IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
FILED
AT KNOXVILLE June 17, 1999
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
JANUARY 1999 SESSION Appellate C ourt
Clerk
MICHAEL LEE MCCORMICK, )
)
Appellee, ) C.C.A. No. 03C01-9802-CR-00052
)
vs. ) Hamilton County
)
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Honorable John K. Byers,
) Sitting by Designation
Appellant. )
) (Post-Conviction - First Degree
) Murder - Death Penalty)
)
FOR THE APPELLEE: FOR THE APPELLANT:
T. MAXFIELD BAHNER JOHN KNOX WALKUP
1000 Tallan Building Attorney General & Reporter
Two Union Square
Chattanooga, TN 37402 MICHAEL E. MOORE
Solicitor General
MICHAEL E. RICHARDSON
202 Market Court DON UNGURAIT (at hearing)
Chattanooga, TN 37402 Deputy Attorney General
450 James Robertson Parkway
Nashville, TN 37243
KENNETH W. RUCKER (on
appeal)
Assistant Attorney General
425 Fifth Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37243
WILLIAM H. COX, III
District Attorney General
JOSEPH A. REHYANSKI
Asst. District Attorney General
600 Market Street - Court Bldg.
Chattanooga, TN 37402
OPINION FILED: _____________
AFFIRMED
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE
OPINION
The State of Tennessee appeals the Hamilton County Criminal Court’s
grant of post-conviction relief to the petitioner, Michael Lee McCormick. In 1987,
a Hamilton County jury convicted the petitioner of the 1985 first degree murder of
Donna Jean Nichols. The jury imposed the death penalty based upon its finding
that the murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding, interfering with or
preventing a lawful arrest or prosecution of the defendant. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§39-2-203(I)(6) (1982) (repealed 1989). The conviction and sentence were affirmed
by the Tennessee Supreme Court in State v. McCormick, 778 S.W.2d 48 (Tenn.
1989). On May 20, 1990, the petitioner filed the petition for post-conviction relief
presently under review. After an evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court
ordered a new trial based upon its findings that the petitioner had received
ineffective assistance of counsel in both the guilt and penalty phases of the trial.
On appeal, the state raises the following issues:
1. Whether the lower court erred in finding that trial
counsel inadequately investigated potential witnesses and that
any such inadequacy prejudiced the defendant.
2. Whether the lower court erred in finding that the
defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel at the
sentencing phase of the trial and that any such ineffective
assistance prejudiced the petitioner.
3. Whether some of the claims of the petitioner have
been waived.
After oral argument of the issues, review of the parties’ briefs and the law, and
review of the record, we affirm the action of the post-conviction court.
I. Facts of the Murder Case.
The facts of the murder case are set forth in the following excerpt from
the Supreme Court’s direct-appeal opinion:
At about 2:00 a.m. Thursday, February 14, 1985, the body of the
victim was discovered in a parking area along Brainerd Road in Chattanooga.
2
...
Two head wounds were apparent, as well as one on the hand.
...
An autopsy later that morning showed that Jeanie Nichols had been
shot at very close range.
...
At 4:46 a.m. the [victim’s] car was found in an auto service parking lot
that was frequently used by customers of the adjacent Beach Club, a singles’
night spot.
...
Faint smudges of blood stained the covers of the front seats, and a
thick film of blood covered the frame and exterior panel below the passenger
door.
...
The victim was at home until approximately 9:30 on the night of the
13th. At 9:45 she met a man she dated frequently, [Dewayne Hines,] and
they had drinks at Merv’s restaurant. When they separated at 11:30, Jeanie
Nichols was driving the car later found near the Beach Club. She announced
she was going to “hit” Brainerd Road, by which her companion understood
she planned to visit various night spots in the area.
...
Defendant was a friend of Nichols’ younger brother Hap, with whom
she shared an apartment in their grandmother’s home.
...
The two men regularly consumed drugs together and had committed
a burglary at [a Georgia] college and stolen electronic equipment. When the
victim completed her pharmacy degree and moved to Chattanooga in 1984,
she discovered these activities and McCormick’s identity. She insisted that
the stolen equipment be moved from the house and that her brother end his
association with Defendant. Hap Nichols related all this to Defendant at the
time, as McCormick later admitted, and he removed the equipment.
According to family members, Jeanie was very proud of her career, had
worked her way through school, and had undertaken to straighten out her
brother’s life.
...
It was also learned that Defendant had visited at the home of a former
girlfriend, near his parents’ home, from 9:30 to 11:10 p.m. on February 13.
He was driving his employer’s red truck, and he left saying it was too early
to go home. This witness reported that Defendant was intoxicated and
behaved in a bizarre fashion and he spent some time removing something
he had hidden under her house. At this point McCormick was questioned by
Detective Dudley of the Chattanooga Police Department.
...
He said he had met a childhood friend at Bennigan’s on the evening
of February 13. They had a few drinks and left in separate vehicles for the
Brainerd Beach Club. He had left the Beach Club at 11:00 or 11:30 p.m. and
gone straight to his parents’ home, where he lived.
...
Defendant consented to the gathering of samples of hair, saliva, etc.
and to a search of his house and vehicles. With one exception, nothing of
interest was found. A hair collected from the interior of the victim’s car was
determined to have features similar to his, and could have come from the
Defendant.
...
Shortly after this interview and search, Defendant left town and spent
some time in Arizona. He returned, was convicted of the college burglary,
and served a sentence followed by parole.
...
