Suzanne Burlew v. Brad Burlew

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON

FILED
SUZANNE KAY BURLEW, )
) July 23, 1999
Plaintiff/Counterdefendant/ ) Shelby Chancery No. D26813-II
Appellant, ) Cecil Crowson, Jr.
) Appellate Court Clerk
v. )
) Appeal No. 02A01-9807-CH-00186
BRAD STEVEN BURLEW, )
)
Defendant/Counterplaintiff/ )
Appellee, )

APPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY
AT MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE

THE HONORABLE FLOYD PEETE, JR., CHANCELLOR

For the Plaintiff/Counterdefendant/ For the Defendant/Counterplaintiff/
Appellant/Counterappellee Appellee, Counterappellant:

Stevan L. Black William W. Dunlap, Jr.
Vickie Hardy Jones Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis, Tennessee

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN
PART, MODIFIED AND REMANDED

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.

CONCURS:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.
 OPINION

This is a divorce case with issues regarding custody and alimony. The trial court awarded

the parties joint custody of their minor child, with the wife as primary custodial parent except during

designated time periods. The trial court awarded the wife alimony in solido, but no alimony in

futuro. The wife appeals the trial court’s rulings regarding child custody and visitation, as well as

alimony. Husband appeals the trial court’s order regarding alimony. We affirm in part, reverse in

part, modify and remand.

Plaintiff/Counterdefendant/Appellant Suzanne Kay Burlew (“Wife”) and

Defendant/Counterplaintiff/Appellee Brad Steven Burlew (“Husband”) were married in Flint,

Michigan in August 1972. There is one minor child of the marriage, Geoffrey Burlew (“Geoff”),

born April 5, 1990. At the time of trial, Wife was forty-five years old, and Husband was forty-seven

years old.

When the parties married, Husband was attending General Motors Institute and was in the

process of obtaining a degree in engineering. After completing the program, Husband worked for

one year as an engineer for General Motors. Meanwhile, Wife was studying to obtain a nursing

degree. In 1974, Wife graduated from University of Michigan with a degree in nursing and later

became employed full-time as a registered nurse. In 1974, Husband enrolled in the University of

Michigan to complete prerequisites for medical school and worked on a part-time basis. In 1975,

when Husband enrolled in medical school at Northwestern University, Husband and Wife relocated

to Chicago, and she began new employment

In 1979, the parties moved to Detroit where Husband accepted and completed an internship,

several years of residency and fellowships in cardiology. From 1979 to 1986, Wife worked full-time

as a nurse. Wife also obtained a master’s degree in nursing, attending classes on a part-time basis

and utilizing a tuition reimbursement plan provided by her employer. Wife’s income was utilized

for living expenses as well as Husband’s medical school expenses.

In 1980, the parties began experiencing marital problems. Husband told Wife that he had

had an extramarital affair. Husband promised Wife that he would not have another affair, and the

parties recommitted to their marriage.

In 1986, the parties moved to Memphis, Tennessee where Husband accepted a teaching

position with the University of Tennessee and also joined a private medical practice with the

University of Tennessee Medical Group (“UT Medical Group”). At this time, Wife began attending
law school at the University of Memphis. In 1989, Wife completed law school and passed the

Tennessee bar examination. After several miscarriages and several years of attempting to conceive

a child, Wife became pregnant with a high risk pregnancy in July 1989, immediately after

completing law school and the bar examination. The pregnancy resulted in the birth of the parties’

minor child, Geoff. Thereafter, by agreement of the parties, Wife remained at home to raise Geoff.

In 1993, Husband had a second affair, and there was a second agreement between the parties

to remain in the marriage. Then, in 1995, Wife learned that Husband was spending time with

another woman. Husband denies having a sexual relationship with the woman. In 1996, Wife filed

for divorce, alleging irreconcilable differences and inappropriate marital conduct. Husband

counterclaimed on the same grounds.

Prior to trial, the parties reached an agreement regarding division of the marital property.

Wife received 60.7% of marital assets while Husband received 39.3% of the assets. Both parties

sought custody of Geoff. Upon Wife’s motion, the trial court appointed a guardian ad litem, Kelly

Stark, to represent Geoff’s interests.1

At the time of trial, Husband was a tenured associate professor of medicine at the University

of Tennessee. In his work with UT Medical Group, Husband performs heart catheterizations for

patients. Husband is also a self-employed consultant in medical malpractice cases. He receives

income from all three sources. In 1997, Husband earned approximately $93,000 as an associate

professor, approximately $101,300 from UT Medical Group, and approximately $9,000 as a

consultant, for an approximate gross income of $203,300. Wife, at the time of trial, was studying

to obtain a Master’s degree in business administration. She testified that she decided to pursue this

degree when she realized that her skills were dated after staying home with Geoff. Wife worked in

two part-time nursing positions for several months at each position, only to maintain her nursing

license. At the time of trial, Wife had no source of income other than the monies received from

Husband.

At trial, it was undisputed that Wife was Geoff’s primary caregiver since his birth and during

the course of the marriage. Wife testified that Geoff suffers from asthma and is under the care of an

allergist who prescribes preventive medication to control his symptoms. Wife was responsible for

1
The guardian ad litem issued a report prior to trial which was not admitted into evidence
and not considered by the trial court. Consequently, the report is not considered in this appeal.

2
transporting Geoff to doctor’s appointments. In addition to tending to Geoff’s health care needs,

Wife was responsible for the child’s educational needs and attended the majority of school functions.

Wife transported Geoff to extracurricular activities including swimming, skating, and tennis lessons.

Witnesses presented by Wife testified that she and Geoff have a good and loving relationship.

