IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
LARRY CHERRY, ET AL. v. JOHN E. WILLIAMS, JR., ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
No. 96C-955 Barbara N. Haynes, Judge
No. M1997-00216-COA-R3-CV - Decided April 17, 2000
This appeal involves a dispute between a client and his two lawyers regarding their
recommendations against accepting a plaintiff’s settlement offer in a chancery court proceeding.
After the chancellor and this court awarded his adversary damages far in excess of the settlement
offers, the client filed a legal malpractice action against his lawyers in the Circuit Court for Davidson
County. The two lawyers moved to dismiss the complaint based on the one-year statute of
limitations, and the trial court, treating the motion as one for summary judgment, dismissed the
complaint. The client asserts on this appeal that the limitations period did not begin to run until this
court affirmed the judgment in the underlying case and that the running of the statute of limitations
should have been tolled because the lawyers fraudulently concealed his cause of action against them
while they continued to represent him. We have determined that the complaint is time barred and,
therefore, affirm the summary judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
Remanded.
KOCH , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CANTRELL, J. and BUSSART , J. joined.
John T. Milburn Rogers, Greeneville, Tennessee, for the appellants, Larry Cherry and Money
Management Services, Inc.
Winston S. Evans, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, John E. Williams, Jr.
Thomas C. Corts, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, L. Anthony Deas.
OPINION
In the early 1990s, Larry Cherry operated Money Management Services, Inc., a financial
consulting business in Nashville. After experiencing some financial reversals, Darlene Pridemore
engaged Mr. Cherry to assist her with her problems. Under the guise of helping Ms. Pridemore, Mr.
Cherry effectively placed her in economic slavery by taking total control over her income. He also
inveigled her out of her house at a price below market value.
Ultimately, Mr. Cherry’s handling of her affairs prompted Ms. Pridemore to sue Mr. Cherry
and Money Management Services, Inc. in the Chancery Court for Davidson County for breach of
fiduciary duty. Mr. Cherry retained John E. Williams, Jr. and L. Anthony Deas to represent him in
the litigation. As the trial date approached, Ms. Pridemore offered to settle her suit for progressively
smaller amounts ranging from $25,000 to $15,000. Messrs. Williams and Deas estimated that Mr.
Cherry’s and Money Management’s maximum exposure was between $20,000 and $25,000 and,
accordingly, recommended against accepting the settlement offers. Mr. Cherry followed his
lawyer’s advice and rebuffed Ms. Pridemore’s efforts to settle the case before trial.
The chancery court heard the proof in September 1993, and in October 1993 entered a
$75,000 judgment for Ms. Pridemore, representing $50,000 in compensatory and $25,000 in punitive
damages. Stunned by the outcome, Mr. Cherry directed Messrs. Williams and Deas to appeal the
judgment to this court. On March 17, 1995, this court filed an opinion finding that Mr. Cherry had
violated his fiduciary duties to Ms. Pridemore “in every way possible.” Pridemore v. Cherry, 903
S.W.2d 705, 707 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Accordingly, we affirmed the award of $50,000 in
compensatory damages. We also found that the chancery court had set the punitive damages too low
and increased the punitive damage award to $100,000. On July 3, 1993, the Tennessee Supreme
Court denied Mr. Cherry’s application for permission to appeal.
Mr. Cherry blamed Messrs. Williams and Deas for saddling him with an unanticipated
$150,000 judgment. On March 15, 1996, he1 filed a legal malpractice action against Messrs.
Williams and Deas in the Circuit Court for Davidson County. Mr. Cherry’s complaint alleged that
Messrs. Williams and Deas had been negligent because they failed to recognize and communicate
the extent of his exposure to damages both in the trial court and in this court. He also alleged that
Messrs. Williams and Deas had negligently failed to recommend settling the case when a settlement
was possible and that they had otherwise breached the standard of care in the chancery court
litigation and on appeal.