McCormick and the victim had been seen together. An employee of
the Revco Drug Store, where Jeanie Nichols worked at the time of her death,
3
[Donna Lawson,] testified she and the victim had gone out together during
this time. She reported three disturbing encounters she witnessed between
Nichols and McCormick during the three weeks before the murder. Twice he
had come to the pharmacy counter with another man and engaged the victim
in conversation. On February 7 he and another man had approached her at
a bar, and they talked privately for a long time. Each of these conversations
left the normally talkative and cheerful victim in a depressed mood.
Almost two years after the murder, January 21, 1987, Chattanooga
Police arranged for Defendant to meet Eddie Cooper in a Georgia parole
office. Cooper was an undercover officer posing as a parolee. The two
moved into a motel apartment together and over the next four weeks Cooper
gained Defendant’s confidence and included him in several purported
transfers of stolen cars.
Early on, Defendant asked if they needed to go armed in these
transactions and said he had a .45 calibre handgun. He conversed about
murderers he had met in prison and professed to know about contract
murder, but he made no mention of the Nichols killing. Cooper then hinted
he had been offered twenty thousand dollars to perform a murder in
Knoxville.
On February 9, Detective Dudley staged the arrest of a customer in
a bar in the presence of the Defendant and Cooper, and he spoke to
Defendant. Defendant was visibly shaken. Cooper demanded to know
whether Defendant was under suspicion, in light of their mutual illegal
activities. Defendant explained about the burglary conviction and the murder
investigation. Over the next few days Cooper pursued the subject, ostensibly
concerned about their safety and Defendant’s trustworthiness. When asked
why anyone would kill a woman, Defendant replied, “For instance, a woman
knew more about you than you wanted them to know, possibly enough that
would put you in the penitentiary. . . There’s some things you just don’t tell
on yourself.” He claimed he had refused one thousand dollars to kill Jeanie
Nichols, but he knew the murderer. According to him the motive related to
the drug inventory at her place of employment and she “was going to spill her
guts.” Defendant also said Nichols had been shot three times with a 9 mm
or .45 calibre weapon, once in the temple, once behind the ear, and once in
the hand. He stated the gun “wasn’t two inches from her head.” Later he
said he did not know why she had been killed.
...
On February 17, 1987, the Defendant unexpectedly began to confess
to Nichols’ murder. Cooper managed to record the conversation, which was
played for the jury along with several previous conversations. Defendant
said that he had killed Nichols but not for $1,000.00. Supposedly, she was
“holding out” some drugs. He claimed that he had killed her “over some
money” and said he had been paid $3,500.00 but did not name who had paid
him. He and Nichols had met at the Beach Club and left together. He had
then killed her, dumped her body in Eastgate, parked her car at an automatic
transmission business near the Beach Club, and driven away in his van.
...
Defendant’s parents testified that . . . he had come home that evening
between 11:00 and 11:30 p.m. Shortly thereafter he went out again for a few
minutes but did not take a vehicle. He returned around 12:10 a.m. and
remained with his mother in the living room from 1:00 to 2:00 a.m., and he
retired at 3:00 a.m.
At the sentencing phase the State presented no further proof. In
mitigation, Defendant’s father described his son’s serious drinking problem,
which had begun at age 14 or 15. It became worse, and was complicated
by marijuana use, after his discharge from the Air Force in 1974. He had
twice entered treatment programs, but in 1984 when he returned home after
his divorce, the drinking had become constant. Defendant’s alcoholism was
corroborated by the trial testimony of various acquaintances. In addition,
counsel argued Defendant had no significant criminal history. T.C.A. 39-2-
4
203(j)(1), (8).
McCormick, 778 S.W.2d at 49-52.
On this evidence, McCormick was convicted of first degree murder
and sentenced to death.
II. Facts of the Post-Conviction Hearing.
a.
At the post-conviction hearing, Rodney Strong, one of the petitioner’s
trial attorneys, testified that he had practiced law since 1978 and had participated
in several murder trials and four or five capital cases by the time of the petitioner’s
trial. Strong and his co-counsel, Paul Bergmann, investigated the case themselves
by obtaining personal history from the defendant and by interviewing a number of
witnesses. They did not petition the court for state funds to compensate an
investigator or for expert services. Counsel determined that there was no need for
expert psychological testimony after becoming acquainted with the petitioner and
discussing the petitioner’s case with Ken Stallings, a mental health counselor who
had counseled the defendant for a substance abuse problem.
Counsel’s bill for compensation reflected that Strong spent 22.8 hours
investigating the case. Counsel filed a motion to suppress the defendant’s pre-trial
statements. Once the trial court overruled the motion to suppress the undercover
tapes made by Cooper, the defense strategy was to show that the defendant’s
statements to Cooper that he had killed the victim were manifestations of his
propensity to lie about his deeds and experiences. The defense relied upon the
lack of physical evidence that tied the defendant to the murder and upon the
defendant’s mother’s testimony that the defendant was home at the time the crime
was committed.
5
At trial, the defense tried to show that the petitioner had a reputation
for lying and was known to claim falsely that he had fought in the war in Vietnam.
The defense also relied upon the petitioner’s history of being dependent on alcohol
to support the claim that the inculpative statements given to the undercover agent
were made merely to curry favor with the agent, who was providing a temporary
residence for the petitioner.
One of the state’s witnesses at the trial of the case, Donna Lawson,
testified that prior to the night the victim was killed, she had seen the victim and the
petitioner conversing three times. Twice Lawson saw the two talking in the Revco
store where Lawson and the victim worked, and the week before the shooting, she
saw them talking in a night club. In his post-conviction hearing testimony, Strong
acknowledged that Lawson had been a former client of his and that, based upon
this representation, he knew she had previously pleaded guilty to felony bad check
charges. At trial, counsel declined to use the prior admission or convictions to
impeach Lawson’s testimony.