The proof at trial indicated that prior to the parties’ separation, Husband was far less involved

than Wife in Geoff’s upbringing, rarely attending school events, taking him to appointments with

physicians or assisting in school work. When the parties separated, Husband sought to become more

involved with Geoff. During Husband’s scheduled visitation, he took Geoff to school, helped him

with schoolwork, cooked for him and taught him to play the cello. The parties agreed that Geoff

benefitted from Husband’s increased involvement with Geoff.

In his testimony, Husband explained that he has two “call” schedules. Husband is on call

for the department of cardiology approximately every fifth week. This call schedule results in

Husband being on call from approximately 5:00 p.m. on Friday until 7:00 a.m. the following Friday.

During that week, Husband is required to respond to calls on weekends and evenings regarding

patients treated by physicians at the department, and must make rounds at the hospital on Saturday

and Sunday mornings of the fifth weekend to see patients of the department. Except for his rounds

at the hospital, Husband testified that virtually all other calls can be “managed over the telephone.”

Husband’s second call schedule requires him to be on call twenty four hours a day, seven days a

week to perform cardiac catheterizations. Husband testified that this occurs “with random

frequency” and that only once during the two years in which the parties were separated had Husband

been called to do such an emergency procedure while Geoff was in his care. On that occasion,

Husband brought Geoff to Wife’s home.

Husband presented the testimony of Dr. Judith Soberman (“Dr. Soberman”), another

cardiologist employed by the University of Tennessee and UT Medical Group. Dr. Soberman

testified that she and other physicians take their children to the hospital while they conduct rounds.

Dr. Soberman described bringing her two children, ages eight and four, to the hospital while she saw

patients in the intensive care unit, and putting the children alone in the nurses’ lounge with books

and asking the eight-year old to “watch your brother.” Dr. Soberman testified that her call schedule

does not conflict with her obligation to her children. She testified that, in the academic training

system in which she and Husband work, most of the emergencies can be handled over the telephone.

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Dr. Soberman conceded that she is married, that she does not perform cardiac catheterizations, and

that her specialty, cardiac arrhythmia, does not require her presence at the hospital for emergencies.

The parties also testified about their disagreement regarding Geoff’s asthma. Prior to the

separation, Wife located an allergist; she testified that Husband did not participate in locating an

allergist because he did not believe that Geoff’s asthma was serious. Husband testified that he did

not consider Geoff’s condition to be serious because Geoff participates in sports and has never been

hospitalized due to the asthma.

The guardian ad litem, attorney Kelly Stark, testified that she found both parents to be good

and loving parents and found Geoff to be a bright, poised child. She stated that Geoff would not

express a preference for either parent. She noted that, since the parties’ separation, Husband had

become a “dedicated dad” and that Husband’s increased involvement in Geoff’s upbringing had

resulted in a “special relationship” between them. Stark testified that Wife was angry at her for

meeting with Geoff without first informing Wife and that Wife did not want Stark to obtain any

information from psychologists who had treated Wife. Stark expressed concern that Mother would

move to Michigan where her extended family lives and believed that if Husband were awarded

custody there was a good chance Wife would stay in Tennessee. Stark also felt that Wife was not

genuinely supportive of Husband’s relationship with Geoff.

On the financial issues, each party filed an Affidavit of Income and Expenses. Husband’s

affidavit shows a gross monthly income of $14,500.92 as an associate professor from the University

of Tennessee and a net monthly income of $9,797.99. In addition, Husband receives $33,308.12

from bonuses and other sources of income. Husband lists $9,723 in monthly expenses, including

$5,000 per month in pendente lite support. Wife’s affidavit indicated that Wife has no source of

income and lists $4,713 in monthly expenses, excluding Geoff’s expenses.

Both parties presented expert testimony. Robert Winfield, a certified financial planner,

testified for Wife that, considering Husband’s income from the University of Tennessee, the UT

Medical Group and his consulting, Husband would be able to pay Wife $3,500 per month in alimony

and $2,100 per month in child support. Based on information from Wife, Winfield assumed that

Wife’s earning capacity was approximately $30,000 per year and that she would work part-time until

Geoff reached the age of twelve. He testified that the amount of alimony and child support

requested, plus $1,000 per month in rehabilitative alimony, would be necessary in order to prevent

4
Wife from depleting assets received in the division of marital property. Husband did not object to

Winfield’s testimony.

Husband presented the testimony of William H. Watkins, a certified public accountant.

Watkins testified that, if Wife earned $30,000 per year, with child support, her net annual income

would not require her to encroach upon her share of the marital assets. Watkins also testified

regarding the range of compensation Wife could earn in the health care field and as a lawyer.

Watkins’ testimony on the compensation Wife could earn in these fields was based on his having

clients in the health care and the legal profession, telephone calls to entities hiring entry-level

employees in these fields, and information from the newspaper, and surveys conducted by several

local hospitals. Wife’s counsel objected to Watkins’s testimony on the compensation Wife could

expect to earn, based on Watkins’ lack of expertise in this area as well as hearsay. The trial court

admitted Watkins’ testimony into evidence.

Wife testified that she had sent her resume to over forty-seven prospective employers in both

the nursing and legal fields. As a result, Wife interviewed for several nursing positions and at least

one position in the legal field. Wife testified that she had “not really” been offered a job. Wife also

testified that she interviewed with one law firm who wished to offer her a position, but they were

handling a case in which Husband was involved and declined to offer her the job. Wife testified that

once she found a job she anticipated earning approximately $30,000 per year. Husband testified that

Wife could earn $35,000 to $40,000 “and depending on the degree of effort up to $65,000 or

thereabouts” employed as a staff nurse. Husband admitted on cross-examination that Wife could

not make $65,000 working eight hours a day from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Wife acknowledged having taken over $61,000 in joint marital funds. Most of these monies

were paid to Wife’s several attorneys, to the University of Memphis for Wife’s M.B.A. program, and

for Geoff’s private school tuition.