Both Mr. Williams and Mr. Deas denied that they had negligently represented Mr. Cherry
and his company in the litigation with Ms. Pridemore. Eventually, in March 1997, Mr. Deas, joined
later by Mr. Williams, moved for a Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.03 motion for a judgment on the pleadings.
They argued that any alleged negligence with regard to recommending against a settlement, failing
to appreciate or communicate the risk of a substantial damage award, or conducting the trial occurred
more than one year before Mr. Cherry filed his malpractice action and were, therefore, barred by the
one-year statute of limitations in Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-104(a)(2) (Supp. 1999). After considering
the materials supporting and opposing the motions, the trial court treated the motions as ones for a
partial summary judgment and dismissed the claims dealing with the alleged negligence before and
1
Mr. Cherry and Money Management were named plaintiffs in the legal malpractice
litigation. Because Mr. Cherry is the sole shareholder of Money Management, we will refer to Mr.
Cherry as the plaintiff in the malpractice action for simplicity’s sake. As goes Mr. Cherry’s claim,
so goes Money Management’s claim.
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during the trial of the Pridemore case in the chancery court. Mr. Cherry voluntarily nonsuited the
remainder of his claims and appealed to this court.
I.
THE STANDARD OF REVIEW
The trial court appropriately converted the Tenn. R. Civ. P. 12.03 motion for judgment on
the pleadings to a motion for summary judgment because it considered matters outside the pleadings
themselves. Accordingly, we begin by restating the principles for reviewing summary judgments
on appeal.
Summary judgments enjoy no presumption of correctness on appeal. See City of Tullahoma
v. Bedford County, 938 S.W.2d 408, 412 (Tenn. 1997); McClung v. Delta Square Ltd. Partnership,
937 S.W.2d 891, 894 (Tenn. 1996). Accordingly, reviewing courts must make a fresh determination
concerning whether the requirements of Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56 have been satisfied. See Hunter v.
Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50-51 (Tenn. 1997); Mason v. Seaton, 942 S.W.2d 470, 472 (Tenn. 1997).
Summary judgments are appropriate only when there are no genuine factual disputes with regard to
the claim or defense embodied in the motion and when the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04; Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn. 1997);
Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn. 1995).
Courts reviewing summary judgments must view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the nonmoving party and must also draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor.
See Robinson v. Omer, 952 S.W.2d 423, 426 (Tenn. 1997); Mike v. Po Group, Inc., 937 S.W.2d 790,
792 (Tenn. 1996). Thus, a summary judgment should be granted only when the undisputed facts
reasonably support one conclusion -- that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law. See McCall v. Wilder, 913 S.W.2d 150, 153 (Tenn. 1995); Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at
26. A party may obtain a summary judgment either by affirmatively negating an essential element
of the non-moving party’s claim or by conclusively establishing an affirmative defense that defeats
the non-moving party’s claim. See Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 n.5 (Tenn. 1993).
Defenses based on a statute of limitations are particularly amenable to summary judgment
motions. See Creed v. Valentine, 967 S.W.2d 325, 327 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); Allied Sound, Inc.
v. Neely, 909 S.W.2d 815, 820 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). Most often the facts material to a statute of
limitations defense are not in dispute. When the facts and the inferences reasonably drawn from the
facts are not disputed, the courts themselves can bring to bear the applicable legal principles to
determine whether the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
II.
THE LAWYERS’ STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS DEFENSE
Mr. Cherry now attacks his former lawyers’ statute of limitations defense on three fronts.
First, he argues that his malpractice complaint was timely because he did not suffer a legally
cognizable or actual injury until this court filed its opinion on March 17, 1995. Second, he argues
that Messrs. Williams and Deas fraudulently concealed their negligence from him. Third, he argues
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that the statute of limitations should be tolled as long as Messrs Williams and Deas continued to
represent him.
A.
