IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
November 14, 2000 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. LARRY WILKINS
Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
No. I-599-149 Donald P. Harris, Judge
No. M2000-01225-CCA-R3-CD - Filed June 22, 2001
The appellant, Larry Wilkins, pled guilty in the Williamson County Circuit Court to two counts of
the class D felony of causing a computer system to be accessed for the purpose of obtaining $1,000
or more for himself or another by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises.1 For these offenses, the trial court imposed concurrent sentences of three years
incarceration in the Tennessee Department of Correction, suspending all but one year of the
appellant’s sentences and placing him on supervised probation for four years. Additionally, the trial
court imposed fines amounting to $1,5002 and ordered restitution amounting to $4,500. The
appellant now appeals the trial court’s sentencing determinations. Specifically, notwithstanding the
trial court’s imposition of alternative sentences of split confinement, the appellant contends that the
trial court should have granted him either total probation or placement in a community corrections
program. Following a review of the record and the parties’ briefs, we affirm in part and reverse in
part the judgments of the trial court, and we remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are Affirmed in
Part, Reversed in Part, and Remanded.
NORMA MCGEE OGLE , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and JERRY
L. SMITH, JJ., joined.
Michael H. Sneed, Nashville, Tennessee; and C. Diane Crosier, Franklin, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Larry Wilkins.
1
The co mbined j udgmen ts in this case refer to this offense as “T heft Over $ 1000 U sing Com puter.”
2
The combined judgments suggest that the trial court imposed a fine of $1,500 for each offense to which the
appellant pled guilty. However, the video cassette recording of the sentencing hearing clearly indicates that the trial court
imposed a fine of $750 for each offense, resulting in a total amount of $1,500 in fines. “Where there is a conflict
between a judgment form and the transcript of the proceedings, the transcript controls.” State v. Charles A. Dailey, No.
M1999-01075-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 775585, *3 (T enn. Crim. App. at Nashville, June 16, 2000)(citing State v. Moore,
814 S.W.2d 381, 383 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991), and State v. Dav is, 706 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985)).
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Marvin E. Clements, Jr., Assistant Attorney
General; Ronald L. Davis, District Attorney General; Lee Dryer, Assistant District Attorney General;
and Derek K. Smith, Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Factual Background
On May 10, 1999, a Williamson County Grand Jury indicted the appellant for two
counts of the class D felony of causing a computer system to be accessed for the purpose of obtaining
$1,000 or more for himself or another by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or
promises. The indictment stemmed from the appellant’s acquisition on October 27, 1998, of two
computer codes authorizing access to expense accounts maintained by his employer, ComData
Corporation, and the appellant’s communication of those codes to an accomplice who thereby
withdrew $2,000 from one account and $2,500 from another. The appellant pled guilty to the
charged offenses on December 20, 1999. The appellant’s pleas were unaccompanied by any
agreement concerning sentencing other than the State’s concession that the appellant was a Range
I standard offender. Accordingly, the trial court conducted a sentencing hearing on February 11,
2000.
At the sentencing hearing, the State submitted to the trial court a pre-sentence report,
which indicates that the appellant was approximately twenty-five years old at the time of these
offenses and did not possess a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior. The
report additionally reflects that the appellant graduated from Tennessee State University in 1998 with
a bachelor of science degree in psychology. Following his graduation, the appellant was employed
at ComData Corporation. Additionally, following his discharge by ComData until September 24,
1999, the appellant was employed by Cigna Medicare as a customer service representative earning
$1,900 per month. Subsequently, from September 27, 1999, until the time of the sentencing hearing,
the appellant was employed by Sprint PCS as an “analyst” earning $2,500 per month. At the time
of the sentencing hearing, the appellant was unmarried but had one nine-year-old son who was living
with the child’s mother.3 According to the pre-sentence report, “[t]he [appellant] no longer pays
child support but does provide financial support and have regular contact with the child.”
The State also presented the testimony of John Hasselbacher, the Vice-President for
Corporate Security and Criminal Investigations at ComData Corporation. Hasselbacher testified
that, at the time of these offenses, the appellant was employed by ComData in its “operations area,”
providing services to customers through the telephone. Hasselbacher explained that ComData
maintains expense accounts for trucking companies, enabling the companies to wire money to truck
drivers traveling across the country. Hasselbacher elaborated that, if a trucking company needs to
wire money to a driver, the company can telephone ComData, provide a security password to a
ComData employee, and request a code authorizing the disbursement of the desired amount of
3
At the sentencing hearing, the appellan t indicated tha t his son was eigh t years old and suggested tha t the child
was currently in the care of the appellant’s mother.