At the conclusion of the trial, the trial court awarded a divorce to Wife on the grounds of

inappropriate marital conduct. On the issue of custody and visitation, the trial court held:

3. Plaintiff and Defendant are awarded joint custody of the parties’ minor child.
Plaintiff shall be the primary custodial parent, with the exception of the period of
time during the child’s summer vacation and the Christmas holidays when Defendant
is exercising visitation as hereinafter provided. For that portion of the child’s
summer vacation and the Christmas holidays when Defendant is exercising visitation,
Defendant shall be the primary custodial parent. Also, for that portion of the child’s

5
 summer vacation when Defendant is exercising visitation, Plaintiff shall enjoy the
visitation regularly enjoyed by Defendant.
Plaintiff and Defendant are to confer on all major decisions concerning the child.
Each of the parties may have the right to have the minor child with them for one-
half (½) of the child’s summer vacation. During the summer, each parent may have
visitation with the child for a period of at least two (2) weeks uninterrupted by the
visitation schedule . . . .
Defendant shall have visitation with the minor child every other week, beginning
on Wednesday after school and ending on Monday when Defendant takes the child
to school. On alternate weeks, Defendant shall also have visitation with the minor
child Wednesday after school until Thursday morning when Defendant takes child
to school . . . .

Husband was ordered to pay $2,100 per month in child support, as well as the child’s education

expenses of $7,032 per year. In addition, the trial court set out a holiday visitation schedule. After

ordering Husband to maintain medical and dental insurance on behalf of Geoff, the trial court held

that both parties had the right “after conferring” to take Geoff to see doctors, dentists and other

health care providers. In addition, the trial court awarded Wife alimony in solido in the amount of

$220,000. Husband was ordered to pay $45,000 the first year, reduced by $5,000 each subsequent

year, ending after eight years and payable in equal monthly installments due on the first day of each

month. From this decree, Wife now appeals.

Wife raises numerous issues on appeal. Wife contends first that the trial court erred in not

awarding her sole custody of Geoff. Further, Wife asserts that as legal custodial parent of the child

she should have the right to attend to Geoff’s health care needs without prior consultation with

Husband. Secondly, Wife contends that the visitation schedule set by the trial court is disruptive for

Geoff and that the trial court failed to set reasonable parameters on Husband’s visitation based upon

Husband’s on call schedule. Third, regarding alimony, Wife asserts that the trial court erred in

admitting the testimony of a certified public accountant concerning the range of salaries available

in the nursing and legal fields.

Both parties assign as error the trial court’s award of alimony in solido. Wife contends that

the trial court erred in failing to award her alimony in futuro, in addition to alimony in solido, and

in failing to provide for increases in Wife’s alimony in proportion with inflation or a future showing

of an increase in Husband’s ability to pay and Wife’s increase in need. Husband argues that the

award of alimony in solido is excessive considering the $61,000 in joint funds appropriated by Wife

and the $5,000 per month Husband paid in temporary alimony and child support pending trial. Wife

6
contends on appeal that the trial court committed error in failing to award her attorney’s fees and

expert witness fees.

Our review of the trial court’s findings of fact in this case is governed by Tennessee Rule of

Appellate Procedure 13(d), which provides that a review of the findings of fact by the trial court

shall be de novo upon the record of the trial court, accompanied by a presumption of correctness of

the factual findings, unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Hass v.

Knighton, 676 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tenn. 1988); Loyd v. Loyd, 860 S.W.2d 409, 411 (Tenn. App.

1993).

Wife argues that the trial court erred in not awarding her sole custody of Geoff when it was

undisputed that she had been the child’s primary caregiver since birth. Wife contends that joint

custody cannot work because the parties disagree regarding Geoff’s need for medical care as well

as the issue of child care for Geoff when Husband is on call. Wife argues that the trial court abused

its discretion in creating an arrangement whereby Wife is “primary custodial parent” during most

of the year and Husband is “primary custodial parent,” during designated periods during summer

vacation and Christmas holidays when Husband is exercising visitation. She also contends that the

visitation schedule is disruptive and results in Geoff being “passed back and forth.” In addition,

Wife objects to the trial court’s holding that, after conferring, both parties may take Geoff to see

doctors and dentists.

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101(a)(1) requires that custody of children in divorce be

determined “as the welfare and interest of the child or children may demand . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-6-101(a)(1) (Supp. 1998). In Bah v. Bah, 668 S.W.2d 663 (Tenn. App. 1983), the Court

outlined a common sense approach in determining custody cases, the doctrine of “comparative

fitness.” The Bah Court noted that “[t]he paramount concern in child custody cases is the welfare

and best interest of the child.” Bah, 668 S.W.2d at 666; see also Ruyle v. Ruyle, 928 S.W.2d 439,

442 (Tenn. App. 1996); Koch v. Koch, 874 S.W.2d 571, 575 (Tenn. App. 1993). This determination

depends on the facts in each case. Koch, 874 S.W.2d at 575. Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-106

sets forth factors to be considered in custody determinations:

(1) The love, affection and emotional ties existing between the parents and
child;

7
 (2) The disposition of the parents to provide the child with food, clothing,
medical care, education and other necessary care and the degree to which a parent has
been the primary caregiver;

(3) The importance of continuity in the child's life and the length of time the
child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment . . . .;

(4) The stability of the family unit of the parents;

(5) The mental and physical health of the parents;

(6) The home, school and community record of the child;

(7) The reasonable preference of the child if twelve (12) years of age or older.
The court may hear the preference of a younger child upon request. The preferences
of older children should normally be given greater weight than those of younger
children;

(8) Evidence of physical or emotional abuse to the child, to the other parent
or to any other person . . . .

