IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
FILED
ELEASE OWENS, for herself and as
) June 7, 1999
next-of-kin to ETHERLINE )
BAILEY, Deceased, ) Cecil Crowson, Jr.
) Appellate Court Clerk
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Shelby Circuit No. 35507
)
v. )
) Appeal No. 02A01-9704-CV-00089
METHODIST HEALTH CARE )
SYSTEMS and WILLIAM C. PHELPS, )
M.D., )
)
Defendants/Appellees. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF SHELBY COUNTY
AT MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE JANICE M. HOLDER, JUDGE
For the Plaintiff/Appellant: For the Defendant/Appellee,
William C. Phelps, M.D.:
Duncan E. Ragsdale Jerry E. Mitchell
Memphis, Tennessee Stephen C. Barton
Memphis, Tennessee
AFFIRMED
HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.
CONCUR:
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.
DAVID R. FARMER, J.
OPINION
This is a medical malpractice case. The plaintiff asserts that the defendant physician caused
the death of the decedent in the course of childbirth. The jury found in favor of the defendant
physician. The plaintiff appeals, asserting error in the jury instructions and juror misconduct. We
affirm.
Etherline Bailey (“decedent”) was admitted to Methodist Hospital Labor and Delivery at
11:35 p.m. on August 16, 1990. She labored under observation until 7:10 a.m. when she was taken
to the operating room for a cesarean section delivery by Defendant William C. Phelps, M.D.
(“Phelps”). After the cesarean section incision had been closed, an erroneous sponge count
performed by employees of the hospital indicated a sponge was missing. A subsequent x-ray
revealed what was believed to be a sponge left in the decedent. Phelps reopened the incision and
searched unsuccessfully for the missing sponge. A later sponge count revealed that no sponges had
been missing.
During the entire procedure, including the reopening of the incision, decedent lost an unusual
amount of blood. Phelps, assisted by Dr. C. O. Daugherty, worked to replace decedent’s lost fluids
and to stop the bleeding. Due to decedent’s excessive blood loss and a shortage of clotting factors
(called disseminated intravascular coagulation or DIC), Phelps brought in Dr. Thomas Earl Motley
as a blood management consultant. Dr. Motley began managing decedent’s fluids. There was some
delay in the time taken by Methodist Hospital (“Methodist”) in filling orders for blood products for
the decedent; the parties dispute whether the conduct of Methodist’s blood bank fell below the
standard of care. In any event, after being taken to the recovery room, the decedent’s condition
continued to decline. She subsequently went into cardiac arrest. Phelps ordered full cardiac
resuscitative measures with life support, but these were unsuccessful and decedent was pronounced
dead at 3:24 p.m.
Elease Owens (“Owens”), for herself and as the decedent’s next of kin, brought suit against
Methodist and Phelps. Phelps’ primary defense was that decedent died from a rare, generally
untreatable condition called amniotic fluid embolism (AFE). With AFE, debris from the amniotic
sac contaminates the blood supply and interferes with the clotting factors. The final autopsy report
confirmed that amniotic fluid bubbles were present in the lungs along with leukocyte thrombi; this
is associated with AFE. However, the report also noted an unsutured tear in decedent’s cervix.
Owens alleges that the unsutured tear in the cervix contributed to decedent’s death. In the
alternative, Phelps asserted that Methodist was negligent and fell below its standard of care.
Prior to trial, Methodist settled with Owens. Nevertheless, the jury was instructed that if it
found in favor of Owens, it was to assign the percentage of fault between Methodist and Phelps. The
jury’s verdict assigned one hundred (100%) percent of the fault to Methodist, which was no longer
a defendant.
Owens filed a motion for new trial, alleging omissions in the jury instructions and juror
misconduct. Owens attached the affidavits of several jurors stating that one of the jurors had
consulted a physician friend regarding the case. During the jury’s deliberations, that juror related
to the other jurors that the physician had told her that the defense testimony proffered by Phelps
regarding AFE was “bunk.” The trial court withheld judgment on the motion until after the juror’s
contempt hearing. Ultimately, the motion for new trial was denied. From this order, Owens now
appeals.
Owens’ issues on appeal concern the trial court’s instructions to the jury and jury misconduct.
Owens alleges the trial court failed to include all of the Plaintiff’s theories and contentions in its jury
instructions and that the instructions pertaining to Methodist were confusing and misleading. Owens
alleges the verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence and the law. Owens further alleges that
the jury considered matters not in evidence, communicated with non-jurors about the case, and
allowed their verdict to be tainted by passion, prejudice and caprice. Such misconduct, Owens
asserts, violated Plaintiff’s right to an inviolate jury trial, as guaranteed by art. I, § 6 of the Tennessee
Constitution.
