IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
JANUARY SESSION, 2000
FILED
February 17, 2000
STATE OF TENNESSEE, *
* Cecil Crowson, Jr.
No. W1999-00990-CCA-R3-CD
Appellee, * Appellate Court Clerk
* SHELBY COUNTY
vs. *
* Hon. Bernie Weinman, Judge
WAKEFIELD DAVIS, *
* ( Robbery)
Appellant. *
For the Appellant: For the Appellee:
Tony N. Brayton Paul G. Summers
Asst. Public Defender Attorney General and Reporter
201 Poplar, Suite 2-01
Memphis, TN 38103 Tara B. Hinkle
Assistant Attorney General
Criminal Justice Division
425 Fifth Avenue North
AC Wharton, Jr. 2d Floor, Cordell Hull Building
District Public Defender Nashville, TN 37243-0493
William L. Gibbons
District Attorney General
John Campbell
Asst. District Attorney General
201 Poplar Avenue - 3rd Floor
Memphis, TN 38103
OPINION FILED:
AFFIRMED
David G. Hayes, Judge
OPINION
The appellant, Wakefield Davis, was charged by criminal information with
robbery, a class C felony. On March 12, 1999, he waived his right to indictment and
pled guilty to the offense as charged. Following the sentencing hearing, the trial
court imposed a three year suspended sentence and placed the appellant on
probation for four years. The appellant’s request for judicial diversion was denied.
The appellant appeals from this judgment contending as error his denial of
diversion.
We affirm the judgment of the lower court.
Background
The stipulated facts presented by the State at the guilty plea hearing reveal
that, on December 7, 1998, the appellant entered the Lock and Key Storage located
at 1045 Jefferson in Memphis. He “pulled what appeared to be a pistol [on Frieda
Faulkner], and took some money.” “He was later apprehended with the money and
apparently also had a toy gun that he claimed was the gun he had at the robbery.”
Prior to the presentation of proof at the sentencing hearing, defense counsel
asked the court to consider judicial diversion. In establishing the appellant’s
eligibility for diversion, counsel stated that, although the appellant had a 1990
Shelby County arrest, no final disposition of the charged offenses could be located.
Moreover, counsel presented the testimony of Rick Brown and Jennifer Sewell,
records custodians of the Shelby County General Sessions Court and Criminal
Court respectively, who both testified that they were unable to locate any record of
any disposition of the charged offenses. Additionally, Velma Stribling testified that
she located records showing an arrest of the appellant on December 14, 1990, for
possession of cocaine with the intent to sell; possession of marijuana with intent to
sell; and possession of drug paraphernalia. Despite evidence of the arrest, Ms.
Stribling was also unable to locate any record disposing of the case. On cross-
examination, she admitted that these arrests “could be active cases that had just
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never been disposed . . . .”
In his own behalf, the appellant, a forty-two year old high school graduate,
testified that he had served six years in the United Stated Navy, was previously
employed as an aircraft mechanic, and was a merchant marine for eight years. At
the time of the offense charged, the appellant was employed “at a temporary
service.” He told the court that his drug abuse began three years prior to this
offense. The appellant further admitted that he was arrested in 1990 on a drug
charge. He explained that, at the time of his arrest, he was doing telemarketing
work out of his employer’s home. While he was at his employer’s residence, a
warrant was served and everyone in the home, including the appellant, was
arrested. When he appeared in court on the charges, “[he] was released.” He
stated that the judge had informed him that he “was no longer involved in the case”
because his employer had admitted to owning and possessing the drugs. The
appellant denied that he was involved in any illegal drug use at this time. Contrary to
this explanation, the State introduced the arrest report which indicated that, at the
time the warrant was served, the police discovered everyone in the residence “sitting
around smoking crack.”
Regarding the present offense, the appellant admitted the facts offered by
the State. Although he conceded that he “should accept full responsibility for [his]
actions,” he testified that, at the time of the offense, he was under the influence of
cocaine and that he only committed the offense in order to support his habit.
Indeed, he admitted that he was spending eighty to one hundred dollars a day on
drugs; smoking three to four pieces of crack cocaine a day. The trial court later
elicited testimony that, at the time of the offense, the appellant was only earning
fifty-five dollars per day. Acknowledging the discrepancy between what he was
earning and what he was spending on illegal drugs, he explained that “sometimes
[he] would collaborate with other individuals. . . . [Y]ou manage to make deals.” The
appellant stated that he had been incarcerated since the date of his arrest and since
that time he has “subscribed to several ministries,” including the Radio Bible Church;
the Robert Haygood Ministry and the Copeland Ministry. Additionally, in recognition
of his drug addiction, the appellant stated that he had contacted several rehabili-
tation organizations for placement should he be released. Specifically, the appellant
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testified that he had been accepted in an inpatient program by the Calvary Colony
Members Union Mission. In petitioning the court for a grant of judicial diversion, the
appellant stated that he was a changed person and that diversion was necessary to
further his professional career in the real estate business.
Arthur Davis, the appellant’s second cousin, testified that he was a self-
employed real estate broker. He stated that the appellant had expressed an interest
in the real estate business and Mr. Davis had agreed to sponsor the appellant. He
explained that a felony conviction would hinder the appellant’s pursuit of his real
estate license. Mr. Davis also informed the court that the appellant would have the
support of his family in any rehabilitative efforts.
In denying judicial diversion, the trial court recited the following findings:
. . . [F]irst, we have an offense that is a horrible, horrible set of
circumstances. Somebody goes in with what appeared to be a gun
and threatens somebody. So certainly the information gave you an
opportunity to plead to something that the law says now could well be
a much more aggravated felony, and you would be eligible for no-
release category, just about.