Strong testified that he tried to develop proof at trial to suggest that a
boyfriend of the victim, David Shore, was a jealous individual and that at the time
of her death, the victim was dating another man, Dewayne Hines. The victim and
Hines had been seen together at an establishment called Merv’s on the night of
February 13, 1985.
Counsel did not investigate the whereabouts of Dewayne Hines after
he left Merv’s on February 13, nor did they investigate the whereabouts of David
Shore that night. Counsel did not talk to any of the employees of the Brainerd
Beach Club nor check charge slips to ascertain identities of customers that were
served at the Brainerd Beach Club on the night of February 13 or early morning
hours of February 14.
6
The only physical evidence which the prosecution used in the trial was
a hair found in the victim’s automobile which contained properties similar to a strand
of the petitioner’s hair. The defense did not attempt to obtain independent analysis
of the hair, nor did it attempt to obtain independent analysis of the clothes worn by
the petitioner on the night of February 13-14. The defense did not attempt to obtain
the victim’s fingernail scrapings once the prosecutor informed counsel that the tests
on the scrapings were “negative.” Through the pre-trial statement of the petitioner’s
that was taken by Officer Dudley prior to the undercover operation, the trial
evidence showed that the defendant admitted to drug and alcohol use and to
various criminal convictions, including indecent exposure. Defense counsel did not
object to these portions of the statement being admitted into evidence because they
wished to demonstrate the petitioner’s problem with alcohol and that he had
persisted in denying his involvement in the victim’s murder despite the withering
interrogative tactics of Dudley.
Defense counsel was aware prior to trial that Jeff Bowen, a security
guard at the Brainerd Beach Club, saw a “girl who looked like Nichols and was
dressed like Nichols leave with an unidentified male.” Counsel elected not to
pursue this information and did not call Bowen to testify at trial. Counsel had no
recollection of a composite drawing of the man who Bowen saw leave the club with
the victim on the night of February 13-14, although Bowen’s statement and a copy
of the drawing apparently were given to defense counsel during discovery. Strong
opined, upon seeing the composite drawing for the first time at the post-conviction
hearing, that had the figure in the drawing been given a beard, it would have
resembled the petitioner’s likeness. Strong recounted his belief that had the jury
concluded the man meeting Bowen’s description was the petitioner, then Bowen’s
testimony would be the only trial testimony to put the petitioner in the victim’s
presence on the night of her death.
The guilt phase of the trial concluded with a verdict of guilty of first
7
degree murder at approximately 5:00 p.m. on Saturday afternoon, and the trial court
proceeded with the sentencing phase of the trial on Saturday evening. The defense
relied upon the trial testimony of Ralph Lindsay, which supported the fact that the
petitioner had an alcohol problem, and upon the testimony of the petitioner’s father.
The petitioner did not testify in either phase of the trial. No expert witnesses were
used in either phase of the trial.
Paul Bergmann, Strong’s co-counsel, did not recall much of counsel’s
trial preparation activities. He testified that counsel either talked or attempted to talk
to all of the witnesses whose names had been given them by the defendant and his
family and all of the witnesses named on the state’s witness lists. Bergmann spent
a total of 42.1 hours investigating the case and interviewing witnesses. He did not
recall that either himself or Strong had interviewed Jeff Bowen. Specifically, he did
not recall interviewing Jeff Bowen, reading Bowen’s statement given to the police,
or previously seeing the composite drawing made from Bowen’s description of the
man who allegedly accompanied the victim as she left the Brainerd Beach Club.
Bergmann acknowledged that the petitioner had a full beard at the time of the
homicide, whereas the figure in the Bowen drawing was clean-shaven except for a
mustache.
Bergmann acknowledged that the “pathology” of lying might be an
issue that required specialized knowledge within Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702
and 703.
b.
Jeff Bowen testified at the post-conviction hearing that the police
asked him to view the victim’s body at the hospital for purposes of identification.
Based upon her distinctive clothing, he identified her as the woman he saw leaving
the Brainerd Beach Club several hours earlier in the company of a man who was
immaculately dressed in coat and tie. Bowen described the man as being neatly
groomed, clean-shaven except for possibly a mustache, “one of those guys that
8
looks like his shirt was starched and the whole shot, so I mean he was sharp.”
Bowen did not specify the time when the couple departed. He had no recollection
of being contacted by defense counsel. He further testified that the man he saw
with the victim did not resemble the photograph of the petitioner which was taken
a few days after the homicide.
c.
At the post-conviction hearing, the petitioner called William L. Curtis,
a private investigator who had formerly served as an FBI special agent. Curtis
conducted an investigation of the homicide as part of the petitioner’s preparation for
his post-conviction hearing, and in the course of the investigation, Curtis interviewed
a number of persons. With the assent of the court and the state,1 Curtis was
allowed to testify what various persons had said in their interviews with him. Many
of these persons were subpoenaed and available to testify, and the testimony of
Curtis was apparently used by stipulation as a device for abbreviating the hearing.
In this vein, Curtis summarized several interviews, chief among which are the
following:
1. Clarence Parton was manager of the Revco in
Chattanooga where the victim worked as a pharmacist in 1985.
Lawson was also an employee of this store, and Parton said
that Lawson’s credibility was suspect and that she was
ultimately fired for taking merchandise from the store.
2. Barbara Tallent worked at the Revco and indicated
that she had never seen the petitioner in the store talking to
the victim, as Lawson had testified, but she had seen Dewayne
Hines in the store talking with the victim. Tallent did not
believe that Lawson was a credible individual.