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money. The ComData employee will then access the company’s expense account via a computer,
obtain an authorization code, and communicate the code to the trucking company. This
authorization code can be affixed to a blank “draft” or check and cashed at any check cashing
business.
According to Hasselbacher, ComData began investigating the instant offenses when
it received several complaints from customers concerning unauthorized withdrawals from their
expense accounts. The investigation, including interviews with the appellant, revealed that the
appellant had obtained customers’ security passwords and communicated them to an accomplice
during the months of September and October 1998. The accomplice then called ComData
Corporation and obtained computer codes authorizing the disbursement of funds from the customers’
expense accounts. Moreover, on October 27, 1998, the appellant himself acquired two authorization
codes via a co-worker’s computer terminal and communicated these codes to an accomplice. In all,
the codes acquired by the appellant’s accomplice or accomplices authorized the disbursement of
$29,600 from ten different expense accounts. Hasselbacher testified that eight different individuals
participated in cashing the drafts or checks to which the codes were affixed. The company was able
to stop payment of all but $16,600. To Hasselbacher’s certain knowledge, the appellant was the sole
ComData employee involved in the criminal enterprise. Hasselbacher asserted that, therefore, the
enterprise could not have been accomplished without the appellant’s participation.
Hasselbacher acknowledged that, upon ComData’s discovery of the criminal
enterprise, the appellant did provide information to the company’s investigators concerning his
accomplice or accomplices. However, the appellant subsequently retracted some information and
also neglected to attend appointments with investigators.4 Finally, Hasselbacher testified that, at the
time of the sentencing hearing, the appellant had not yet attempted to make restitution for his
offenses.
The appellant testified on his own behalf at the sentencing hearing. He largely
confirmed the accuracy of information contained in the pre-sentence report, adding that he intended
to return to school in August in order to obtain a master’s degree in “organizational management”
and was currently attempting to establish his own business. As to the instant offenses, the appellant
4
We note that the pre -sentence report likewise indicates:
The investigating officer instructed the subject the day he entered the conditional
guilty pleas in the instant case (12/20/99) to complete the personal questionnaire
and statement a nd then ma ke an app ointment for a n interview at the F ranklin
Probation and Parole Office. The subject failed to call as instructed and the
investigating officer called the subject and set up an appointment for 1/31/00 at
10:00 AM. The subject failed to appear for the appointment and did not c all to
reschedule or offer an explanation.
*The subject faxed the c ompleted personal q uestionna[i]re and stateme nt along with
numerous requested docume nts on 2/7/0 0. The sub ject repor ted that he wa s in a car
accident and was unable to make his appointment. An amended report was filed on
2/10/00 .
-3-
explained that they were the result of poor judgment and peer pressure. Moreover, the appellant
noted that he did not benefit monetarily from his commission of the offenses. He also claimed that,
contrary to Hasselbacher’s testimony, he fully cooperated in the investigation of his offenses.
The appellant denied any responsibility for distributing security information other
than the two computer codes that authorized the disbursement of funds amounting to $4,500 and
resulted in his guilty pleas. However, the appellant subsequently conceded that an accomplice, Sean
Carter, removed “notes” from the appellant’s home that apparently contained additional security
passwords or authorization codes. The appellant also conceded that Carter thereby obtained
additional funds from expense accounts maintained by ComData and shared those funds with the
appellant.
The appellant asserted his willingness and ability to pay restitution for the offenses
to which he pled guilty. Specifically, the appellant testified that he could pay $4,500 in installments.
Moreover, he noted that, if necessary, he could borrow or otherwise acquire the full amount of
restitution in one lump sum. The appellant conceded that he had made no attempt to make restitution
prior to the sentencing hearing but explained that he had believed it necessary to act through the
court. He further conceded that his bank account contained only $222 and observed that it was
“hard” to save money.