The determination of whether jury instructions were proper is a question of law and,
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Solomon v.
First Am. Nat’l Bank, 774 S.W.2d 935, 940 (Tenn. App. 1989). “In reviewing a jury charge, we
consider the charge as a whole to determine whether prejudicial error has been committed. The
charge will not be invalidated so long as it fairly defines the legal issues involved in the case and
does not mislead the jury.” Hunter v. Burke, 958 S.W.2d 751, 756 (Tenn. App. 1997).
Owens asserts that the following bases of recovery were omitted from the jury instructions:
torn cervix, transfusion therapy, repetitive surgical manipulations, general anesthesia, and amniotic
fluid embolism. Owens’ motion for new trial states her objection to these omissions. However, the
Tennessee Supreme Court in Rule v. Empire Gas Corp., 563 S.W.2d 551, 554 (Tenn. 1978), made
2
it clear that “in order to predicate error upon an alleged omission in the instructions given to the jury
by the trial judge he must have pointed out such omission to the trial judge at trial by an appropriate
request for instruction.” Id. The Plaintiff points to no place in the record in which jury instructions
on these “omitted” issues were requested. It is the appellant’s “ ‘responsib[ility to] furnish[] the
appellate court with a record that will enable that court to reach the issues raised.’ ” Ewell v. Hill,
No. 02A01-9608-CH-00178, 1998 WL 18142, at *2 (Tenn. App. Jan. 21, 1998) (quoting Word v.
Word, 937 S.W.2d 931, 933 (Tenn. App. 1996)). It is the threshold duty of a party alleging error in
the omission of a specific instruction to demonstrate that a correct and complete request for such
instruction was submitted to, and refused by, the trial judge. See England v. Burns Stone Co., 874
S.W.2d 32, 37 (Tenn. App. 1993). In the absence of a request for such instructions, the trial court
must be affirmed on this issue.
Owens also contends on appeal that the jury instructions were confusing and misleading.
Owens argues that the jury instructions would lead the jury to believe that Methodist could be held
liable for the negligence of the certified registered nurse anesthesiologists (CRNAs) or the
anesthesiologist, even though neither were employees of Methodist and Methodist could not be held
liable for their negligence. In addition, Owens contends that the jury instructions were erroneous
because they failed to set forth the required elements under Tennessee’s medical malpractice statute,
Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-115. This statute requires the “claimant” in a medical
malpractice case to prove (1) the standard of care applicable to the defendant, considering his or her
specialty and community standards, (2) that the defendant’s actions fell below that standard of care,
and (3) that, as a result, the plaintiff suffered injuries that would not have otherwise occurred. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 (1980).
The instructions at issue state:
Dr. Phelps further contends that if any deviation from the standard of care occurred,
any such deviation was by the employees of Methodist Hospital by failing to properly
administer blood products in a timely manner or by the anesthetists’ improper use of
a general anesthesia.
....
The defendant, Dr. Phelps, has the burden of proving, by the greater weight
or preponderance of the evidence: 1) the recognized standard of professional practice
for a nurse or nurse anesthetist in the community in which that person practices or in
a similar community; 2) that such person acted with less than or failed to act with
ordinary and reasonable care in accordance with that standard; 3) and that the
3
negligence of any nurse or nurse anesthetist was a proximate cause of injuries and
damages to the plaintiff that would not otherwise have occurred.
....
In deciding this case, you must determine the fault, if any of each of two
persons, William C. Phelps, and the Methodist Health Care Systems. If you find that
both Dr. Phelps and the Methodist Health Care Systems are at fault, you will then
compare their fault. To do this, you will need to know the definition of fault. A
person is at fault if you find by a preponderance of the evidence that a person was
negligent and that the negligence was a proximate cause of the injury or damages for
which a claim is made.
....
A hospital has the duty to exercise that degree of care, skill and diligence used
by hospitals generally in the community and required by its express or implied
contract with the patient and to furnish the care, attention and protection reasonably
required by the patient’s mental and physical condition. The amount of caution,
attention and protection required in the exercise of reasonable care depends upon the
known condition of the patient and the patient’s needs.
If you find that an employee of the hospital, while in the course of
employment, was negligent in the performance of the employee’s duties, then the
hospital is legally responsible for the injuries proximately caused by the employee’s
negligence.