1
Upon the petitioner requesting that Curtis be allowed to summarize
his interviews, the state announced, “My agreement with Mr. Richardson . . . is I
have no objection to Mr. Curtis, subject to [the court’s] approval, summarizing
and presenting what is obviously blatant hearsay in order to expedite matters.”
9
3. Dick Dangler was the Revco security manager who
said that the victim’s keys to the store were never recovered.
4. Susie Wilson was a bartender at the Brainerd Beach
Club who recognized the photograph of Dewayne Hines and
said that he was a regular at the club in February of 1985. She
did not recognize the photograph of the defendant.
5. Jane McDonald was a customer at the Brainerd
Beach Club on the night of February 13, 1985 and saw the
victim coming into the club accompanied by two men. She did
not recognize the two men and did not connect either of them
to the photograph of the petitioner.
6. Dana Sokohl, an acquaintance of the victim’s,
examined a composite picture that had been drawn to the
specifications of a woman named Joyce Mahn. The composite
picture was allegedly meant to depict a man that Mahn saw in
the Brainerd Beach Club parking lot on the night of February
13. Sokohl told Curtis that the man in the picture looked like
David Shore, the former fiancé of the victim.
None of the potential witnesses identified above had been interviewed
by defense counsel prior to the trial.
d.
Doctor Gillian Blair, a clinical psychologist, testified at the post-
conviction hearing that the petitioner had psychiatric hospitalizations prior to the
victim’s murder and in the past had been diagnosed with psychosis. He had a long
history of chronic dependence on alcohol which probably contributed to the previous
finding of psychosis. The petitioner had a chronic need to bolster his self image by
telling fantastic lies about himself and persisting in these lies even in the face of
hard evidence to the contrary. Doctor Blair opined that a previous diagnosis of post-
10
traumatic stress disorder was incorrect and without foundation. After administering
a battery of tests to the petitioner, she determined that his full scale IQ was in the
high average range. He had no organic damage and was neither psychotic nor
sociopathic. He had no manic depressive disorder, was not delusional nor
paranoid, but he may have suffered from a bipolar disorder or cyclothymia. She
found that he was hypomanic and that he exhibited extreme anxiety and agitation,
pressured speech, distractibility, and flight of ideas. The petitioner had a negative
view of himself and pursued an extremely strong need for acceptance and approval
from others. She opined that his propensity to lie stemmed from this need but that
the trait itself did not indicate a disorder and did not require specialized expertise to
understand. Blair opined that the defendant could be vulnerable to coercion or
manipulation in making false statements.
e.
Debra Boggs, the petitioner’s ex-wife, testified that he was a great
husband and father when he was not drinking. When he was in periods of sobriety,
he was always helping other people, serving on the volunteer fire department, and
volunteering for the Boy Scouts. He had rescued a drowning girl from a swimming
pool and revived a heart attack victim by administering cardio- pulmonary
resuscitation. She admitted that the petitioner was a different individual when he
was drinking and that he had once threatened her life and had assaulted her on a
few occasions.
f.
John Kilborn, a forensic scientist with a specialty in the analysis of hair
samples, testified that the FBI specialist testified inaccurately at the trial when he
said that properties of the petitioner’s hair sample were similar to “unique” properties
of a hair found in the victim’s car. Kilborn testified that hair could not serve as the
basis of positive identification as in the case of DNA evidence or fingerprints and
that the hair segment found in the victim’s vehicle, although it had properties similar
to the petitioner’s hair sample, could not serve as a reliable basis for comparison
11
because it was not a full hair strand.
g.
Several witnesses appeared at the post-conviction hearing to testify
that the petitioner had an alcohol problem and that he was never known to be
violent.
h.
The petitioner testified at the hearing that he had submitted a long list
of names of possible witnesses to counsel, but only his parents and Ralph Lindsay
testified for the defense at trial. He complained that prior to trial he had difficulty
contacting his attorneys from the jail. He did not know that he could have petitioned
for state funds for expert and investigator assistance until he began his post-
conviction proceeding. He only met with Ken Stallings one time. He was not aware
of Jeff Bowen prior to trial. He acknowledged that he elected not to testify at the
trial. He maintained that he did not know the trial would consist of two phases, nor
that he had a right to testify at the penalty phase even if he had not testified during
the guilt phase.
I.
Charles Fels, a Knoxville lawyer, testified as an expert on the range
of competence for counsel under the Sixth Amendment. Generally, he opined that
counsel in a capital case is obliged to interview all of the state’s witnesses, to
investigate the defendant’s background, education, and medical, psychological and
military history, and to examine scientific reports and independently investigate the
accuracy of expert findings. He found the total hours reported for interviewing
witnesses to be very minimal. He highlighted the failure of counsel to use the
composite picture that was based upon Bowen’s description and the failure to
uncover Jane McDonald’s knowledge that the victim entered the Brainard Beach
12
Club in the presence of two men, neither of whom were the petitioner. Fels opined
that the hair analysis should have been attacked along the same lines as John
Kilborn’s post-conviction testimony. Further, he opined that trial counsel was remiss
in not seeking independent forensic analysis of the victim’s fingernail scrapings and
the defendant’s clothing. Fels opined that the number of pre-trial motions were
minimal and that the issues raised in the motion for new trial were limited and too
general. He was particularly critical of counsel’s failure to file motions in limine in
order to redact from petitioner’s various pre-trial statements a number of damaging
revelations that were not probative of the issues on trial. He cited counsel’s failure
to object to various other components of evidence and to comments made by the
prosecutor during the closing arguments. Finally, he opined that trial counsel’s
performance during the penalty phase was deficient because psychological
evidence had not been adequately explored.
j.
At the post-conviction hearing, the state called Dr. John Spencer, a
clinical and forensic psychologist, who testified that although the petitioner was
antisocial, he was not psychotic, had no organic brain damage, and is intelligent.