During the appellant’s testimony, the trial court interjected inquiries concerning the
appellant’s employment since his commission of the instant offenses, noting the appellant’s
representation by the district public defender. In particular, the trial court inquired concerning the
appellant’s employment at the time he requested appointment of the district public defender. The
appellant responded that he was employed by Cigna Medicare. Moreover, the appellant testified that
his salary was $1,600 per month during his entire tenure at Cigna Medicare. Upon further
questioning by the court, the appellant acknowledged that he had reported a salary of $1,300 per
month on the Affidavit of Indigency that he submitted to the court on May 28, 1999. The appellant
also acknowledged that he never reported to the court his subsequent employment by Sprint PCS and
his consequent increase in salary.
At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed concurrent
sentences of three years incarceration in the Tennessee Department of Correction, suspending all but
one year of the appellant’s sentences and placing him on supervised probation for four years.
Additionally, the trial court imposed fines amounting to $1,500 and ordered restitution amounting
to $4,500. The trial court further ordered the appellant to pay the fines, restitution, and court costs
in installments of $200 per month.
In imposing the appellant’s sentences, the trial court noted its consideration of the
pre-sentence report, the testimony adduced at the sentencing hearing, sentencing principles, and any
enhancement and mitigating factors. The trial court specifically noted its application of the
enhancement factor set forth in Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(15) (1997), that the appellant abused
a position of private trust. In mitigation, the trial court noted that the appellant’s criminal conduct
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neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(1) (1997). The
court refused, however, to consider the appellant’s youth, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(6), and
indicated that it was not convinced that the appellant had assisted authorities in investigating these
offenses, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(9) & (10). Finally, the trial court observed that it was “most
distressed” by the appellant’s failure to accept responsibility for his criminal conduct. In this regard,
the trial court noted the appellant’s failure to attempt restitution prior to the sentencing hearing and
found that the appellant had lied to the court concerning his income in order to minimize his legal
expenses. The court concluded that the appellant had “ripped off th[e] court” in addition to
ComData Corporation.
II. Analysis
The sole issue before this court is whether the trial court should have selected
alternative sentences more favorable than split confinement from the options set forth in Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-104 (1997). This court reviews the manner of service of sentences de novo. Tenn.
Code. Ann. § 40-35-401(d) (1997). In conducting our de novo review, we consider the following
factors: (1) the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (2) the pre-sentence
report; (3) the principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (4) the nature
and characteristics of the conduct involved; (5) evidence and information offered by the parties on
enhancement and mitigating factors; (6) any statement by the appellant in his own behalf; and (7)
the appellant’s potential for rehabilitation or treatment. Tenn. Code Ann. § § 40-35-102, -103
(1997), -210 (1998); see also State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 168 (Tenn. 1991).
Ultimately, the burden is upon the appellant to demonstrate the impropriety of his
sentences. State v. Grigsby, 957 S.W.2d 541, 544 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); State v. Loden, 920
S.W.2d 261, 266 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Moreover, this court will accord the trial court’s
determinations a presumption of correctness if the record reveals that the trial court adequately
considered sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
401(d); Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. Accordingly,
the [Tennessee Criminal] Sentencing Reform Act of 1989 requires the
trial judge to place in the record, either orally or in writing,
[applicable] enhancement and mitigating factors, or the absence of
such factors, along with specific findings of fact upon which the
principles of sentencing are based.
State v. Dies, 829 S.W.2d 706, 710 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
209(c) (1997); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(f).
In this case, we note that the trial court failed to separate its findings relating to the
issue of alternative sentencing from its findings relating to the length of the appellant’s sentences.
Yet, in State v. Virginia Ailene Gann, No. 01C01-9704-CC-00164, 1998 WL 265495, at **6 & 9
(Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, May 27, 1998), this court applied the presumption of correctness
notwithstanding the trial court’s failure to “formally designate certain of its findings as applicable
to the issue of alternative sentencing.” In any case, the trial court also failed to consider one
applicable enhancement factor and failed to grant some, albeit minimal, weight to two applicable
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mitigating factors. This court will not defer to a trial court’s sentencing determinations if the trial
court failed to give “due consideration and proper weight to the factors . . . which are relevant to
sentencing under the Act.” State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991); see
also State v. Russell E. Mills, No. M1999-2505-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1336685, at *3 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Nashville, September 15, 2000); State v. Raymond Paul Duncan, No.
03C01-9706-CR-00208, 2000 WL 31842, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, January 12, 2000),
perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 2000).5
Keeping in mind, then, the absence of any presumption of correctness, we turn to the
appellant’s contention that he was a suitable candidate for either total probation or placement in a
community corrections program. With respect to the trial court’s denial of total probation, we note
the appellant’s apparent misapprehension that he was “presumptively entitled” to total probation.