But regardless . . . you were allowed to do this , but we have someone
here that, under a horrible set of circumstances, felt, at least, that their
life was being threatened so you could get funds to . . . get more
money to buy drugs . . . .
And so the serious crime - - and then we have someone . . .[n]ot . . . a
person trying to feed a family . . . but a person who wanted to feed a
habit.
. . . And we have someone here, . . .[who] as a mature adult, began
his drug addiction; not a child . . .or a youngster who was led into
something like this, but an adult who made . . . a decision that this is
the course of action they would take and had to know . . .that this had
got to be a consequence of this kind of conduct.
I think, taking all that into consideration, the Court is of the opinion that
diversion would be inappropriate in this case. . . .
Analysis
“Judicial diversion is [a] legislative largess whereby a defendant adjudicated
guilty may, upon successful completion of a diversion program, receive an
expungement from all ‘official records’ any recordation relating to ‘arrest, indictment
or information, trial, finding of guilty, and dismissal and discharge’ pursuant to the
diversion statute.” State v. Schindler, 986 S.W.2d 209, 211 (Tenn. 1999). The
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effect of discharge and dismissal under the diversion statute “is to restore the
person . . . to the status the person occupied before such arrest or indictment or
information.” Id. (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-313(b) (1997)).
A criminal defendant is eligible for judicial diversion only if he has been
convicted of a misdemeanor or a class C, D, or E felony and he must not have been
previously convicted of a felony or a Class A misdemeanor. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-313(a)(1)(A). However, eligibility under the diversion statute does not
ensure the grant of diversion. Indeed, the decision of whether to place an appellant
on judicial diversion is within the sound discretion of the trial court. See State v.
Harris, 953 S.W.2d 701, 705 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Thus, upon review by an
appellate court, if “any substantial evidence [exists in the record] to support the
refusal,” the decision of the trial court will be upheld and this court will not revisit the
issue. See State v. Hammersley, 650 S.W.2d 352, 356 (Tenn. 1983).
In making the determination of whether to grant judicial diversion, the trial
court must consider the following factors:
(a) the accused’s amenability to correction
(b) the circumstances of the offense
(c) the accused’s criminal record
(d) the accused’s social history
(e) the status of the accused’s physical and mental health
(f) the deterrence value to the accused as well as others.
State v. Lewis, 978 S.W.2d 558, 566 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), perm. to appeal
denied, (Tenn. 1998) (citing State v. Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d 163, 168 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1993)). The trial court should also consider whether judicial diversion will serve
the ends of justice- - the interests of the public as well as the accused. Id.
Additional factors which may be considered include the appellant’s attitude, his
behavior since his arrest, his home environment, current drug usage, emotional
stability, past employment, general reputation, family responsibilities, and the
attitude of law enforcement. Id. (citing State v. Washington, 866 S.W.2d 950, 951
(Tenn. 1993)).
The appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his request for
judicial diversion. Specifically, he contends that the trial court “failed to articulate
how those factors which served as the basis for . . .it’s denial of judicial diversion
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outweighed other favorable factors for granting judicial diversion.” Additionally, he
contends that the trial court placed too much weight on the circumstances of the
offense and failed to consider such favorable factors as (1) the appellant’s work
history; (2) responsibility for his actions; (3) efforts at rehabilitation; and (4) family
support.
In its articulated findings denying diversion, the trial court relied upon the
circumstances of the offense and the appellant’s drug use. The trial court failed to
articulate its consideration of all relevant factors. Specifically, the trial court failed to
explain why its reliance upon the circumstances of the offense and the appellant’s
drug use outweighed all other factors. See Bonestel, 871 S.W.2d at 168.
Notwithstanding this omission, the question remains whether the trial court reached
the correct result. See, e.g., State v. Kenneth B. Johnson, No. 02C01-9612-CR-
00476 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Feb. 12, 1998), perm. to appeal denied,
(Tenn. Nov. 2, 1998); State v. Talmadge G. Wilbanks, No. 02C01-9601-CR-00003
(Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Nov. 19, 1996).
While the appellant’s background history is in many respects positive, we
conclude that the circumstances of this offense and his history of drug use provide
the necessary evidence to support the trial court’s ruling. Specifically, the trial court
noted that the facts of this offense supported the greater charge of aggravated
robbery, a class B felony, which in itself would have precluded the appellant from
consideration of any diversion program. We recognize that the trial court may look
behind a plea agreement and consider the true nature of the offense committed.
See State v. Hollingsworth, 647 S.W.2d 937, 939 (Tenn.1983); State v. Biggs, 769
S.W.2d 506, 507 (Tenn. Crim. App.1988). The offense also was committed to “feed
[the appellant’s] [drug] habit.” Similarly, the trial court considered the appellant’s
admitted eighty to one hundred dollar a day drug habit. Clearly, the court was
concerned with the appellant's history of drug use and, apparently, with his other
instances of criminal behavior. See, e.g., State v. Beverly, 894 S.W.2d 292, 293
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Moreover, while the court failed to specifically enumerate
factors favoring diversion in its findings, the record reflects that the court considered
the appellant’s age, his employment status, his military service, and the appellant’s
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desire to obtain a real estate license. We also note that the trial court was in a
position to judge the appellant’s credibility based upon his appearance and
demeanor while testifying. Indeed, the trial court’s findings indicate that the
appellant was untruthful, or at least, lacked candor, with the court. This factor alone
may be sufficient to deny diversion. State v. Anderson, 857 S.W.2d 571, 574 (Tenn.
Crim. App.1992). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in refusing to grant the appellant judicial diversion. This issue is without
merit.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
____________________________________
DAVID G. HAYES, Judge
CONCUR:
___________________________________________
JOE G. RILEY, Judge
___________________________________________
JOHN EVERETT W ILLIAMS, Judge
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State v. Wakefield Davis
Combined Opinion