(9) The character and behavior of any other person who resides in or
frequents the home of a parent and such person's interactions with the child.

(10) Each parent's past and potential for future performance of parenting
responsibilities, including the willingness and ability of each of the parents to
facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the
child and the other parent, consistent with the best interest of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106 (Supp. 1998). Most of the statutory factors in this case are not in

dispute. Geoff unquestionably loves both parents and is loved by both of them. Both parents have

provided him with necessities. There is no question as to the mental or physical health of either

parent, and Geoff is doing well in school. Geoff expressed no preference for either parent. On the

second and third statutory factors, this Court has stressed the importance of stability and “continuity

of placement” for children in custody and visitation cases. Sensing v. Dodson, No. 01-A-01-9701-

JP00042, 1997 WL 671995, at *3 (Tenn. App. Oct. 29, 1997) (citing Gaskill v. Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d

626, 630 (Tenn. 1996); Taylor v. Taylor, 849 S.W.2d 319, 328 (Tenn. 1993)). See also Sartoph v.

Sartoph, 354 A.2d 467, 473 (Md. 1976); Contreras v. Ward, 831 S.W.2d 288, 290 (Tenn. App.

1991) .

Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-6-101 (a)(2) addresses joint custody, providing that “neither

a preference nor a presumption for or against joint legal custody, joint physical custody, or sole

custody is established . . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-101(a)(2) (Supp. 1998). The success of joint

custody arrangements depends upon a “high degree” of cooperation between the parties. Dix v.

Carson, No. 02A01-9704-CV-00093, 1998 WL 886555, at *11 (Tenn. App. Dec. 17, 1998) (citing

8
Winchester v. Winchester, No. 02A01-9604-CH-00092, 1997 WL 61508, at *3 (Tenn. App. Feb.

14, 1997); Jones v. Jones, No. 01-A-01-9601-CV00038, 1996 WL 512030, at *5 (Tenn. App. Sept.

11, 1996)).

In Tennessee, the term “joint custody” has no established definition. See Martin v. Martin,

No. 03A01-9708-GS-00323, 1998 WL 135613, at *2 (Tenn. App. Mar. 26, 1998) (noting that trial

court defined joint custody as “equal input by both parties as to decision making for the children’s

general welfare, health, education, and extra-curricular activities”); Gray v. Gray, 885 S.W.2d 353,

356 (Tenn. App. 1994) (defining “joint custody” broadly as “shared custody and shared

responsibility for support”). Trial courts are not limited by a narrow definition of joint custody and

may outline each party’s responsibilities concerning care of the children. Schwalb v. Langlois, No.

01A01-9304-CV-00152, 1993 WL 415766, at *2 (Tenn. App. Oct. 13, 1993).

On the issue of joint custody, the record indicates that the parties have had some

disagreements about Geoff’s care, such as the seriousness with which each parent regards his asthma.

However, both parties testified that they are supportive of the other parent’s relationship with Geoff.

Although Mother objected to the visitation schedule ordered in the decree, she indicated a

willingness for Husband to spend substantial time with Geoff and acknowledged their “special

relationship.” Likewise, Husband admitted an awareness that children in divorce need both parents

and expressed a willingness to parent with Wife. The testimony also indicates that the parents have

“covered” for each other with Geoff when conflicts arose, such as Husband bringing Geoff to Wife’s

home when he was called to the hospital to perform a cardiac catheterization. In all, the record

reflects a reasonable degree of cooperation between the parents to work together in Geoff’s best

interest. Under these circumstances, the evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s

award of joint custody with a designation of the primary custodial parent.

The trial court’s designation of primary custodial parent, however, is unusual and confusing.

The decree states:

Plaintiff [Wife] shall be the primary custodial parent, with the exception of the period
of time during the child’s summer vacation and the Christmas holidays when
Defendant [Husband] is exercising visitations as hereinafter provided. For that
portion of the child’s summer vacation and the Christmas holidays when Defendant
is exercising visitation, Defendant [Husband] shall be the primary custodial parent.
...

Plaintiff and Defendant are to confer on all major decisions concerning the
child.

9
 ***

Both parties shall have the right after conferring to take the child to and from
the offices of doctors, dentists or other health care providers and to confer with these
providers as necessary regarding the health and well being of the child.

The decree is clear in its directive that the parties are to confer on major decisions and make a

genuine attempt to reach agreement. However, the fact that the designation of primary custodial

parent changes during the year creates confusion and uncertainty. In this situation, it is unclear how

the parents are to resolve disputes on long-term decisions, such as which school Geoff will attend,

short of court intervention. There is no indication in the record that the trial judge intended for the

parties to bring such decisions to court. The trial court’s designation of which parent has primary

custody and which has secondary custody needs to create “a definite allocation of duties and

responsibilities between them.” Schwalb, 1993 WL 415766, at *2.

Short of reversing the trial court’s decision on this issue, the best alternative appears to be

clarification of the trial court’s ruling. It is undisputed that during the marriage Wife was Geoff’s

primary caregiver and was responsible for the majority of decisions affecting his well-being. The

trial court’s designation of Wife as primary custodial parent is consistent with this fact. As

clarification, Husband’s designation as primary custodial parent during his visitation over the

Christmas holidays and summer vacation shall pertain to short-term decisions limited to that period

of time. As to long-term decisions, Wife shall remain the primary custodial parent. The parties

remain obliged to confer on major decisions and make a genuine effort to reach agreement.

