Ronald Simmons.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; P. Robin Dixon, Jr., Assistant Attorney General;
William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Linda Kirklen Dycus, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
The defendant, Ronald Simmons, was indicted on May 2, 2000, for aggravated sexual
battery, a Class B felony, for his November 20, 1999, sexual contact with the ten-year-old victim,
C.C.1 On March 5, 2001, the defendant entered a best interest guilty plea under North Carolina v.
Alford2 to sexual battery, a Class E felony. The defendant subsequently filed a petition for judicial
1
It is the po licy of this co urt to ide ntify victims of sexual abuse by their initials o nly.
2
In North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37, 91 S. Ct. 160, 1 67, 2 7 L. E d. 2d 162, 171 (1970), the United
States Supreme Court held that a defendant may enter a guilty plea while claiming his innocence if the “defendant
(continued...)
diversion. On September 5, 2001, the trial court denied this petition, sentenced the defendant as a
Range I, standard offender, imposed a two-year sentence suspended to ninety days of weekend
service in the Shelby County Correctional Center, and placed the defendant on probation for four
years. The defendant then filed a timely notice of appeal, raising two issues: whether the trial court
erred (1) in denying his petition for judicial diversion, and (2) in sentencing him to ninety days of
confinement before placing him on probation. We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTS
At the guilty plea hearing, the State informed the court that if this case went to trial, it would
show the following: (1) on Saturday, November 20, 1999, the defendant brought the victim to his
house so she could play games on his computer, (2) while the victim was playing on the computer,
the defendant placed the victim on his lap and “put his hand underneath her shirt and rubbed her
breast,” and (3) a short time later, the defendant again placed the victim on his lap and “put his hand
beneath her pants, inside her underwear and rubbed on her vaginal area with his finger.”
At the sentencing hearing, the defendant testified that he was living with his wife, his two
daughters, ages 19 and 17, his son, age 11, and his two-year-old grandson. His family had lived in
the same house in Memphis since 1986 or 1987, and he financially supported his entire family. The
defendant said that he joined the Air Force when he was 19 and served for two years before
transferring to the Air National Guard. He had recently retired from the Air National Guard after
serving for twenty-four years, attaining the rank of E-7, Master Sergeant. He was currently
employed at a local business doing data entry and database management.
The defendant expressed his desire to be placed on judicial diversion, saying it would enable
him to continue to support his family, and that he would not have a problem adhering to any
conditions associated with diversion. He said that he had never been in trouble with the police
before this incident, and he had not had any offenses in the two years since.
The defendant testified that he had complied with the trial court’s order to obtain a
psychological evaluation. He said that he met with Dr. John Robert Hutson a few times, took
various tests, and had been candid with Dr. Hutson during their meetings. He had read Dr. Hutson’s
report, which concluded that he was a low risk for repeat offending.
The defendant explained why he entered his best-interest plea under Alford:
At the time of the trial I was still a couple of months away
from being eligible for retirement in the Air National Guard. So if I
had went [sic] to trial and it had went [sic] against me, I would have
2
(...continued)
intelligently conc ludes that his interests require entry o f a guilty plea and the reco rd before the judge contains strong
evidence of actual guilt.”
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been, of course, sentenced to a minimum of eight years and I would
have lost my retirement and my family wouldn’t of [sic] had any
source of income, whatsoever.
The defendant said that the Air National Guard told him that he would be immediately terminated
if he were convicted, and that a conviction would have resulted in his termination from the Guard
anyway, since confinement would have made him unable to report to his Guard duty station.
During cross-examination, the defendant denied ever touching the victim in an inappropriate
manner. On the day in question, the victim called and asked him if she could come over to his house
and play on the computer because the computer at her house was locked in her parents’ bedroom.
The defendant’s wife was babysitting the victim and her siblings at the victim’s home that day, and
he and his wife discussed the matter before he picked up the victim. He said that he was never alone
in his home with the victim because his son and a friend were in the house playing video games that
afternoon.
After the defendant picked the victim up from her house and took her to his house, he said
that she played a computer game called “Jazz Jackrabbit” and then watched the movie “Hocus
Pocus” on television with him. The defendant said his son then asked if he could go visit Paul
Stott’s son, and he took the victim home. After he dropped the victim off at her house, she played
with some children with whom she was not supposed to associate, and his wife scolded her. The
defendant said that one of these children had previously exposed himself to the victim.