ACCRUAL OF MR . CHERRY’S CAUSE OF ACTION
We begin by recognizing that statutes limiting the time for bringing lawsuits are enacted for
the repose of society and are not disfavored. See Applewhite v. Memphis State Univ., 495 S.W.2d
190, 195 (Tenn. 1973). As the Tennessee Supreme Court observed long ago, "The peace of society
requires [that] rights shall be enforced in a reasonable time, and that they shall be barred if they are
not." Peck v. Bullard, 21 Tenn. (2 Hum.) 41, 45 (1840).
Professional malpractice actions, like other suits, are subject to a bar of limitations. Legal
malpractice actions, whether grounded in contract or tort, must be commenced within one year after
the cause of action's accrual. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 28-3-104(a)(2). The question then becomes,
when does the cause of action accrue. As a general rule, a cause of action for an injury accrues when
the injury occurs, see Whaley v. Catlett, 103 Tenn. 347, 355, 53 S.W. 131, 133 (1899), an "injury"
being understood as any wrong or damage done to another's person, rights, reputation, or property.
See Vance v. Schulder, 547 S.W.2d 927, 932 (Tenn. 1977). Once an injury occurs, a cause of action
accrues to the person injured, and, subject to several well-known exceptions, the time for filing a
lawsuit to redress that injury starts running right then.
In legal malpractice actions, the one-year statute of limitations starts to run when the client
suffers a legally cognizable injury resulting from an attorney's negligence or other wrongdoing, and
the client knows or should know the facts sufficient to give notice of that injury. See John Kohl &
Co., P.C. v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d 528, 532 (Tenn. 1998); Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d
at 29; Bradson Mercantile, Inc. v. Crabtree, 1 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999). Thus, our
first task is to determine when Mr. Cherry suffered a “legally cognizable injury.” Determining when
a legally cognizable injury has occurred can often be accomplished without too much difficulty when
the lawyer’s allegedly negligent act or failure to act occurs outside of litigation. However, the task
becomes more difficult when the lawyer's act or failure to act occurs during the course of litigation.
This court understands from experience that a lawyer’s strategic decisions during a lawsuit
may ultimately harm a client even though they appeared plausible and appropriate when they were
made.2 We also understand that, on occasion, a lawyer's handling of litigation can fall below the
standard of practice. However, we also know that not every miscue in the course of a lawsuit
2
For example, Harvard law professor Alan Dershowitz recently characterized Robert
Bennett's failure to settle Paula Jones's lawsuit against President William Jefferson Clinton as "[t]he
greatest legal mistake of the Twentieth Century." The Paula Jones suit opened the way for the grand
jury questioning of Mr. Bennett's client, and out of that grand jury appearance came an impeachment
of a United States president for only the second time in our country’s history. See Alan Dershowitz,
Top Ten Legal Blunders, GEORGE, April 1999, at 56.
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ultimately damages the client. Any experienced trial lawyer knows that all kinds of variables over
which lawyers have little control may impact the outcome of a lawsuit and that these factors may
or may not be directly related to the substance of the lawsuit itself.3 They can sometimes cause a
lawsuit to succeed despite a lawyer’s mistakes, and conversely, they may cause an otherwise
flawlessly presented case to fail to secure a victory.4 As experienced New York trial attorney Roy
Grutman has put it, in litigation, "the outcome is the ultimate uncertainty."5 Former United States
Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas expressed the same view when he wrote, "A trial is a
chancy thing, no matter what safeguards are provided."6
Not surprisingly then, the rules governing when a person suffers legally cognizable injury
from litigation malpractice must take into account that not every misstep leads to a fall. Because
negligence without injury is not actionable, the legal malpractice statute of limitations does not begin
to run until an attorney's negligence has actually injured the client. See Security Bank & Trust Co.
v. Fabricating, Inc., 673 S.W.2d 860, 864 (Tenn. 1983). And there is no injury until there is the loss
of a right, remedy, or interest or the imposition of a liability. John Kohl & Co., P.C. v. Dearborn
& Ewing, 977 S.W.2d at 532. Before that time, any injury is only prospective and uncertain. See
K.J.B. Inc. v. Drakulich, 811 P.2d 1305, 1306 (Nev. 1991); 2 Ronald E. Mallen & Jeffrey M. Smith,
Legal Malpractice § 21.11, at 791 (4th ed. 1996) (“Mallen & Smith”). There is no legally
cognizable injury where there exists only the mere possibility of harm. See John Kohl & Co., P.C.
v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d at 532.