The trial court’s decree appears to treat Geoff’s medical care differently from other major

decisions; the trial court ordered that, after conferring, both parties could take the child to health care

professionals. While this is somewhat inconsistent with Wife’s designation as primary custodial

parent, it is not unwarranted under the circumstances of this case. Both parents are trained health

care professionals. While Wife objected that Husband did not treat Geoff’s asthma seriously, there

is evidence in the record from which the trial court could have concluded that Wife was

overprotective of Geoff. Moreover, while the parties differed as to how “serious” Geoff’s asthma

is, there is no evidence that the parents worked at cross-purposes, such as Husband failing to give

Geoff asthma medicine prescribed by a physician selected by Wife. Therefore, the evidence does

not preponderate against the trial court’s ruling on this issue.

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 Therefore, the trial court’s decision to award the parties joint custody with a designation of

primary custodial parent is affirmed. The designation of primary custodial parent, as clarified, is

affirmed. To the extent that the clarification of the decree on primary custodial parent is a

modification, this decision is affirmed as modified. The trial court’s decision that, after conferring,

both parties may take Geoff to see health care professionals, is affirmed.

Wife also questions the parenting schedule ordered by trial court, with Geoff at his father’s

home every other week from Wednesday after school to the following Monday morning, and on

Wednesday night in the alternate weeks. During summer vacation, this schedule is reversed, with

Geoff at his mother’s home during these time periods. Wife contends that the parenting schedule

set by the trial court is extremely disruptive and results in “passing the child back and forth.” Also,

Wife argues that the trial court failed to fashion a parenting schedule which recognized Husband’s

call schedule and asserts that “reasonable parameters” must be placed on Husband’s visitation due

to his call schedule. Wife proposes that Husband not have visitation every fifth week while he is on

call and that Husband should notify Wife when he is called to the hospital for an emergency, so that

she can care for Geoff. Wife maintains that taking Geoff to the hospital in the middle of the night

and leaving him in Husband’s office without supervision is unacceptable. Husband argues that his

schedule allows him flexibility in caring for Geoff and that his call schedule has not presented a

problem in his ability to care for Geoff. Husband asserts that it is in Geoff’s best interests to

continue the parenting schedule set out by the trial court. Husband also argues that his call schedule

has not presented a problem in his ability to care for Geoff.

As noted by Wife, the parenting schedule set forth by the trial court in this case is

incongruent with the parties’ history, since it is undisputed that Wife was the child’s primary

caregiver until the parties separated and that Husband’s substantial involvement in Geoff’s

upbringing came about only after the parties decided to divorce. This Court has repeatedly

emphasized the importance of stability and continuity in the lives of children of divorced parents.

See Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 630. Such continuity and stability is normally achieved by making the

parent who was the primary caregiver during the marriage the primary custodial parent, in the

allocation of parenting time as well as in decisionmaking on matters affecting the child. See Brooks

v. Carter, No. 02A01-9709-CV-00225 (Tenn. App. Feb. 2, 1999) (reversing trial court’s designation

of father as primary custodial parent and ordering joint custody with mother as primary custodial

11
parent where mother had been primary caregiver during marriage); Barnhill v. Barnhill, 826 S.W.2d

443, 453 (Tenn. App. 1991) (affirming award of joint custody with father as primary custodial parent

where father had been children’s primary caretaker during latter part of parties’ marriage). However,

where the parent who has been the primary caregiver during the marriage is deemed the less fit

parent, it is necessary to award primary custody to the parent who was not the primary caregiver.

See Grover v. Grover, No. 01A01-9804-CH-00197 (Tenn. App. Apr. 30, 1999); Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d

at 630-31.

In this case, the allocation of parenting times gives Geoff somewhat more time in Wife’s

home, although the time spent with each parent is nearly equal. This is inconsistent with the fact that

Wife was Geoff’s primary caregiver during the marriage. However, the record includes evidence

from which the trial court could have concluded that it was in Geoff’s best interest to spend more

time with his father. The guardian ad litem testified about her concerns that Wife would move to

Michigan where her extended family lives and her belief that Wife would be more likely to stay in

Tennessee if Husband were awarded custody of Geoff. The guardian ad litem stated that Wife was

angry at her for speaking with Geoff and that Wife did not want her to obtain any information from

psychologists who had treated Wife. The guardian ad litem also felt that Wife was not genuinely

supportive of Husband’s relationship with Geoff. As noted above, there was some indication that

Wife is overprotective of Geoff. The guardian ad litem found both parties to be good and loving

parents, but repeatedly emphasized the quality of Husband’s relationship with Geoff:

[Stark]: The problem is . . . I do not believe it is in Geoffrey’s best interest for him
to not have very frequent and extended visitation with both parents. Dr. Burlew,
from everything I have been able to find out, both from my interview with him and
my interview with people who knew him, this man is special. Both parents are good
parents, do not get me wrong. . . . [B]ut, from everything I could figure out, including
my interview with Geoff, Geoff has a special relationship with Dr. Burlew . . . .
[Geoffrey] was much more verbal, much more detailed, much more animated when
he talked about what he did with his father than what he did when he talked about
what he did with his mother.