The State asked the defendant to explain why the victim would invent this story:
Q. Why do you think [the victim] would make this up?
A. I don’t know.
Q. You have no explanation for that?
A. No, I do not.
Q. Did she dis-like [sic] you?
A. I didn’t think she did.
Q. Did y’all have an argument that day?
A. No.
Q. Did you punish her in any way?
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A. No, I didn’t.
Q. Or deny her time on the computer, or any other things like
that, that would make her angry?
A. I left her alone on the computer to do whatever.
Q. So what you’re telling the Court today is she just went home
and told her mother that you touched her breast and her
vaginal area?
A. Well, she didn’t go home and tell her mother. It was later that
evening, or that night that she had told her mother. And this
was, like, early in the day, so she was at home all day long,
with my wife and other kids and stuff like that, before she
said anything to anybody, or said it to her mother, that night.
Q. But her mother was not present, though; isn’t that correct?
A. Yeah, she worked until sometime in the evening.
Q. Right. So when she came home then that’s when [the victim]
told her?
A. I suppose, yes.
Several of the defendant’s friends and fellow Air National Guard members testified that the
defendant is a dedicated, hardworking, trustworthy, and civic-minded individual. They each stated
that they believed the defendant would have no problem following any conditions of judicial
diversion. However, they all admitted that they did not know the victim and were not present the
day of the alleged incident. Chris Allen Tackett testified that he had known the defendant for about
sixteen years in the National Guard and that he believed him to be an honest and trustworthy person.
Tackett stated that if he “felt like [the defendant] was guilty [he] wouldn’t have been here” to testify.
James Daniel Gallagher, the defendant’s friend and a fellow member of the Air National Guard,
testified that the defendant is “practically [his] best friend, if not [his] best friend.” Gallagher stated
that the defendant lived with his family after the defendant first got married and that the defendant
had been around his daughter many times as she was growing up. Gallagher did not believe the
accusations against the defendant were true. He described the defendant as “a soul brother” and did
not believe the defendant was “capable of doing such things.” Paul Stott testified that he and the
defendant had been close friends for about ten years. Stott testified that he had always trusted the
defendant with his young children. He said that the defendant and his son came to his home on the
afternoon in question and that the defendant did not act unusual. Stott acknowledged that the
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defendant was having marital problems during this period. He also said that he believed that the
defendant would have told him if he had molested the victim in this case.
The victim testified that the defendant’s wife, Kathy Simmons, was babysitting her and her
brother and sister on November 20, 1999, at the victim’s home. She said the Simmons’s son called
and told Mrs. Simmons that he was ready to go home from a friend’s house. Mrs. Simmons called
the defendant and, while they were talking on the phone, the victim asked if she could go to the
Simmons’s residence to play on the computer. The defendant picked her up at her house and took
her to his house. When she arrived at the defendant’s house, she immediately went to the dining
room where the computer was located and played a “rabbit” game on the computer. The defendant
sat “two steps” behind her while she played the game. When she “got up for a minute,” the
defendant left his seat and sat down in her chair. The defendant “hit his hand on his knees,”
indicating to her to sit in his lap. He then reached over, put his hand inside her shirt, and rubbed her
breast. She described her reaction to this touching:
I got up, because I was real scared and I was tired of playing
on the computer. So I went down and I sat on the – well, he had got
up first and sat down on the couch. So then, I was tired of playing on
the computer so I went over and sat on the couch on the other side
from him.
The victim said that they watched “Little Women,” not “Hocus Pocus,” on television for a few
minutes before the defendant picked her up and put her on his lap on the couch:
Q. You weren’t afraid at that point?
A. Well, I was scared, at first, but I didn’t figure he was going to
do anything else to me.
Q. Now, what happened after that?
....
A. Then he reached down into my pants and started rubbing my
private.