In litigation, the most easily identifiable time when rights, interests, and liabilities become
fixed is when a court enters judgment. A judgment, after all, is “an adjudication of the rights of the
parties in respect to the claim[s] involved." Ward v. Kenner, 37 S.W. 707, 709 (Tenn. Ch. App.
1896) (defining judgment). Accordingly, most courts have made the entry of an adverse judgment
the starter pistol for the running of the statute of limitations on litigation malpractice. See Laird v.
Blacker, 828 P.2d 691, 696 (Cal. 1992); Jason v. Brown, 637 So.2d 749, 752 (La. Ct. App. 1994);
3
Jerome Frank has written perspicaciously about factors inside the process that may affect
a case. He points out, for example, that any particular judge hearing a case may react one way or
another toward a particular witness for reasons not readily apparent even to the judge. Accordingly,
a trial judge may react favorably to one witness because of the witness's tone of voice and may
shrink from another because of the color of his necktie. See Jerome Frank, Courts on Trial 151-55
(1949).
4
Judge Frank characterized modern litigation as a substitute for settling quarrels by private
warfare. Building on that characterization he noted that litigation in many ways resembles the
pattern of warfare with lawsuit strategems and tactics resembling skirmishes and battles. See id. at
7-8. In this context, we recall Von Clausewitz's observation that "[i]n war more than anywhere else
things do not turn out as we expect." Carl Von Clausewitz, On War 193 (Michael M. Howard &
Peter Peret trans., Princeton Univ. Press 1976).
5
Roy Grutman & Bill Thomas, Lawyers and Thieves 110 (1990).
6
Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374, 402, 87 S. Ct. 534, 549 (1967) (Douglas, J., concurring).
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see also Tyler T. Ochoa & Andrew Wistrich, Limitation of Legal Malpractice Actions: Defining
Actual Injury and the Problem of Simultaneous Litigation, 24 Sw. U. L. Rev. 1, 27-29 (1994). It is
a court's judgment that decrees the loss of a right or remedy or imposes a legal liability. Thus, when
a judgment is entered, a "legally cognizable injury" occurs.
Tennessee’s courts have previously rejected Mr. Cherry’s contention that he did not suffer
a legally cognizable injury in the litigation with Ms. Pridemore until this court affirmed the trial
court’s judgment and increased the punitive damage award. Although a minority of American
jurisdictions allow tolling of the statute of limitations pending an appeal, see Mallen & Smith, §
21.11, at 806-10, Tennessee does not. The plaintiffs in a legal malpractice action made that exact
argument in Carvell v. Bottoms, and the Tennessee Supreme Court rejected it. See Carvell v.
Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at 29. Following Carvell we have consistently rejected the argument that an
appeal tolls the running of the statute of limitations. See Bradson Mercantile, Inc. v. Crabtree, 1
S.W.3d at 653; Wilkins v. Dodson, Parker, Shipley, Behm, & Seaborg, 995 S.W.2d 575, 580-81
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). We reject it again here. The statute of limitations on Mr. Cherry’s
malpractice claim began to run when the trial court entered its October 18, 1993 final order setting
punitive damages.
B.
FRAUDULENT CONCEALMENT OF THE CAUSE OF ACTION
Mr. Cherry also insists that Messrs. Williams and Deas fraudulently concealed their alleged
malpractice by telling him that the chancery court made mistakes during the trial and that these
mistakes were serious enough to give the appellate court grounds to reverse the $75,000 judgment
on appeal. Underlying this argument is Mr. Cherry’s confusion concerning just what he had to
"discover" under the discovery rule to know that he had been damaged.