Doctor Spencer opined there was no basis for referring the case to an expert in the
field of false confessions and that a lay witness’ anecdotal information about the
petitioner’s lying was more significant evidence than could be offered by an expert
witness. “Pathological liar” is not a diagnostic category but merely a description of
people who are often antisocial and who lie frequently.
III. Post-conviction Court’s Findings.
Based upon the evidence, much of which is summarized above, the
post-conviction court sustained the petition in the following particulars:
1. Counsel’s representation was prejudicially deficient
in failing to develop and use the information supplied by Jeff
Bowen, including the composite drawing. The post-conviction
court found that the Bowen evidence “would have been highly
13
beneficial to the defense theory,” especially “where the case
contained little to no physical evidence against the defendant.”
2. Counsel’s investigation was prejudicially deficient in
the failure to interview other employees from the Brainard
Beach Club and other witnesses “who may have seen the
victim on the night of the murder with someone other than the
defendant.”
3. Counsel was deficient in failing to develop mitigation
evidence from lay witnesses for use at the sentencing hearing.
4. Although standing alone, the failure to use
psychological evidence to explain the defendant’s propensity
to lie in the guilt phase would have been innocuous, the post-
conviction court found that “in combination with all the other
deficiencies in this case such an error has much greater
weight” and that “the absence of a psychological expert at the
sentencing phase is a more obvious deficiency because a
psychological expert could have helped to more fully explain
the defendant’s tendencies to lie and his propensity to be
influenced by alcohol and/or drugs.”
5. Counsel was deficient in failing to impeach the
testimony of Donna Lawson, the only trial witness to place the
petitioner in the victim’s company at any time.
6. Counsel failed to “focus the jury’s attention on
several inconsistencies between the defendant’s statements
and the facts of the state’s case.” Particularly glaring was the
failure to emphasize the amount of time that passed between
the victim’s discovery of the petitioner’s act of burglary and her
murder, because this factor served as the sole basis for
imposing the death penalty.
7. Counsel was deficient in failing to object to improper
14
comments by the prosecution during the trial and during
argument, which failures “contribute to the overall finding that
the defendant did not receive the effective assistance of
counsel and that this case was prejudiced by counsel’s
performance.”2
IV. Standards for Establishing and Reviewing Ineffective Assistance of
Counsel.
All of the post-conviction court’s bases for granting post-conviction
relief were instances of ineffective assistance of counsel.
When a defendant seeks relief on the basis of ineffective assistance
of counsel, he must first establish that the services rendered or the advice given
was below “the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.”
Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975). Second, he must show that the
deficiencies “actually had an adverse effect on the defense.” Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 693, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2067 (1984). There must be a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068; see Best v. State, 708
2
In this appeal by the state, our review is limited to the propriety of the
post-conviction court’s findings sustaining some of the petitioner’s claims. Prior
to the evidentiary hearing, the court dismissed other claims as being waived or
previously determined, and after the hearing, the court denied the following
ineffective assistance claims in its “Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law”: (1)
choice of defense strategy; (2) failure to request adequate independent analysis
of the hair samples, the fingernail scrapings, a fingerprint found on a check in the
victim’s pocket, bloody tire tracks at the crime scene, and the defendant’s
clothes; (3) failure to use a jury selection expert; (4) the lack of pretrial
accessibility of counsel to the petitioner; (5) failure to file more pretrial motions;
(6) failure to seek redaction of the petitioner’s pretrial statements; (7) inadequate
advice of counsel concerning the petitioner’s right to testify at trial; (8) improper
or inadequate voir dire of prospective jurors; (9) failure to object to improper
prosecutorial commentary; (10) failure to object to improper jury instructions; (11)
general inadequacy in objecting to trial court errors or evidence presented at trial;
(12) failure to make an opening statement; and (13) inadequate appellate
preparation and briefing. The post-conviction court also denied, after the
hearing, a claim of prosecutorial misconduct that the state had failed to disclose
exculpatory evidence and had “failed to reveal all promises, deals, agreements. .
. made by the state with any witness or potential witness.”
15
S.W.2d 421, 422 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985). Should the defendant fail to establish
either factor, he is not entitled to relief.
The scrutiny of counsel’s performance must be “highly deferential,”
and the reviewing court must refrain from concluding “that a particular act or
omission of counsel was unreasonable” merely because the strategy employed was
unsuccessful. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. “A fair assessment,”
the United States Supreme Court has said, entails making every effort to “eliminate
the distorting effects of hindsight” and evaluating the “conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.” Id., 104 S. Ct. at 2065. The court promulgated a “strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. . . .” Id., 104 S. Ct. at 2065. The court added:
[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and
facts relevant to plausible options are virtually unchallengeable;
and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation
are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional
judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words,
counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make
a reasonable decision that makes particular investigation
unnecessary.
In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to investigate
must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances,
applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.
Id. at 690-691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. The court acknowledged that “inquiry into
counsel’s conversations with the defendant may be critical to a proper assessment
of counsel’s investigation decisions . . . .” Id. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
With respect to the prejudice prong of ineffective assistance of
counsel, a showing that “errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the
proceeding” is insufficient. Id. at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2067. Rather, the defendant
must show there is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.
at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. In assessing the claim of prejudice, the “court should
presume, absent challenge to the judgment on grounds of evidentiary insufficiency,
16
that the judge or jury acted according to law.” Id., 104 S. Ct. at 2068. The
reviewing court must consider the “totality of the evidence before the judge or jury”
and should take into account the relative strength or weakness of the evidence
supporting the verdict or conclusion. Id. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069.