The victim said that the defendant also licked her neck and asked, “Did that feel good?” The victim
said the defendant stopped touching her when he heard a door slam or a car drive by fast. He picked
her up, threw her on the couch “a little bit,” ran to the door, and looked out the window. At that
point, the victim told him she wanted to go home. The victim denied that the defendant’s son or his
friend were in the house when the defendant touched her. She said she and the defendant were alone
in the house. She said that it was only after they picked up the defendant’s son and all three went
to get ice cream that the defendant finally took her home. The victim testified that she did not tell
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Mrs. Simmons what had happened when she arrived home because she was “scared [Mrs. Simmons]
would say that that wasn’t true . . . and get all mad at [her].” As soon as her mother got home from
work and Mrs. Simmons had left, the victim told her mother that the defendant had touched her.
During cross-examination, the victim admitted that although she knew her mother’s number
at work, she did not call her to tell her what had happened at the defendant’s house. Instead, she said
she went outside to play and waited until her mother came home from work.
On redirect, the victim said she remembered the defendant licking her neck only after she had
talked to the prosecutor several times. The victim stated, “I was remembering and I was on a good
roll right then, and I remembered [the licking incident] and I told [the prosecutor].”
In response to the court’s questions about this incident, the victim stated that this was the
only time the defendant touched her inappropriately.
The victim’s mother testified that, since the incident, the victim had gained weight, become
depressed, and let her grades fall. She said that the victim had nightmares for a period of time after
the incident. She asked the court to deny the defendant’s request for diversion and to sentence him
to jail. The victim’s stepfather, who adopted the victim at an early age, testified that he believed that
the defendant should serve some time in jail and should have this “on his record for the rest of his
life.” He said that the victim still has nightmares and has suffered emotionally.
Kelly Grisham, the education and training coordinator at the Child Advocacy Center, testified
that she maintains records on the number of child abuse cases reported in Shelby County each year.
She explained that the Child Advocacy Center is notified of child abuse cases as they are reported
to the Memphis Police Department, the outlying law enforcement authorities, and the Department
of Children’s Services. The Center, in turn, is required to report this information to federal and state
agencies on a regular basis.
Grisham testified that if cases meet specific criteria, then they are designated as Child
Protection and Investigation Team (“C.P.I.T.”) cases.3 These C.P.I.T. cases include child abuse
cases of a physical or sexual nature. Grisham stated that there were 1,360 C.P.I.T. cases reported
in Shelby County in 1999 and 2,081 in 2000. In 2001, 425 C.P.I.T. cases had been reported year to
date in Shelby County.4 Grisham stated that 75% of the total number of child abuse cases reported
each year in Shelby County were sexual abuse cases. On cross-examination, Grisham admitted that
she did not know how many of these reported cases resulted in indictments or convictions.
3
Although Kelly Grisha m’s testimony did not include a d etailed description of the criteria for C.P.I.T . cases,
the transcript indicates that the case at hand was classified as a C.P.I.T. case.
4
This figure represents the number of C.P.I.T. cases reported in the first month of the 2001 fiscal year, which
runs from June 2001 to M ay of 2002. Grisham testified at the sentencing hearing on September 5 , 2001, and she
explained that the numbe rs of rep orted child abuse cases fo r July and Au gust 20 01 w ere no t yet availab le.
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Dr. John Robert Hutson, a clinical psychologist, testified that he evaluated the defendant for
the sentencing hearing. Based on several tests, including two recommended by the Tennessee
Department of Correction, Dr. Hutson concluded that the defendant was a low risk for repeat
offending and that he was an excellent candidate for probation and/or diversion.
At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court determined the defendant’s
sentence and set out its reasoning:
Let me preface my remarks by saying that decisions in these
kinds of cases are never easy. I don’t know the answers and I don’t
know all the solutions. But, I do know under the law that I have
certain obligations and I’m going to try to comply with those
obligations as I understand the law to be written.
I’m going to attempt to address the issues that I think are
supposed to be addressed under the law, to the best of my ability, to
voice it and to speak it.
Because of the offense for which [the defendant] has been
convicted is a class “E” felony, there is a presumptive entitlement to
probation. An entitlement does not mean that [the defendant]
automatically gets probation, it means that there is a presumption of
an entitlement to probation.
The presumption can be overcome by competent proof. The
factors that I think need to be considered in this particular case,
obviously, [the defendant] has no prior criminal history. There’s no
indication of prior, previous actions, or character of the defendant that
are flawed, or in any way, inappropriate.