The appellant was eligible for probation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a) (1997). Moreover, the
appellant was entitled to a presumption of alternative sentencing under Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
102(6). Accordingly, the trial court granted the appellant an alternative sentence of split
confinement. However, “the determination of whether Appellant is entitled to an alternative
sentence and whether Appellant is entitled to full probation are different inquiries, requiring different
burdens of proof.” State v. Grissom, 956 S.W.2d 514, 520 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); see also State
v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 455 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995), overruled on other grounds by State v.
Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2000). Thus, the appellant bore the burden of demonstrating to the trial
court that total probation, rather than split confinement, would “‘subserve the ends of justice and the
best interest of both the public and the defendant.’” Bingham, 910 S.W.2d at 456.
In determining whether the appellant satisfied his burden, the trial court could
consider the following factors: the nature and circumstances of the criminal conduct, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(4); the defendant’s potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-103(5); whether a sentence of total probation would unduly depreciate the seriousness
of the offense, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(B); and whether a sentence other than total
probation would provide an effective deterrent to others likely to commit similar crimes, Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(B). Grissom, 956 S.W.2d at 520; Bingham, 910 S.W.2d at 456. A defendant’s
potential or lack of potential for rehabilitation may, in turn, be demonstrated by circumstances such
as his criminal record, his social history and present condition, and his candor before the court. State
v. Goode, 956 S.W.2d 521, 527 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). Moreover, a defendant’s willingness to
accept responsibility for his crime is a circumstance germane to his rehabilitation potential. State
v. Zeolia, 928 S.W.2d 457, 463 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).
With respect to the nature and circumstances of the criminal conduct, the trial court
found that the appellant had abused a position of private trust. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(15).
5
But see State v. Clayton Eugene Turner, No. 03C01-9805-CR-00176, 1999 W L 817690, at *16 (Tenn. Crim.
App. at Knoxv ille, Octobe r 6, 1999 ), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 2000); State v. Thomas Ware , No.
02C0 1-9508 -CR-002 28, 199 7 WL 30346 , at *6 n. 2 (Te nn. Crim. Ap p. at Jackso n, January 2 8, 1997 ).
-6-
In State v. Gutierrez, 5 S.W.3d 641, 646 (Tenn. 1999)(citation omitted), our supreme court provided
guidance to lower courts in evaluating the applicability of this enhancement factor:
[T]o determine the application of the private trust factor, the court
must look to "the nature of the relationship [between the parties],"
and whether that relationship "promoted confidence, reliability, or
faith." A relationship which promotes confidence, reliability, or faith,
usually includes a degree of vulnerability. It is the exploitation of this
vulnerability to achieve criminal purposes which is deemed more
blameworthy and thus justifies application of the enhancement factor.
Clearly, the appellant exploited the confidence, reliance, or faith of his employer in order to afford
his accomplices access to customers’ expense accounts. See, e.g., Grissom, 956 S.W.2d at 518;
State v. Marsha L. McClellan, No. E2000-02373-CCA-R3-CD, 2001 WL 394849, at *6 (Tenn. Crim.
App. at Knoxville, April 19, 2001). Moreover, we have previously observed that “employees who
commit crimes upon third parties in the course of their employment may very well abuse a private
trust.” State v. Ricky Woodard, No. 01C01-9802-CC-00056, 1999 WL 38491, at *5 (Tenn. Crim.
App. at Nashville, January 29, 1999). In other words, as an employee of ComData, the appellant also
abused the trust of its customers in order to accomplish his offenses. Id.
Nevertheless, the appellant cites State v. Bilbrey, 816 S.W.2d 71 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1991), in support of the proposition that this factor constitutes an element of the appellant’s offenses.
See Bingham, 910 S.W.2d at 456 (“In arriving at the appropriate sentence, the sentencing court may
not consider any factor which constitutes an element of the offense.”). In Bilbrey, this court was
assessing the appellant’s sentence for the former crime of fraudulent breach of trust. 816 S.W.2d
at 73. The crime of fraudulent breach of trust required
[t]he fraudulent appropriation of personal property or money by
anyone to whom it has been delivered on deposit, pledge,
sequestration, or to be carried or repaired, or in whose hands or under
whose control it may be by his position as clerk, agent, factor, or
bailee, or on any other contract or trust by which he was bound to
deliver or return the thing received or its proceeds.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-3-904 (1982). Once again, the indictment in the appellant’s case charged him
with causing a computer system to be accessed for the purpose of obtaining $1,000 or more for
himself or another by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 39-14-602(a)(1) (1997). Unlike the former offense of fraudulent breach of trust, the
charged offenses in this case did not necessarily entail the exploitation of a relationship which
promoted confidence, reliability, or faith and any consequent vulnerability. Cf. Grissom, 956
S.W.2d at 518 n.5 (declining to find that abuse of a position of private trust is inherent in the present-
day offense of theft).