In death penalty cases, the sentencer may not be precluded from
considering any aspect of a defendant’s character or record as a basis for a
sentence less than death. Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604-05, 98 S. Ct. 2954,
2964-65 (1978) (plurality opinion); see also Johnson v. Texas, 509 U.S. 350, 361,
113 S. Ct. 2658, 2666 (1993). The United States Supreme Court has held that
mitigating evidence is relevant to sentencing hearings and should be heard. See
California v. Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 541, 107 S. Ct. 837, 839 (1987); Eddings v.
Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 113-15, 102 S. Ct. 869, 876-77 (1982).
There is no legal requirement and no established practice that the
accused must offer evidence at the penalty phase of a capital trial. State v. Melson,
772 S.W.2d 417, 421 (Tenn. 1989). In fact, in many death penalty cases, counsel
has properly seen fit not to offer any evidence at the penalty phase. Melson, 772
S.W.2d at 421.
“A strategy of silence may be adopted only after a reasonable
investigation for mitigation evidence or a reasonable decision that an investigation
would be fruitless.” Tafero v. Wainwright, 796 F.2d 1314, 1320 (11th Cir. 1986).
Courts have held counsel’s representation beneath professionally competent
standards when counsel did not conduct enough investigation to formulate an
“accurate life profile” of a defendant. Jackson v. Herring, 42 F.3d 1350, 1367 (11th
Cir.), cert. dismissed sub nom Jackson v. Jones,---U.S.---, 116 S. Ct. 38 (1995). It
is impossible that “a ‘strategic’ decision can be reasonable when the attorney has
failed to investigate his options and make a reasonable choice between them.” Id.
(quoting Horton v. Zant, 941 F.2d 1449, 1462 (11th Cir. 1991)).
17
The extent of investigation required depends critically upon
information supplied by the defendant. Burger v. Kemp, 483 U.S. 776, 795, 107 S.
Ct. 3114, 3126 (1987); see also Whitmore v. Lockhart, 8 F.3d 614, 621 (8th Cir.
1993). “[W]hen the facts that support a certain potential line of defense are
generally known to counsel because of what the defendant has said, the need for
further investigation may be considerably diminished or eliminated altogether. And
when a defendant has given counsel reason to believe that pursuing certain
investigations would be fruitless or even harmful, counsel’s failure to pursue those
investigations may not later be challenged as unreasonable.” Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.
The petitioner’s burden of proof in all post-conviction cases filed
before May 10, 1995, is by a preponderance of the evidence. Clenny v. State, 576
S.W.2d 12 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978). A trial court’s findings of fact following a post-
conviction hearing have the weight of a jury verdict. Bratton v. State, 477 S.W.2d
754, 756 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971). On appeal, those findings are conclusive unless
the evidence preponderates against the judgment. Butler v. State, 789 S.W.2d 898,
900 (Tenn. 1990).
V. Appellant’s Issues.
Now, we apply the above legal principles to the issues the state has
presented.
a. Ineffective Assistance - Guilt Phase
The state asserts that the lower court erred in finding ineffective
assistance of counsel through inadequate investigation and preparation at trial.
Within this rubric, the state argues that the post-conviction court erroneously
concluded that (1) trial counsel had failed to interview Jeff Bowen, (2) the petitioner
had shown prejudice from counsel’s failure to interview other customers or staff of
18
the Brainerd Beach Club, and (3) trial counsel failed to fully develop its theory of
defense. The state asserts that counsel interviewed Bowen and made a tactical
decision not to call him as a witness and that the record reflects no prejudice to the
petitioner because of the failure to discover Jane McDonald’s knowledge of the
evening of February 13, 1985. The state posits that counsel effectively presented
its theory by using a number of lay witnesses to establish an alibi and to attack the
validity of the undercover statements by showing the petitioner’s dependence on
alcohol and his propensity to lie and tell grandiose tales. It argues that the
petitioner’s post-conviction expert, Dr. Blair, failed to establish any pathology or
personality problems beyond those established by lay witnesses who testified at
trial.
Although Strong assumed that Bergmann interviewed Bowen,
Bergmann did not recall speaking with Bowen. Clearly, Strong did not interview
Bowen, and Bowen himself did not recall either defense attorney contacting him.
We find that a factual basis existed to support a conclusion that neither lawyer
talked to Bowen. Regardless, the crux of the court’s concern about counsel’s
treatment of Bowen was not so much whether they had interviewed him, but
whether they had properly reacted to Bowen’s description, via the composite
drawing, of the man Bowen saw leaving the club with the victim. Strong, who
viewed the composite drawing for the first time while testifying at the post-conviction
hearing, thought the likeness resembled the petitioner, but Bowen testified that the
man he saw did not resemble the February 1985 photograph of the petitioner.
Bergmann admitted that, at the time of the murder, the petitioner had a full beard.
Both Strong and Bergmann testified that they had not seen the drawing prior to the
post-conviction hearing, but the post-conviction court found that the state had
furnished both Bowen’s statement and a copy of the composite drawing to counsel.
Based upon the testimony it heard,3 the court found counsel was remiss in not
developing “this information [that] would have been highly beneficial to the defense
3
In its oral findings of fact, the post-conviction court emphasized its
reliance upon the live testimony of Bowen.
19
theory.” Given the “fact” nature of the matter, this court must defer to the finding of
the post-conviction court, just as we would have done had the petitioner not
prevailed in the court below. In other words, the evidence does not preponderate
against the court’s findings.
On the issue of whether counsel was ineffective in not investigating
the February 13, 1985 customers and staff of the Brainerd Beach Club, the record
supports the trial court’s conclusion that counsel’s performance was deficient.