In fact, with the material that’s been presented to the Court,
[the defendant] has, what would appear on the surface and on paper,
to be, an impeccable background. A long history of service to the
country. Dedication to one particular position in job. No arrests. No
prior criminal history. Until we reach this particular incident.
Under those circumstances would it be normal, or appropriate
to consider [the defendant] as an individual who could reasonably be
expected to be rehabilitated? I don’t think there’s any answer but yes
to that question, based upon the history.
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Would [the defendant] be an individual who could abide by
the terms of probation, if imposed? It would appear from his
background that he would.
Have there ever been alternatives to confinement attempted
with [the defendant]? Well, he’s never been arrested, so there is
none. The answer to that would be no, there’s never been any other
alternative put forth for [the defendant].
Then we get to the facts and circumstances of the offense. In
listening to the testimony and reviewing the documents that have
been presented to me during the course of this hearing, one thing that
stands out in my mind, that is very difficult for me to overcome,
frankly, I have a ten year old child who makes an allegation of a
sexual offense that’s been committed against her. I have no
indication that the child has been an inappropriate child; has a history
of problems; has a history of lying; has a history of wild and vivid
imagination. I have nothing more, frankly, than a normal, typical, ten
year old child, who makes an allegation against a man who has no
prior history and no prior record and no prior indication of being a
sexual offender.
So the question, then, becomes why. Why would a ten year
old child, and frankly it’s kind of hard to keep in mind that what I
have before me now is a maturing, taken in context, twelve year old
child, versus the alleged victim at the time of the offense was a ten
year old child.
Why would a child make an allegation, such as the one we
have here today, against a man that, by all accounts, has been with his
family, an active part of her life for – I never did get it straight, but
eight, nine months to a year. And it appears from as best I can recall
the testimony that the Simmons family baby-sat for these children,
two to three times, or more, a week, for that period of time.
No animosity. No allegations of inappropriate behavior. No
indications from the children that the Simmons were ugly to them, or
that there was a problem, or that they were not good baby-sitters. To
the contrary. Everything was good, based on the testimony that I’ve
heard. No reason for such an allegation to be made.
Frankly, some innuendoes which I don’t know the basis for
the innuendo, but some innuendo. But, even considering the
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innuendo, the thing that I can’t get out of my mind is, why, if it’s a
made up story, why pick the individual who would, at least, seem to
be close to your family as the perpetrator. Why not pick the ugly
neighbor down the street? Why not pick the mean guy next door?
Why not pick the teacher that you don’t like at school? Why pick an
individual who’s [sic] children have been baby-sitting you, who’s
[sic] wife has been baby-sitting you, who’s apparently interacted with
you. Who’s apparently caused no problems, had no problems, no
indication of any kind of animosity. Why pick that person to make
these allegations against? That just doesn’t make sense to me.
And I understand children often do things and say things and
get themselves in a position that it’s hard to get themselves out of. I
understand that. But, I don’t know too many children that tell lies to
get themselves into trouble. And it just does not seem to fit in this
case. It doesn’t make any sense to me that this little girl would make
this up.
So, we have a situation where an allegation has been made.
If the allegation[] is true, [the defendant] is not entitled to probation.
But, because of the nature of, whether it be the case, whether it be our
system, whether it be any number of factors. The ability of [defense
counsel] to negotiate, I don’t know. But, [the defendant] pled guilty
to a lessor offense, a class “E” felony, sexual battery, which by law
there is a presumptive right to probation.
The enormity of the offense, in my mind is great. The
depravation of a ten year old[’s] innocence, in my mind, is a great
harm. That is something, in my mind, that once lost is probably never
recoverable. I’d like to think that it can be, but I don’t know.
Following the guidelines of the statute, 40-35-303, probation
consideration and case law considerations the Court has considered
the facts and circumstances surrounding this offense, which I have
stated.
Obviously, [the defendant] has no prior history. His actions
and character appear to be good, with the exception of this incident.
Could we reasonabl[y] expect, based upon his prior history
that he would be rehabilitated? I see no reason to doubt that.
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Would he abide by the terms set by this Court? I see no
reason to doubt that.