That having been said, we acknowledge our holding in State v. Larry McKinney, No.
01C01-9307-CR-00234, 1995 WL 108257, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, March 10,
1995)(per curiam), that the indictment for theft in that case,
-7-
by alleging the theft was through fraud and deceit, implies that a
relationship had been established between the parties and that the
theft was accomplished by way of a breach of trust, i.e. deceit, in the
relationship. Therefore, that factor which allows for a breach of trust
to be used to enhance a sentence is inapplicable to the facts of this
case as it is an element of the offense charged.
Unpublished opinions are considered persuasive authority. Tenn. Sup. Ct. Rule 4(H)(1).
Nevertheless, we take this opportunity to question our reasoning in McKinney. A person may
practice fraud and deceit upon someone or some entity with whom he shares little or no relationship,
albeit the lack of a relationship will reduce the likelihood of success. Moreover, we note that, in the
instant case, the “false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises” inherent in the
appellant’s offenses were made by the appellant’s accomplice or accomplices and were in addition
to the appellant’s abuse of the trust of his employer and his employer’s customers.
As noted by the State, the evidence adduced at the sentencing hearing also established
that the appellant was a leader in the commission of an offense involving two or more criminal
actors. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(2). Moreover, we are not bound to ignore the appellant’s
confession at the sentencing hearing that he not only provided his accomplice the two computer
codes authorizing the disbursement of $4,500 from expense accounts maintained by ComData, for
which conduct he pled guilty in this case, but was also the source of other security information that
his accomplice utilized in obtaining additional funds. As noted earlier, the appellant testified that
he received a portion of these additional funds. Cf. Zeolia, 928 S.W.2d at 462; State v. Shannon
Corley, No. E2000-00382-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1285250, at **2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at
Knoxville, September 12, 2000).
We further note that, in the face of the above confession, the appellant firmly
disclaimed responsibility for the loss of any funds other than the $4,500 encompassed by his guilty
pleas. This disclaimer does not redound to the appellant’s benefit but, instead, reflects poorly upon
his potential for rehabilitation.
Nevertheless, we agree with the appellant that, in addition to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-113(1), the trial court should have considered the mitigating factors that the appellant assisted
the authorities in detecting or apprehending accomplices and assisted the authorities in locating or
recovering property involved in the crime. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(9) & (10). As a reflection
of the appellant’s potential for rehabilitation, however, these factors are entitled to little weight due
to the appellant’s casual approach to scheduling and attending meetings with investigators and his
subsequent retraction of information that he provided to investigators.
Finally, in denying the appellant total probation, the trial court observed that the
appellant’s lack of candor with the court concerning his income and the appellant’s failure to attempt
restitution prior to the sentencing hearing suggest an unwillingness to accept responsibility for his
offenses. With respect to the appellant’s lack of candor, the record before this court preponderates
in favor of the trial court’s finding. State v. Parker, 932 S.W.2d 945, 956 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996);
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State v. Jackie R. Ellis, No. 01C01-9804-CC-00177, 1999 WL 219599, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App. at
Nashville, April 16, 1999). Again, the appellant provided three different accounts of his income at
Cigna Medicare: (1) $1,300 per month on the affidavit of indigency; (2) $1,900 per month to the
investigating officer who prepared the pre-sentence report; and (3) $1,600 per month to the court
during his sentencing hearing. 6 We agree with the trial court that the appellant’s apparent attempt
to avoid the consequences of his offenses by minimizing his legal expenses does not bode well for
his chances of successful rehabilitation absent some period of confinement. Moreover, we note our
previous observation in State v. Tommy Dwayne Naillon, No. 03C01-9403-CR-00109, 1994 WL
695168, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, December 13, 1994), that, generally speaking,
[a]s a reflection of a defendant’s rehabilitative potential, the
defendant’s candor towards the court is particularly relevant, under
the guidance of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(5), to the sentencing
court’s choice of a sentencing alternative under our sentencing act.