However, the record demonstrates no prejudice to the petitioner with the exception
of (1) the failure to ferret out the information of Jane McDonald that the victim came
into the club with two men, neither of whom were the petitioner, and (2) the failure
to obtain readily available information for use in impeaching the testimony of Donna
Lawson. Each of these deficiencies in representation had prejudicial impact. Part
of the defense theory was that at least two other men were interested in the victim
and at least one of them may have been jealous. Donna Lawson was a key witness
in that she provided the only testimony that the petitioner and the victim had
conversations prior to February 13.
We agree with the trial court’s finding that counsel’s decision not to
seek expert psychological proof to use during the guilt phase to bolster petitioner’s
claim that his confession was false was deficient representation under the facts of
the case. The defendant’s medical record reflected earlier findings of psychosis,
and this fact alone warranted further investigation beyond the conference with Ken
Stallings. However, we disagree that the record reflects prejudice as a result of the
failure to pursue such proof.
Even though Dr. Blair testified that the petitioner’s poor self-image and
need for approval made him vulnerable to being manipulated into making false
statements, the information would not appear to be a great revelation to a jury who
had already been shown that the petitioner was capable of fantastic lies in order to
20
get attention and to enhance his stature with his audience. Indeed, Dr. Blair
acknowledged that no psychological expertise was needed in order to recognize or
understand the petitioner’s lying phenomenon. Consequently, the lay proof
presented on this issue in the guilt phase of the trial substantially duplicated the
proffer of Dr. Blair. Moreover, we note in passing, although it was not addressed
at the post-conviction hearing, that Dr. Blair’s testimony might not have been
admissible at trial. Her failure to affirm that expert testimony was needed to
articulate the petitioner’s lying problem supports a finding that “scientific, technical,
or other specialized knowledge” would not “substantially assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue” and that, accordingly,
expert testimony is not required. Tenn. R. Evid. 702. In any event, the post-
conviction court itself found that the failure to pursue expert evidence in the guilt
phase was not, ipso facto, prejudicial. We agree, but we disagree that it contributed
anything to the finding of aggregate prejudice.
To summarize our treatment of the state’s first issue, we hold that the
state has failed to demonstrate that the evidence preponderates against the trial
court’s findings that trial counsel deficiently represented the petitioner, to the point
of prejudice, in failing to use the Bowen evidence, in failing to discover the potential
testimony of Jane McDonald, and in failing to impeach the testimony of Donna
Lawson. Thus, the record supports the conclusion that the petitioner received
ineffective assistance of counsel during the guilt phase of his trial.
In evaluating the prejudicial impact of counsel’s deficient performance,
we have considered the weight of the case against the petitioner, see Strickland,
466 U.S. at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2069, and we are aware that, usually, prosecution
evidence which includes a confession of the accused amounts to a strong case.
However, the confession utilized here was not of the usual variety. It was not
solemnized by a formal, official interrogation process. There was no waiver of
constitutional rights and no overt recording of the confession. In the casual,
21
perhaps manipulative, setting in which the confession was elicited, the petitioner’s
mendacious propensities only sharpen the realization that this confession was
vulnerable to attack. It did not pose an insurmountable barrier to finding prejudice
from deficient performance of counsel, especially when the deficiency hampered the
effort to impugn the confession. In this vein, evidence that would have bolstered the
petitioner’s claim of alibi was found by the post-conviction court to be significant to
the theory of the defense. Accordingly, there was no error in ordering a new trial.
b. Ineffective Assistance - Penalty Phase
In its next issue, the state asserts the post-conviction court erred when
it found ineffective assistance of counsel during the sentencing phase of the trial.
Within this rubric, the state maintains that (1) counsel reasonably relied upon the
information supplied by the petitioner’s one-time mental health counselor, Ken
Stallings, not to present his testimony nor to seek further psychological evidence,
(2) the petitioner failed to establish any prejudice in the absence of expert
psychological proof, and (3) counsel was excused from developing further mitigation
proof because much of its mitigation proof had been introduced during the guilt
phase.
Our supreme court recently addressed the duty of counsel to
investigate and present mitigating evidence in Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363
(Tenn. 1996). In Goad, the court found trial counsel ineffective for failing to
investigate and explore mitigating evidence relative to the Veteran Administration’s
evaluation of Goad and his symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Id. at 372-
73. In determining whether Goad was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient
representation, the court set forth several factors to consider:
Where the alleged prejudice under Strickland involves counsel’s
failure to present mitigating evidence in the penalty phase of a capital
trial, several factors are significant. First, courts have analyzed the
nature and extent of the mitigating evidence that was available but not
presented. Deutscher v. Whitley, 946 F.3d 1443 (9th Cir. 1991);
Stephens v. Kemp, 846 F.2d 642 (11th Cir. 1988); Cooper v. State,
847 S.W.2d 521, 532 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992); Atkins v. State, 911
S.W.2d 334 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Second, courts have
22
considered whether substantially similar mitigating evidence was
presented to the jury in either the guilt or penalty phase of the
proceeding. Atkins v. Singletary, 965 F.2d 952 (11th Cir. 1992);
Clozza v. Murray, 913 F.2d 1092 (4th Cir. 1990); State v. Melson, 772
S.W.2d 417, 421 (Tenn. 1989). Finally, the courts have considered
whether there was such strong evidence of aggravating factors that
the mitigating evidence would not have affected the jury’s
determination. Fitzgerald v. Thompson, 943 F.2d 463, 470 (4th Cir.
1991); Elledge v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1439 (11th Cir. 1987).
Id. at 371.