In addition to considering which parent was the child’s primary caregiver during the

marriage, the trial court must consider the willingness of each parent to encourage a close and

continuing relationship with the other parent. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-6-106(10) (Supp. 1998). The

trial court could also consider Wife’s attitude regarding the investigation by the guardian ad litem,

as well as the concerns raised by the guardian ad litem. Appellate courts are reluctant to reverse a

trial court’s custody decision because “[c]ustody and visitation determinations often hinge on subtle

12
factors, including the parents’ demeanor and credibility during the divorce proceedings themselves.”

Gaskill, 936 S.W.2d at 631. The trial court, not the appellate court, is in the position to observe the

demeanor of the parties and assess their credibility. Brewer v. Brewer, 869 S.W.2d 928, 934 (Tenn.

App. 1993). Consequently, the trial court’s overall parenting schedule is affirmed.

Wife raises concerns on appeal regarding Husband’s care for Geoff when he is “on call.” She

argues that he should not have scheduled parenting time when he is on call every fifth week and that,

when he is called to the hospital at other times, he should be required to have Wife take care of

Geoff, rather than bringing Geoff to the hospital with him. The trial court made no provisions for

this in the final decree.

As noted above, Husband’s first “call” schedule occurs every fifth week. During this week,

Husband must take telephone calls regarding other physicians’ patients. His unrefuted testimony

was that these can almost always be managed by telephone. In addition, every fifth weekend,

Husband must make rounds at the hospital on Saturday and Sunday mornings, a task which takes

from one to four hours. The second “call” schedule means that Husband may be required to go to

the hospital to perform an emergency cardiac catheterization at any time of the day or night.

Husband’s testimony indicated that this occurs with “random frequency” and had happened only

once while Geoff was Husband’s care in the two years the parties were separated. On this occasion,

Husband brought Geoff to Wife’s home.

Husband’s witness, Dr. Soberman, indicated a belief that there was no problem with leaving

a child Geoff’s age unattended in the hospital while the parent sees patients or performs medical

procedures. We find this troubling. Husband’s call schedule does not interfere so significantly with

Geoff’s care that Husband should not have scheduled parenting time during those periods. However,

the decree should be modified so that Geoff is not left unattended at the hospital while Husband

tends to patients. If Husband is required to see patients at the hospital, whether making rounds on

a weekend morning or performing an emergency medical procedure, if Husband is not able to have

Geoff with him and supervise him, he must either have Wife care for Geoff or, if that is not

practicable, have a responsible adult designated to care for Geoff in Husband’s absence. The order

of the trial court must be modified to add this requirement.

Wife also appeals the trial court’s order regarding alimony. The trial court awarded Wife

alimony in solido in the amount of $220,000. The court ordered Husband to pay $45,000 the first

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year, reduced by $5,000 each subsequent year, ending after eight years. Wife argues that the trial

court erroneously admitted the testimony of certified public accountant William Watkins on the

range of available salaries in the medical community and in the legal community in Memphis for

which Wife would be qualified. Wife argues that Watkins was not qualified as an expert to give

such testimony and that the testimony constituted hearsay. Both parties appeal the trial court’s order

regarding alimony. Wife contends that the trial court erred in awarding alimony in solido instead

of alimony in futuro and that the trial court failed to provide for increases in Wife’s alimony in

proportion with inflation or a future showing of an increase in Husband’s ability to pay or Wife’s

increase in need. Husband argues that the amount of alimony in solido awarded was excessive.

As noted above, Watkins testified to a range of salaries available to Wife in the nursing field

and in the legal profession in Memphis, based upon information gathered from telephone calls, the

local newspaper and surveys conducted by several local hospitals. At trial, Wife challenged

Watkins’ qualifications as an expert, arguing that Watkins was not qualified to testify regarding a

range of salaries available to Wife in the health care field and in the legal profession merely because

he has clients in those fields. In addition, Wife argued that Watkins’ testimony constituted hearsay.

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 702 provides that: “[i]f scientific, technical, or other specialized

knowledge will substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact

in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may

testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 702. In order to qualify as an expert,

the witness must have “some special as well as practical acquaintance with the immediate line of

inquiry.” Benson v. Fowler, 306 S.W.2d 49, 63 (Tenn. App. 1957) (quoting Powers v. McKenzie,

16 S.W. 559, 562 (Tenn. 1891). See also Bradford v. City of Clarksville, 885 S.W.2d 78, 83 (Tenn.

App. 1994). The expert must possess “thorough knowledge” of the subject matter that is not within

the knowledge or experience of the average person. Otis v. Cambridge Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 850

S.W.2d 439, 443 (Tenn. 1992) (citing Kinley v. Tennessee State Mut. Ins. Co., 620 S.W.2d 79, 81

(Tenn. 1981)). The trial court’s finding as to whether a witness qualifies as an expert will be upheld

unless the trial court erred regarding the witness’ qualifications and the error was prejudicial.

Bradford, 885 S.W.2d at 83 (citing Underwood v. Waterslides of Mid-America, Inc., 823 S.W.2d

171, 182 (Tenn. App. 1991)).

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 In this case, Watkins was qualified to testify regarding matters within his field of expertise

as a certified public accountant. However, there was no showing that he was qualified as a

vocational expert to testify regarding the jobs for which Wife was qualified, based on her education

and experience and considering her years as a homemaker, and the compensation she could expect

to earn. Since Watkins’ testimony is the only testimony Husband presented on the issue of Wife’s

earning capacity, apart from Husband’s testimony, it was clearly prejudicial. Consequently, we must

conclude that the trial court erred in admitting Watkins’ testimony on the issue of Wife’s earning

capacity.