....
Ladies and gentlemen, you will be given a verdict form to record your verdict.
Your first obligation is to determine the fault, if any, of William C. Phelps and
Methodist Health Care Systems. Next, you must assign a percentage of fault to each
of them. This percentage figure for each may range from zero (0) percent to one
hundred (100) percent. When the percentages of fault of those being compared are
added together, the total must equal either zero (0) percent or one hundred (100)
percent. Your next obligation is to determine the full amount of damages sustained
by the plaintiff if you find fault on the part of either Dr. Phelps or the Methodist Care
Systems.
On appeal, a jury charge will not be invalidated so long as the entire jury charge, viewed as a whole,
fairly defines the issues and does not mislead the jury. See Grissom v. Metropolitan Gov’t of
Nashville, 817 S.W.2d 679, 685 (Tenn. App. 1991). Jury instructions are not required to be perfect.
See id.; City of Johnson City v. Outdoor West, Inc., 947 S.W.2d 855, 858 (Tenn. App. 1996). The
jury instructions in this case, considered as a whole, fairly define the issues and do not mislead the
jury.
4
The fact that the jury instructions contained statements that the CRNAs and the
anesthesiologist were employees of Methodist was harmless error under the facts of this case. The
jury concluded that Phelps was not negligent. The Plaintiff points to nothing in the record indicating
that, had the instructions stated that the CRNAs and anesthesiologist were not employees of
Methodist, the jury would have concluded that Phelps was negligent. Therefore, any error in this
regard would not affect the judgment or prejudice the judicial process. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).
Therefore, we decline to invalidate the trial court’s charge to the jury.
Owens also contends on appeal that the jury verdict, assessing one hundred percent of
liability to Methodist, is contrary to the weight of the evidence. In the order denying Owens’ motion
for a new trial, the trial judge found that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the verdict for Phelps.
When factual determinations made by a jury have been approved by the trial judge, an appellate court
may set aside these factual findings only in the absence of any material evidence in the record to
support the verdict. See Jackson v. Patton, 952 S.W.2d 404, 405 (Tenn. 1997). In Ellis v. White
Freightliner Corp., 603 S.W.2d 125 (Tenn. 1980), the Court said that “when the trial judge has
approved the verdict, the review in the Court of Appeals is subject to the rule that if there is any
material evidence to support the award, it should not be disturbed.” Id. at 129; see also Coffey v.
Fayette Tubular Prods., 929 S.W.2d 326, 331 n.2 (Tenn. 1996). At trial, the jury heard the
following expert testimony on whether Methodist breached its standard of care in supplying the
blood products:
Q: Now, how long was it from the time that Dr. Phelps or whoever ordered the
blood product ordered it [sic] until the time that the hospital got it there?
A: It -- I think for the blood products like cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen
plasma, it was like two plus, greater than two hours.
Q: And that would be a delay which would be unacceptable to you, correct?
A: Correct.
Q: And any delay of that type when a physician orders a particular product if the
hospital can’t get it there in less than an hour, you would feel that would be below
the standard of care for the hospital, true?
A: Yes.
Q: And you also feel that that delay by the hospital was a contributing factor to
the ultimate outcome in this case, true?
A: I think we have discussed that before and I do think that.
Q: In other words, given everything we have talked about, if the DIC could have
been treated earlier, then Ms. Bailey may very well have survived, if the blood
products had gotten there?
A: I think that is very conceivable.
5
The testimony at trial clearly indicated that it was the nurses’ duty to perform the sponge count and
that the miscount caused a delay. Phelps also points to testimony in the record that he “adhere[d]
to the standard of care in all aspects of treatment,” that his management of the blood products was
within the standard of care in Tennessee, that he appropriately repaired the uterus, that he was
obligated to search for the missing sponge if he was told that a sponge was missing, and that the
decision to use general anesthesia was made by the anesthetists. Based on the entire record, the jury
could reasonably have concluded that Phelps did not deviate from the appropriate standard of care.
There was adequate testimony in this case to support the jury’s verdict in Phelps’ favor.
On appeal, Owens also alleges that the trial court erred in denying the motion for a new trial
based on juror misconduct. The record indicates that one juror consulted a physician friend who said
that the testimony proffered by Phelps regarding Phelps’ AFE defense was “bunk.” Affidavits
showed that this information was shared with other jurors during the jury’s deliberations. Owens
acknowledges that the extraneous information in this case tended to undercut Phelps’ defense, not
the Plaintiff’s evidence. Nevertheless, Owens argues that the jurors’ affidavits indicate that the
juror’s introduction of extraneous information produced a strong negative reaction from the other
jurors and therefore subverted the judicial process. He also asserts that the extraneous information
caused the jury to focus on a theory on the lost sponge that would have resulted in a finding against
Methodist.