The interest of society and being protected from possible
future criminal conduct of the defendant. It would appear to me,
based on the testimony of Dr. Hutson, based upon the background of
[the defendant], based upon the testimony of his friends and
acquaintances, that [the defendant] would be an individual that if he
did make a mistake, is capable from learning from that mistake and
would not be the kind of individual, based on even the cold,
calculated, statistical facts that we’re asked to consider. Would not
be an individual that would be likely, in this case, to commit this type
of an offense, again.
So I would think that the interest of society and being
protected from possible, future criminal conduct that the defendant
could comfortably rest assured that we would not have [the
defendant] to deal with, again.
Is confinement necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness
of the offense? And also, is confinement particularly suited to
provide an effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar
offenses[?]
Those are the two cases at issue that I’m struggling with.
I can’t get around the facts of the particular case. It is the
opinion of the Court that diversion in this particular case, based upon
the nature of the case, the facts of the case, the serious allegations
involved in the case and I understand that it has been pled down to an
“E” felony. But, the allegations involved in this would constitute a
– I believe it’s a “B” felony, which indicates that the legislature has
seen fit to make the allegations of this particular type of a crime, a
serious offense. And it would appear to this Court that diversion,
under those circumstances of the facts of the case, the emotional
effect and impact that this has had on the victim. The fact that
diversion, in my mind, would completely depreciate the serious
nature of this offense. I am of the opinion that diversion is not
appropriate for this crime and for this offense.
I do not feel, however, that complete confinement is necessary
in this particular case, based upon [the defendant’s] background and
his history. I do feel he is a worthy candidate for probation.
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I feel that some confinement is necessary to avoid
depreciating the serious nature of this offense and also to provide an
effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar types of
offenses.
It’s apparent from the proof that’s been presented that sexual
abuse of children is a problem in our community. It is a crime that
does not usually involve witnesses. It is usually a crime that does not
involve a lot of evidence. It’s usually a crime involving adults [sic]
word against the child’s word. And it would appear to me that if
word is not sent out that if the proof is sustained that anybody that
commits this type of an offense should be confined.
It would not be an effective deterrence to others to place [the
defendant] completely on probation.
I’m going to do this. I’m going to require [the defendant] to
serve 90 days at the Shelby County Correctional Center. In light of
his history and in light of the fact that he is presently employed I will
consider allowing him to serve that sentence on weekends.
He will be on probation for a period of 4 years. I will require,
as a condition of probation, pursuant to statute, sexual offender
treatment program and that will be the only special condition that I’ll
put.
ANALYSIS
In his appeal, the defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his petition for judicial
diversion and in sentencing him to ninety days of confinement before placing him on probation. The
State responds that the record adequately supports the trial court’s decision to deny diversion and
that the defendant has failed to show that the court’s imposition of ninety days of confinement is
improper.
When an accused challenges the length and manner of service of a sentence, it is the duty of
this court to conduct a de novo review on the record with a presumption that “the determinations
made by the court from which the appeal is taken are correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d)
(1997). This presumption is “conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial
court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby,
823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The presumption does not apply to the legal conclusions
reached by the trial court in sentencing the accused or to the determinations made by the trial court
which are predicated upon uncontroverted facts. State v. Butler, 900 S.W.2d 305, 311 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1994); State v. Smith, 891 S.W.2d 922, 929 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Bonestel, 871
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S.W.2d 163, 166 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). However, this court is required to give great weight to
the trial court’s determination of controverted facts as the trial court's determination of these facts
is predicated upon the witnesses’ demeanor and appearance when testifying.
Since the defendant challenges his sentence, he has the burden of proving that his sentence
was erroneous. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401 (1997), Sentencing Commission Cmts.; see also
Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169; Butler, 900 S.W.2d at 311. This court must consider the following
factors when conducting a de novo review of a sentence: (a) any evidence received at the trial and/or
sentencing hearing, (b) the presentence report, (c) the principles of sentencing, (d) the arguments of
counsel relative to sentencing alternatives, (e) the nature and characteristics of the offense, (f) any
mitigating or enhancement factors, (g) any statements made by the accused in his own behalf, and
(h) the accused's potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. §§
40-35-103, -210; State v. Scott, 735 S.W.2d 825, 829 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987).