The trial court awarded Wife alimony in solido in the amount of $220,000. The trial court

ordered Husband to pay $45,000 the first year, reduced by $5,000 each subsequent year and ending

after eight years. Wife cites Aaron v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408 (Tenn. 1995), for the proposition that,

in determining alimony, the most important factor is the need of the spouse seeking support. Wife

argues that the trial court erred in awarding her alimony in solido rather than alimony in futuro.

Husband contends that an award of alimony in solido is appropriate but argues that the

amount awarded was excessive. He notes that Wife spent $61,187.57 in joint funds, with the

majority of the funds utilized for Wife’s attorney’s fees. Husband argues that he paid Wife $5,000

per month temporary alimony and child support, and that these constituted “tax free payments” to

her, totaling $105,000. Husband contends that, in light of her education, training and experience,

Wife has the ability to earn a substantial income.

The determination of an amount of alimony is in the discretion of the trial court. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-5-101(d) (Supp. 1998). See also Gilliam v. Gilliam, 776 S.W.2d 81, 86 (Tenn. App.

1988); Ingram v. Ingram, 721 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tenn. App. 1986) (citing Newberry v. Newberry,

493 S.W.2d 99 (Tenn. App. 1973). Tennessee statutes permit three types of alimony: (1)

rehabilitative alimony, which is temporary support to enable a spouse to obtain the ability to support

himself or herself at a certain level; (2) periodic alimony or alimony in futuro, which is permanent

alimony to benefit an economically disadvantaged spouse; (3) alimony in solido, which is a lump

sum payment to a spouse. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(1) (Supp. 1998). Under Tennessee

Code Annotated § 36-5-101(d), the factors considered in determining alimony are:

(A) The relative earning capacity, obligations, needs, and financial resources
of each party, including income from pension, profit sharing or retirement plans and
all other sources;

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 (B) The relative education and training of each party, the ability and
opportunity of each party to secure such education and training, and the necessity of
a party to secure further education and training to improve such party's earning
capacity to a reasonable level;
(C) The duration of the marriage;
(D) The age and mental condition of each party;
(E) The physical condition of each party, including, but not limited to,
physical disability or incapacity due to a chronic debilitating disease;
(F) The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party to seek
employment outside the home because such party will be custodian of a minor child
of the marriage;
(G) The separate assets of each party, both real and personal, tangible and
intangible;
(H) The provisions made with regard to the marital property as defined in §
36-4-121;
(I) The standard of living of the parties established during the marriage;
(J) The extent to which each party has made such tangible and intangible
contributions to the marriage as monetary and homemaker contributions, and tangible
and intangible contributions by a party to the education, training or increased earning
power of the other party;
(K) The relative fault of the parties in cases where the court, in its discretion,
deems it appropriate to do so; and
(L) Such other factors, including the tax consequences to each party, as are
necessary to consider the equities between the parties.

The statute reflects a policy in favor of rehabilitative alimony. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101

(d)(1) (Supp. 1998); Aaron, 909 S.W.2d at 410. The statute provides further:

It is the intent of the general assembly that a spouse who is economically
disadvantaged, relative to the other spouse, be rehabilitated whenever possible by the
granting of an order for payment of rehabilitative, temporary support and
maintenance. Where there is such relative economic disadvantage and rehabilitation
is not feasible in consideration of all relevant factors, including those set out in this
subsection, then the court may grant an order for payment of support and
maintenance on a long-term basis or until the death or remarriage of the recipient
except as otherwise provided in subdivision (a)(3).

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101 (d)(1) (Supp. 1998); see Self v. Self, 861 S.W.2d 360, 361 (Tenn.

1993).

The Tennessee Supreme Court in Aaron v. Aaron noted that “the real need of the spouse

seeking the support is the single most important factor.” Aaron, 909 S.W.2d at 410 (quoting

Cranford v. Cranford, 772 S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. App. 1989)). In addition to the need of the

disadvantaged spouse, the ability of the obligor spouse to provide support is considered. Id. at 410-

11. Fault of a spouse in precipitating a divorce is also a consideration when determining an alimony

award. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101 (d)(1)(K). See also Aaron, 909 S.W.2d at 410-11; Gilliam,

776 S.W.2d at 86. The amount of alimony should be determined so “that the party obtaining the

divorce [is not] left in a worse financial situation than he or she had before the opposite party's

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misconduct brought about the divorce.” Shackelford v. Shackleford, 611 S.W.2d 598, 601 (Tenn.

App. 1980); see Rush v. Rush, 232 S.W.2d 333, 334 (Tenn. App. 1949); McClung v. McClung, 198

S.W.2d 820, 822 (Tenn. App. 1946).

In the present case, Husband is in his mid-forties and is a cardiologist at the University of

Tennessee and UT Medical Group. In 1997, Husband’s income was approximately $200,000. Wife

is also in her mid-forties. Wife’s situation is unique. Wife holds two degrees in nursing, a law

degree, and is completing a master’s degree in business administration. However, by agreement of

the parties, Wife has not been employed outside the home since 1986, except for part-time work to

maintain her nursing licenses.

The parties were married approximately twenty-four years. During the marriage, Husband

attended medical school and began his career as a cardiologist. From approximately 1979 until

1986, Wife worked full-time while Husband attended medical school and completed years of

residencies and fellowships. Wife moved several times in furtherance of Husband’s career. Because

of these moves, Wife’s retirement benefits never vested, and she forfeited her retirement benefits.

When they moved to Memphis, the parties began attempting to conceive a child, and Wife began law

school. When Geoff was born in 1990, shortly after Wife obtained her law degree, the parties agreed

that she would stay home to raise Geoff.