Indeed, a defendant’s lack of candor may alone constitute a sufficient basis for denying total
probation. State v. Bunch, 646 S.W.2d 158, 160-161 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Dowdy, 894 S.W.2d
301, 305-306 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Stanley O. Abell, No. 02C01-9805-CR-00129, 1999
WL 336259, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, May 27, 1999), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn.
1999).
As to the appellant’s failure to attempt payment of restitution prior to the sentencing
hearing, we acknowledge that a defendant’s inability to pay restitution cannot form the basis for the
denial of an alternative sentence. State v. Millsaps, 920 S.W.2d 267, 272 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
However, we previously considered a defendant’s unwillingness to pay restitution a reflection of her
unwillingness to accept responsibility for her crime and, therefore, a valid basis for the denial of total
probation. State v. Wanda Walters, No. 88-174-III, 1989 WL 25792, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at
Nashville, March 23, 1989); see also State v. John William McCoy, No. 9, 1991 WL 35749, at *5
(Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, March 20, 1991). In this case, the appellant was steadily employed
during the year preceding the sentencing hearing. Nevertheless, the appellant failed to either offer
restitution to ComData or save money in anticipation of paying restitution. Of course, the pre-
sentence report does not clearly reflect the appellant’s monthly expenses during the year preceding
the hearing. However, the appellant himself asserted to the officer who prepared the pre-sentence
report that, at his current salary of $2,500 per month, he could pay $100 each month toward
restitution and court costs. At the time of the sentencing hearing, the appellant had been receiving
a salary of $2,500 per month for four months. Yet, the appellant’s bank account contained only
$222. Moreover, although the appellant claims that his financial resources limit his payment of
restitution to $100 per month, those resources apparently pose no obstacle to his re-enrollment in
school or the establishment of his own business.7
6
The pre-sentenc e report ind icates that the investigating officer confirmed the accuracy of the employment
information contained in the report.
7
Subsequ ently, at the hearing on the appellant’s “Motion for New Tri al,” defense counsel indicated that the
appellant was prepared on that day to pay $1,000 in restitution. Yet, during oral argument before this court, counsel
(continued ...)
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In sum, we conclude that the circumstances of the appellant’s offenses and his current
lack of potential for rehabilitation justify the imposition of split confinement in lieu of total
probation. As to the appellant’s claim that the trial court should have sentenced him pursuant to the
Tennessee Community Corrections Act of 1985, we initially note that, on appeal, the appellant
requests placement in a community corrections program only if unaccompanied by any period of
confinement. We also note that, in the trial court, the appellant never requested placement in a
community corrections program. Of course, this court has indicated that a trial court may, in its
discretion, place a defendant in a community corrections program regardless of any oral or written
request by the defendant for “such a form of sentencing.” State v. Timothy Mark Redd, No. 01C01-
9608-CC-00342, 1997 WL 722786, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, November 20,
1997)(citing State v. Estep, 854 S.W.2d 124, 127 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992)); cf., e.g., State v. Willie
B. Jones, No. 92, 1990 WL 73742, at **1-2 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, June 6, 1990). In any
event, even assuming that the appellant meets the minimum eligibility requirements for community
corrections, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-36-106 (1998), he is not automatically entitled to sentencing
under the Act. State v. Grandberry, 803 S.W.2d 706, 707 (Tenn. Crim. App.1990). As we observed
in Grigsby, 957 S.W.2d at 547,
[t]he Community Corrections Act was never intended as a vehicle
through which offenders could escape incarceration. Rather, the
legislature’s intent was to address prison overcrowding by providing
certain non-violent offenders a means by which they could be
rehabilitated while continuing to support their families and
contributing to society. Moreover, when imposing community
corrections sentences, courts must remain mindful of the limited
positions for placement within local programs . . . . Accordingly, the
appellant’s rehabilitative potential is central in the selection process.
Cf. State v. Nunley, 22 S.W.3d 282, 289 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn.
2000). For reasons articulated above, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in declining to
consider the appellant’s placement in a community corrections program in lieu of split confinement.
Indeed, the record reflects that the appellant will derive considerable benefit from a period of “shock
incarceration.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-306 (1997), Sentencing Commission Comments.