I. Denial of Judicial Diversion
The defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his petition for judicial diversion,
saying that although the trial court mentioned various factors in support of diversion, it failed to
actually weigh these factors. The trial court’s emphasis on the alleged offense, he argues, effectively
prevented him from ever being considered for diversion. See State v. Markham, 755 S.W.2d 850,
853 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1988) (“Denial of diversion based only on the essential elements of a crime,
without judicially weighing all relevant factors, effectively excludes persons charged with that crime
from consideration for pretrial diversion. Only the legislature has that prerogative.”)
Second, the defendant argues that even if the trial court properly considered all of the
appropriate factors, the record does not support a denial of judicial diversion. In support of his
argument, the defendant emphasizes the following facts: he supports his entire family; he served his
country for twenty-four years in the Air Force and the Air National Guard; he has no criminal record;
his friends and coworkers testified that they did not believe he was capable of committing this crime;
and Dr. Hutson testified that he was a low risk to repeat offend and a good candidate for probation
and/or diversion. The defendant also points out several problems with the victim’s testimony: the
victim requested to come to his residence to play games on the computer; the victim chose to sit on
the couch next to the defendant after the alleged inappropriate touching occurred; the victim failed
to run away from the defendant or call her mother once she arrived home; and the victim failed to
tell the police about the defendant licking her neck. The defendant argues that the record lacks any
significant evidence to support the denial of diversion.
The judicial diversion statute provides that following a determination of guilt by plea or by
trial, a trial court may, in its discretion, defer further proceedings and place a qualified, consenting
defendant on probation without entering a judgment of guilt. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-313(a)(1)(A)
(Supp. 2001). According to this statute, a qualified defendant is one who:
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(a) Is found guilty of or pleads guilty or nolo contendere to the
offense for which deferral of further proceedings is sought;
(b) Is not seeking deferral of further proceedings for a sexual offense
or a Class A or Class B felony; and
(c) Has not previously been convicted of a felony or a Class A
misdemeanor.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-313(a)(1)(B)(i) (Supp. 2001). If the defendant successfully completes his
period of probation, the trial court is required to dismiss the proceedings against him, and the
defendant may have the records of the proceedings expunged. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-313(a)(2),
(b) (Supp. 2001).
The decision to grant or deny a qualified defendant judicial diversion lies within the sound
discretion of the trial court. State v. Electroplating, Inc., 990 S.W.2d 211, 229 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1998); State v. Cutshaw, 967 S.W.2d 332, 344 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); State v. Bonestel, 871
S.W.2d 163, 168 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993), overruled on other grounds by State v. Hooper, 29
S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2000). As such, it will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.
Electroplating, 990 S.W.2d at 229; Cutshaw, 967 S.W.2d at 344; Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d at 168. To
constitute an abuse of discretion, the record must be devoid of any substantial evidence in support
of the trial court’s decision. Cutshaw, 967 S.W.2d at 344; Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d at 168; State v.
Anderson, 857 S.W.2d 571, 572 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).
In determining whether to grant diversion, the trial court considers the following: (a) the
accused’s amenability to correction, (b) the circumstances of the offense, (c) the accused’s criminal
record, (d) the accused’s social history, (e) the accused’s physical and mental health, (f) the
deterrence value to the accused as well as others, and (g) whether judicial diversion will serve the
interests of the public as well as the accused. Electroplating, 990 S.W.2d at 229; Bonestel, 871
S.W.2d at 168. A trial court should not deny judicial diversion without explaining the factors in
support of its denial, and how those factors outweigh other factors in favor of diversion. Id.
It is apparent from the record that the trial court considered all factors relevant to judicial
diversion, including the lengthy and thorough presentation on behalf of the defendant. However, the
factors favoring diversion, in the view of the trial court, were outweighed by the victim’s testimony
that the defendant touched her breast and rubbed her vaginal area; the subsequent effect of these
touchings on the victim; and the belief that diversion would not deter others but would depreciate
the seriousness of the offense. As we have discussed in our analysis, we review this ruling to
determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying diversion; and, to find abuse of
discretion, we must determine that no substantial evidence exists to support the ruling of the trial
court. Here, although there were numerous factors favoring judicial diversion, the trial court
determined that these were outweighed by the factors, enumerated by the court, against diversion.