Thus, during the course of this marriage, Wife substantially contributed to Husband’s earning

capacity. She financially supported Husband throughout his training as a physician. In addition, she

relocated with Husband several times in support of his career and, as a result, forfeited employment

benefits. Husband likewise supported Wife’s education after she obtained her nursing degree, such

as Wife obtaining a law degree. However, by agreement of the parties, Wife did not seek outside

employment and remained at home to care for the parties’ minor child. Consequently, while Wife

has as much education as Husband, she has not utilized her training because of the parties’

understanding that she would stay at home with Geoff. Due to her age and her dated skills, Wife has

had difficulty in obtaining a job in the legal community.

Excluding the testimony of Husband’s expert, William Watkins, on the issue of Wife’s

earning capacity, the only testimony in the record on this topic is testimony from Wife and from

Husband. Wife testified that she anticipated earning approximately $30,000 per year. Her expert,

Robert Winfield, testified that Wife’s earning capacity was $30,000 per year, but his testimony was

17
simply based on information he obtained from Wife. Husband testified that Wife could earn

anywhere from $35,000 to $65,000.

Husband’s Rule 15 affidavit showed a gross monthly income from the University of

Tennessee and the UT Medical Group of $14,500.92 and $33,308.12 per year from bonuses and

other sources. His net monthly income, excluding $33,308.12 from bonuses and consulting work,

is $9,797.99. Husband listed $9,723 in monthly expenses, including $5,000 per month in pendent

lite alimony and child support. Wife’s affidavit showed no source of income and $4,713 in monthly

expenses, excluding expenses for Geoff.

While Wife’s earning capacity is unclear based on the admissible proof in the record, it is

clear that Wife has substantially less earning capacity relative to Husband. Therefore, she has

substantial need for alimony. Based on Husband’s earnings, he has the ability to pay alimony. In

addition, Husband substantially contributed to the termination of the marriage; the trial court

awarded the divorce to Wife based on inappropriate marital conduct. As noted above, a wronged

spouse should not be in a worse financial situation than prior to the opposite party’s misconduct

which brought about the divorce. See Gilliam, 776 S.W.2d at 86; Shackelford, 611 S.W.2d at 601;

see Rush, 232 S.W.2d at 334; McClung, 198 S.W.2d at 822.

Therefore, based on Wife’s limited earning capacity because of the parties’ decision that she

stay home to raise Geoff, Husband’s ability to pay alimony, the long duration of the marriage, the

standard of living enjoyed by the parties during the marriage, and the relative fault of Husband in

bringing about the divorce, we conclude that an award of rehabilitative alimony in an amount not

less than $1,000 per month is warranted, beginning no later than three years after the date of the

original decree, in addition to the award of alimony in solido by the trial court. The cause is

remanded to the trial court for a determination of the appropriate amount of rehabilitative alimony

and an appropriate start date for the monthly payments. In addition, on remand, the trial court should

determine when Wife could reasonably be expected to reach an income level commensurate with

her education, and set a reasonable period of time for the termination of the monthly rehabilitative

alimony payments.

Finally, Wife argues that the trial court erred in declining to award her attorney’s fees and

expert witness fees. Wife contends that she has insufficient funds to pay these fees and would have

to take out a loan or encroach upon assets in order to pay the fees. On the other hand, Husband

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contends that Wife appropriated approximately $61,000 in joint funds, the majority of which were

utilized for Wife’s attorney’s fees.

The award of attorney’s fees is within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be

disturbed on appeal unless the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding. Lyon v.

Lyon, 765 S.W.2d 759, 762-63 (Tenn. App. 1988). An award of attorney’s fees is treated as

alimony, and the trial court should consider the factors set out in Tennessee Code Annotated § 36-5-

101(d)(1). See Houghland v. Houghland, 844 S.W.2d 619, 623 (Tenn. App. 1992).

It is undisputed that Wife utilized approximately $36,000 in joint funds for attorney’s fees.

In addition, Wife employed four different attorneys for this litigation. Under the circumstances, the

evidence does not preponderate against the trial court’s denial of attorney’s fees and expert witness

fees to Wife. Therefore, the trial court’s decision as to attorney’s fees and expert witness fees is

affirmed.

In sum, the trial court’s award of joint custody of the parties’ minor child, with a designated

primary custodial parent, is affirmed. The designation of primary custodial parent is clarified as

follows: Wife is the primary custodial parent for all decisions except those which pertain only to the

time periods in which Husband is the designated primary custodial parent, i.e., during his visitation

over the Christmas holidays and the child’s summer vacation. The parties are obliged to confer on

major decisions and make a bona fide effort to reach agreement. The trial court’s decision that both

parties, after conferring, could take the child to see health care professionals is affirmed. The trial

court’s parenting schedule is affirmed with the modification that, if Husband is required to see

patients at the hospital while the child is in his care, if Husband is not able to have the child with him

and supervise him, he must either have Wife care for the child or, if that is not practicable, have a

responsible adult designated to care for the child.

The trial court’s award of alimony in solido is affirmed. The trial court’s denial of Wife’s

request for alimony in futuro is also affirmed. The trial court’s denial of Wife’s request for

rehabilitative alimony is reversed. The cause is remanded to the trial court for a determination of

when Wife could reasonably be expected to attain an income level commensurate with her education

and for an award of rehabilitative alimony in an amount not less than $1,000 per month beginning

no later than three years after the date of the original decree, and setting an appropriate date for

19
termination of the monthly rehabilitative alimony payments. The trial court’s denial of Wife’s

request for attorney’s fees or expert witness fees is affirmed.

The decision of the trial court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, modified as set forth

above, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs on appeal are taxed

equally to Appellant and to Appellee, for which execution may issue if necessary.

HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.

CONCUR:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P. J., W.S.

ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.

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