The admissibility of the jurors’ affidavits is governed by Rule 606(b) of the Tennessee Rules
of Evidence, which limits jurors’ testimony to three areas: (1) extraneous prejudicial information,
(2) outside influence, and (3) agreements made in advance to be bound by a quotient or gambling
verdict. See Tenn. R. Evid. 606(b).1 This Court has previously noted several “internal” influences
1
The entire text of Tennessee Rules of Evidence, Rule 606(b) is:
(b) Inquiry Into Validity of Verdict or Indictment. Upon an inquiry into
the validity of a verdict or indictment, a juror may not testify as to any matter or
statement occurring during the course of the jury's deliberations or to the effect of
anything upon any juror's mind or emotion as influencing that juror to assent to or
dissent from the verdict or indictment or concerning the juror's mental processes,
except that a juror may testify on the question of whether extraneous prejudicial
information was improperly brought to the jury's attention, whether any outside
influence was improperly brought to bear upon any juror, or whether the jurors
agreed in advance to be bound by a quotient or gambling verdict without further
discussion; nor may a juror's affidavit or evidence of any statement by the juror
concerning a matter about which the juror would be precluded from testifying be
received for these purposes.
6
that cannot serve as grounds to overturn a jury verdict: “(1) discussions among jurors, (2)
intimidation or harassment of one juror by another, (3) a juror’s personal experiences not directly
related to the litigation, and (4) a juror’s subjective thoughts, fears, and emotions.” Caldararo v.
Vanderbilt Univ., 794 S.W.2d 738, 742 (Tenn. App. 1990). Thus, we cannot consider as grounds
for a new trial Owens’ assertions of error that the jury based the verdict on the lost sponge or that
jurors harassed each other during the deliberations.
The sole issue for our consideration, therefore, is whether the physician friend’s statement
deriding Phelps’ AFE defense prejudiced Owens. As noted by the Plaintiff, Caldararo states that
consideration of evidence that has not been admitted and communications with non-jurors are
external influences that might justify a new trial. See id. This is true, however, only if such events
are found to be prejudicial. See id. In this case, the misconduct was clearly harmless because the
jury found Phelps was not negligent despite criticism of his AFE defense as “bunk” by the juror’s
physician friend. This information was not prejudicial to Owens. Indeed, the statement dispelled
Phelps’ primary defense. We find no evidence that the verdict was based on passion, prejudice and
caprice.
Owens also asserts on appeal that the juror’s discussion of the case with her physician friend
violated Owens’ right to an inviolate jury trial as guaranteed by art. I, § 6 of the Tennessee
Constitution.2 Owens notes the trial court’s statements that the juror’s misconduct was an
“obstruction of justice” and “an interference of the order of the process of decision making in jury
cases.” Despite the trial court’s strong statements and obvious displeasure at the juror’s disregard
of its instructions, the trial court expressly denied Owens’ motion for a new trial even though the
juror’s misconduct was at issue in that motion. We find no error in the trial court’s decision.
Tenn. R. Evid. 606(b).
2
The Constitution provides: “Trial by jury - Qualifications of jurors. - That the
right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and no religious or political test shall ever be required
as a qualification for jurors.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 6.
7
In sum, since the record does not indicate that Owens requested jury instructions on the topics
omitted, we decline to reverse the trial court’s denial of a new trial on that basis. The jury
instructions, viewed as a whole, were not misleading or confusing. Furthermore, the jury charge
indicating that the anesthetists were employees of Methodist was harmless error. Based on the trial
record as a whole, we find sufficient material evidence to support the jury verdict. The jury
misconduct was not prejudicial to Owens based on the facts of this case. Finally, Owens’ right to
an inviolate jury trial was not violated. Consequently, the trial court’s denial of Owens’ motion for
a new trial is affirmed.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed. Costs are taxed to Appellant, for which execution
may issue if necessary.
HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.
CONCUR:
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P. J., W.S.
DAVID R. FARMER, J.
8
Elease Owens, for herself and as next-of-kin to Etherline Bailey v. Methodist Healthcare Systems and William C. Phelps, M.D.
Combined Opinion