The evidence presented in this matter was such that the trial court would have acted within its
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discretionary authority had it granted judicial diversion. However, we conclude that there is
substantial evidence in the record supporting the reasons enumerated by the trial court for denying
diversion, and, thus, that the court did not err in doing so.
II. Imposition of Ninety Days of Confinement
The defendant argues that his entry of an Alford plea to the Class E felony of sexual battery
raises a presumption that he should be entitled to probation, which the State has failed to overcome.
To buttress this claim, he points to the testimony of Chris Tackett, Paul Stott, and James Daniel
Gallagher concerning his good character, dedication to his work, and unblemished past. He also
focuses on the testimony of Dr. Hutson, a witness for the State, who concluded that the defendant
was a low risk to repeat offend and a good candidate for probation. In addition, the defendant claims
the State’s evidence concerning sexual abuse in Shelby County is incomplete and cites the same
weaknesses in the victim’s testimony. Given this evidence, the defendant argues that the State has
failed to rebut the presumption of probation. However, the State argues that the need for deterrence,
the facts of the offense, and the defendant’s lack of candor support the trial court’s decision to
impose ninety days of confinement rather than full probation.
It appearing that the trial court considered the sentencing principles and all relevant facts and
circumstances, our review of this issue is de novo with a presumption of correctness.
The Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 encourages trial courts to use
alternatives to confinement when sentencing defendants. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(3)(C)
(1997); see also State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 168 (Tenn. 1991). According to Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-102(6), “an especially mitigated or standard offender convicted of a Class
C, D or E felony is presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing options in the
absence of evidence to the contrary.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6) (1997).
Even if a defendant is eligible for probation, he or she is not automatically entitled to
probation as a matter of law. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b) (1997). The burden is upon the
defendant to show that he is a suitable candidate for probation. State v. Goode, 956 S.W.2d 521, 527
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); State v. Boggs, 932 S.W.2d 467, 477 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996); see Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b) (1997). In order to meet this burden, the defendant “must demonstrate
that probation will ‘subserve the ends of justice and the best interest of both the public and the
defendant.’” State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995) (quoting State v.
Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 259 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)).
There is no bright line rule for determining when a defendant should be granted probation.
Bingham, 910 S.W.2d at 456. Every sentencing decision necessarily requires a case-by-case
analysis. Id. Factors to be considered include the circumstances surrounding the offense, the
defendant’s criminal record, the defendant’s social history and present condition, the need for
deterrence, and the best interest of the defendant and the public. Goode, 956 S.W.2d at 527.
Another appropriate factor for a trial court to consider in determining whether to grant probation is
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a defendant’s credibility or lack thereof, as this reflects on the defendant’s potential for
rehabilitation. Id. Also relevant is whether a sentence of probation would unduly depreciate the
seriousness of the offense. See State v. Davis, 940 S.W.2d 558, 559 (Tenn. 1997); Bingham, 910
S.W.2d at 456.
As a preliminary matter, we note that the trial court allowed weekend service of the ninety-
day sentence so that the defendant could continue to support his family. As previously mentioned,
the trial court acknowledged the defendant’s lack of a criminal history and recognized the
defendant’s dedication to his job and his country. The court noted that the evidence showed that the
defendant could be rehabilitated and that there was a statistically low chance that he would reoffend.
However, despite all this favorable evidence, the trial court still felt that “some confinement [was]
necessary to avoid depreciating the serious nature of this offense and also to provide an effective
deterrence to others likely to commit similar types of offenses.” The court stressed that although the
charge in this case was pled down to a Class E felony, thereby triggering the possibility of alternative
sentencing, “the serious allegations involved in the case . . . would constitute a . . . [Class] ‘B’
felony, which indicates that the legislature has seen fit to make the allegations of this particular type
of a crime, a serious offense.” For these reasons, the trial court sentenced the defendant to ninety
days of confinement. The transcript of the sentencing hearing indicates that the trial court considered
the circumstances of the offense, the defendant’s character and credibility, the best interests of the
defendant and society, the value of deterrence, and the seriousness of the offense. After weighing
these factors, the trial court determined that the defendant was not entitled to full probation.
Although the record would support a granting of total probation, based upon our de novo review of
the trial court’s ruling, we cannot conclude that the court erred in ordering that the defendant serve
ninety days in confinement, with the remainder of his sentence to be probated.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE
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