The statute of limitations begins to run when the client discovers, or by reasonable diligence
should have discovered, the injury. See John Kohl & Co. P.C. v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977 S.W.2d
at 532; Nobes v. Earhart, 769 S.W.2d 868, 871-72 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). The client has a right of
action against which the statute will run once the client knows or should have known facts indicating
harm caused by the lawyer's acts or omissions. See Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at 29; Smith v.
Petkoff, 919 S.W.2d 595, 597 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).
Generally speaking, fraudulent concealment exists when a party having a duty to disclose
some fact or facts intentionally hides the facts with the intent to mislead the other party. See Spence
v. Miles Labs., Inc., 810 F. Supp. 952, 964 (E.D. Tenn. 1992) (applying Tennessee law). For
concealment to constitute fraud, there must be a suppression of material facts that one party was
legally or equitably obligated to communicate. See Patten v. Standard Oil Co., 165 Tenn. 438, 444,
55 S.W.2d 759, 761 (1933); Adolph J. Levy, Solving Statute of Limitation Problems § 6.38 (1987).
Without question, an attorney's purposeful concealment from a client of facts that prevents the client
from learning of an injury can toll the statute of limitations on legal malpractice. See Nobes v.
Earhart, 769 S.W.2d at 872-73; Mallen & Smith, § 21.13.
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To toll a statute of limitations, the concealment must involve the facts from which the client
could deduce that it had a cause of action. See Soldano v. Owens- Corning Fiberglass Corp., 696
S.W.2d 887, 889 (Tenn. 1985); cf., e.g., Nobes v. Earhart, 769 S.W.2d at 870-72 (involving a
lawyer's concealment of her affair with the party her client was suing); Anoka Orthopaedic Assocs.,
P.A. v. Mutschler, 773 F. Supp. 158, 170 (D. Minn. 1991) (premising fraudulent concealment on a
lawyer's untrue representations that his firm was performing promised audits of an ERISA plan);
Brownell v. Garber, 503 N.W.2d 81, 86 (Mich. Ct. App. 1993) (holding that an issue of concealment
existed where a lawyer may have falsely represented that he had done certain work which, in fact,
he had not done). Perhaps the classic example of the type of fraudulent concealment that will toll
the statute of limitations is where an attorney intentionally does not inform the client about an
adverse lawsuit order, which order arguably stemmed from the attorney's mishandling of a case. See
e.g., Fidelity Life Ins. Co. v. Best, Sharp, Thomas, and Glass, 624 F.2d 145, 147, 149 (10th Cir.
1980); Hood v. McConemy, 53 F.R.D. 435, 446-47 (D. Del. 1971); but see Glad v. Gunderson,
Farrar, Aldrich, 378 N.W.2d 680, 683 (S.D. 1985).
A lawyer’s rosy characterization of an order adverse to the client does not amount to
fraudulent concealment of malpractice. See Riddle v. Driebe, 265 S.E.2d 92, 95 (Ga. Ct. App. 1980).
As long as the client is aware of the fact that the court has ruled against his or her rights or interests,
arguably due to the lawyer's mishandling of the case, then it matters not how counsel may try to
downplay or "spin" the bad result. At that point the client is aware of the fact of injury. For statute
of limitations purposes, that awareness is not negated by the lawyer's assurances that the court
rendering the adverse order got the law wrong. Nor does it matter that the lawyer states that he or
she believes that an appellate court will reverse the adverse order. As we have previously said,
"[W]e do not believe that reliance upon erroneous legal advice can operate to toll the statute of
limitations," inasmuch as the discovery rule relating to injury only applies to matters of fact
unknown to a prospective plaintiff, not to matters of law. See Spar Gas, Inc. v. McCune, 908 S.W.2d
400, 404 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995).
Mr. Cherry argues here that the statute of limitations should be tolled because Messrs.
Williams and Deas allegedly assured him that the trial court's $75,000 judgment would be
overturned on appeal. He asserts that his lawyers' assurances kept him from noticing that he had
been injured. In Mr. Cherry's words, "I was assured by my attorneys . . . I trusted my attorneys
implicitly."