Having concluded that the imposition of split confinement is appropriate in this case,
we note pursuant to our de novo review that the trial court ordered the appellant’s eligibility for
release following service of seventy-five percent of his one-year term of confinement or nine months.
We also note that the trial court possessed no authority under the 1989 Sentencing Act to impose this
release eligibility percentage. But see State v. Roger M. DeMass, No. M2000-0344-CCA-R3-CD,
2000 WL 1277359, *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Nashville, August 31, 2000), perm. to appeal denied,
(Tenn. 2001).
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-314(b) (1997) (emphasis) provides:
7
(...continued)
conceded that the appellant had not yet paid any restitution.
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(1) When imposing [a] sentence [pursuant to Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-306] to the local jail or workhouse, the defendant is eligible for
release classification status as provided in this chapter. However, the
court may specify an earlier percentage of eligibility for all programs
except parole. This percentage shall be expressed in one (1) of the
following numeric percentages: zero percent (0%), ten percent (10%),
twenty percent (20%), thirty percent (30%), forty percent (40%) or
fifty percent (50%); provided, that the percentage shall be no higher
than the release eligibility percentage under [Tenn. Code Ann.] § 40-
35-501.
(2) In the event the judgment does not specify a percentage as
provided in subdivision (b)(1), the defendant shall be eligible for such
programs, except parole, six (6) months prior to release eligibility
date under § 40-35-501.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501 (2000 Supp.) is the only other statutory provision in Chapter 35, Title
40 of the Tennessee Code, other than the provision relating to misdemeanor sentencing, that
addresses a defendant’s eligibility for release classification. As relevant to the instant case, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-501(c) provides that “[r]elease eligibility for each defendant sentenced as a
Range I standard offender shall occur after service of thirty percent (30%) of the actual sentence
imposed less sentence credits earned and retained by the defendant.” Therefore, the appellant’s
eligibility for release in this case occurs after service of thirty percent of three years or 10.8 months.
The trial court could have imposed a lesser eligibility percentage for programs other than parole, but
the trial court was required to express the percentage as zero percent, ten percent, or twenty percent
of the actual sentence imposed. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-314(b); Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(c).
We also note that the trial court apparently imposed fines in this case for the purpose
of requiring the appellant to reimburse the State for his legal representation. This court has the
authority to review fines as a part of any sentence. State v. Bryant, 805 S.W.2d 762, 766-767 (Tenn.
1991); see also State v. Robert Wilkes, No. 01C01-9708-CC-00382, 1999 WL 500010, at *12 (Tenn.
Crim. App. at Nashville, July 15, 1999), perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn. 2000). Correspondingly,
“[t]he trial court’s imposition of a fine, if any, is to be based upon the factors and principles of the
1989 Sentencing Act, such as, prior history, potential for rehabilitation, financial means, and
mitigating and enhancing factors, that are relevant to an appropriate, total sentence.” State v.
Blevins, 968 S.W.2d 888, 895 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997); see also State v. Treva Dianne Green, No.
E1999-02204-CCA-R3-CD, 2000 WL 1839130, at *15 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, December
14, 2000); Wilkes, No. 01C01-9708-CC-00382, 1999 WL 500010, at *12. We do not believe that
“the factors and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act” authorize the trial court to impose fines upon
the appellant purely for the purpose of effectuating the repayment of any debt that is owed by the
appellant to the State due to his misrepresentations concerning his income. Moreover, we note that
Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-14-205(d)(1) (2000 Supp.) delineates a trial court’s authority to order a
defendant’s monetary contribution to his representation by the district public defender. This
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statutory provision permits the court to order such contribution as a condition of discharge from
probation. Id. However,
[s]uch sum as ordered by the court shall be paid by the accused
independently and separately from any fines and costs associated
with the cause, and such moneys paid by the accused and collected by
the clerk of the court pursuant to this section shall be collected
independently and separately from any fines and costs associated with
the cause and be applied directly to the sum ordered by the court to be
paid under this section.
Id. (emphasis added).
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part the judgment of the trial court but reverse
the trial court’s order that the appellant be eligible for release following service of seventy-five
percent of his one-year term of confinement and further reverse the trial court’s imposition of fines
amounting to $1,500. Upon remand, the trial court may, in its discretion, (1) impose a percentage
of eligibility for programs other than parole in accordance with Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-314 (b)(1);
and (2) impose fines in accordance with the “the factors and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act.”
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NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE
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