Despite his professed trust in Messrs. Williams and Deas, Mr. Cherry knew the facts that
actually or constructively put him on notice of a legally cognizable injury. He knew that the
chancery court had entered judgment against him and Money Management for $75,000 in damages.
While Messrs. Deas and Williams may have tried to put this loss in its most optimistic light, the
record contains no hint that they attempted to hide the judgment from Mr. Cherry. Mr. Cherry’s own
malpractice complaint demonstrates that he knew and understood at the time that the $75,000
judgment was untoward and unexpected because he alleges that the news of the judgment left him
in "a state of disbelief" based on his expectations about the outcome of the trial based on his former
lawyers’ representations. Certainly, a client who is shocked into "a state of disbelief" by a totally
unexpected adverse result is put on inquiry notice of his or her lawyer's possible mishandling of the
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case. The complaint in this suit even alleges that Mr. Cherry confronted Messrs. Williams and Deas
about the adverse trial judgment. Viewing all the facts in the light most favorable to Mr. Cherry,
there is no reasonable dispute that he knew about the adverse judgment as soon as it was filed and
that he believed or suspected that the untoward result had been caused by this lawyers. Accordingly,
we do not find that Mr. Cherry and Money Management have made out a triable issue on any claim
of fraudulent concealment on the part of their attorneys.
C.
CONTINUOUS REPRESENTATION
As a final matter, Mr. Cherry argues that Messrs. Williams and Deas continued to represent
him and continued to assure him that they would ultimately prevail on appeal. As Mr. Cherry now
puts it, his former lawyers continued to represent him in the litigation with Ms. Pridemore "in hopes
that their continued representation . . . would allow the statute of limitations to run.” We have
determined that this argument is inconsistent with the discovery rule.
Mr. Cherry’s “continuing representation” argument is similar to the “continuing treatment”
doctrine formerly recognized in medical malpractice cases. In the medical malpractice context, the
Tennessee Supreme Court has now held that the continuing treatment exception has been subsumed
into the discovery rule. Thus, the court has stated that “[i]f there is actual proof that the patient
knows or reasonably should know of the injury or harm before termination of the medical treatment,
the statute of limitations is not tolled.” Stanbury v. Bacardi, 953 S.W.2d 671, 676 (Tenn. 1997).
We perceive no reason for adopting a different rule for legal malpractice cases, especially
now that the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that the discovery rule in legal malpractice cases
operates in essentially the same way that the discovery rule in medical malpractice cases operates.
Compare Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d at 28 (holding that discovery occurs when “the plaintiff
must have known or in the exercise of reasonable diligence should have known that this injury was
caused by [the] defendant’s negligence”) with Shadrick v. Coker, 963 S.W.2d 726, 733 (Tenn. 1998)
(holding that discovery occurs when the plaintiff “discovered, or reasonably should have discovered,
(1) the occasion, the manner, and the means by which a breach of duty occurred that produced his
injuries; and (2) the identity of the defendant who breached the duty").
In the context of a legal malpractice claim, we now hold that a litigant who learns that it has
suffered a cognizable legal injury and that this injury was caused by the negligence of its lawyer but
who nevertheless continues to be represented by that lawyer will be forever barred from bringing suit
against the lawyer unless it files suit within one year after the discovery of the injury and its cause.
Applying the principle to this case, we find that Mr. Cherry “discovered” his injury when the trial
court filed its judgment in October 1993 because he knew at that time (1) that the chancery court had
awarded an unexpectedly large judgment against him and (2) that this judgment resulted from the
pre-trial and trial strategy and conduct of Messrs. Williams and Deas. Because the statute of
limitations began to run in October 1993, Mr. Cherry’s suit filed in March 1996 against Messrs.
Williams and Deas was barred because it was not filed within one year of October 1993.
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III.
We affirm the summary judgment and remand the case to the trial court for whatever further
proceedings may be required. We tax the costs of this appeal to Larry Cherry and his surety for
which execution, if necessary, may issue.
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