“[E]vidence about the defendant’s background and character is
relevant because of the belief . . . that defendants who commit criminal acts that are
attributable to a disadvantaged background, or to emotional and mental problems
may be less culpable than defendants who have no such excuse.” California v.
Brown, 479 U.S. 538, 544, 107 S. Ct. 837, 841 (1987).
However, attorneys representing defendants in capital cases are not
obligated to parade a multitude of experts and witnesses before the jury at every
sentencing hearing in order to provide effective assistance of counsel. See Harris
v. State, 947 S.W.2d 156, 163 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (defendant not entitled to
perfect representation, only constitutionally adequate representation). Indeed,
defense counsel could reasonably determine after adequate investigation and
preparation that some types of traditional “mitigating” proof might be looked upon
unfavorably by a jury. See Id. at 168.
This court has previously recognized that such proof may have
doubtful effect in “lessening [a defendant’s] culpability in the eyes of the jury.”
Harries v. State, 958 S.W.2d 799, 807 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. 1997); see also Rickman v. Bell, 131 F.3d 1150, 1157 (6th Cir. 1997) (finding
counsel’s performance deficient where he “succeeded in creating a loathsome
image for Rickman -- one that would make a juror feel compelled to rid the world
of him”).
23
Any deficiencies of counsel in presenting mitigation proof center
around the absence of (1) expert psychological proof that would have amplified the
petitioner’s alcohol problems and (2) lay witnesses’ testimony that would have
highlighted relevant background or personality information including redeeming
traits and good deeds.
In this appeal, the state has failed to demonstrate that the evidence
preponderates against the lower court’s finding of deficient representation because
expert psychological proof was not sought for the sentencing phase. The
petitioner’s medical history reflected a previous finding of psychosis, and Dr. Blair
opined that the earlier diagnosis was likely related to the petitioner’s alcohol
dependency. The prior hospitalizations and diagnosis should have alerted counsel
to fully explore the potential for expert assistance. Strong’s single conference with
Ken Stallings was not adequate investigation of the issue. Stallings’ credentials as
a psychologist were in doubt, he expressed antipathy toward the petitioner, and the
petitioner only met with him one time. Under the circumstances of this case, where
the petitioner’s record reflected, accurately or not, that he had been psychotic, it
was incumbent upon counsel to fully explore and develop the potential for expert
evidence.
In considering the prejudicial effect of this deficiency of performance,
we use the Goad analysis. In the first two factors, we look at the nature and extent
of the mitigating evidence that was available and not presented and the extent to
which similar mitigating evidence was nevertheless presented to the jury in either
phase of the trial. See Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 371. Clearly, the extent of the
petitioner’s alcohol problem was presented to the jury. The nature of the problem
might have been amplified by testimony such as Dr. Blair’s, but she did not
appreciably add to the evidence of the defendant’s alcohol problem that was
presented at trial. At trial, proof of the petitioner’s dependence on alcohol was
ample and cogent. On the other hand, the third Goad factor -- whether there was
24
such strong evidence of aggravating factors that the mitigating evidence would not
have affected the jury’s verdict -- weighs heavily in the petitioner’s favor. See id.
The proof that the petitioner killed the victim in order to avert arrest or conviction --
the solitary basis for imposing the death penalty -- was not strong. 4 As an aside, we
note that Dr. Blair’s proffer does not contain the sort of invidious information that
has condemned proposed mitigating proof in other cases. See Grosclose v. State,
130 F.3d 1161 (6th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, ---U.S.---, 118 S. Ct. 1826 (1998); State
v. Pat Bondurant, No. 01C01-9606-CC-00236, slip op. at 99-101 (Tenn. Crim. App.,
Nashville, Mar. 18, 1998 ), Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-206(a)(1) app. docketed
(Tenn. 1998). We believe that the failure to seek expert psychological evidence
was not prejudicial, in and of itself, on the issue of sentencing. We must, however,
examine the other mitigation claim before drawing a conclusion.
Counsel failed to utilize biographical facts which would have
personalized the non-testifying petitioner before the sentencer and may have
revealed redeeming traits and deeds. To be sure, the petitioner’s post-conviction
proffer, in showing that the petitioner had been a helpful, caring father, spouse, and
neighbor, duplicated proof that was introduced at trial. 5 However, the trial jury did
not hear that the petitioner was credited with saving the lives of two people. Such
evidence should have had some impact upon a jury that was considering a death
penalty. We have considered the fact that the petitioner’s decision not to testify at
the sentencing hearing surprised counsel and precluded them from using some
facts to which the petitioner could have testified. The petitioner’s unexpected
4
The post-conviction court found as ineffective assistance of counsel the
failure to develop inconsistencies between the facts of the murder and the
petitioner’s pretrial statements. The court was especially concerned with
counsel’s failure to stress the lapse of time between the victim’s discovery of the
petitioner’s involvement in burglary and the murder. The court opined that the
failure to develop this line of proof prejudiced the petitioner in countering the sole
aggravating circumstance in the penalty phase that he killed the victim in order to
avoid detection and prosecution for the burglary. The record does not
preponderate against these findings. Accordingly, these findings contribute to
the cumulative ineffective assistance of counsel during the penalty phase.
5
Some of the proffered evidence came with barbs. Debra Boggs admitted
that, when the petitioner was drinking, he had threatened her life and had
physically abused her.
25
refusal to testify would have hampered counsel in trying to personalize him before
the jury; yet, no motion for continuance was made. Accordingly, the post-conviction
evidence showed that mitigation should have included available proof that was not
otherwise imparted to the sentencer, and as we have already seen, proof of the
single aggravating sentencing factor was not great. We conclude that the failure to
present biographical evidence in mitigation of the sentence was more prejudicial
than the absence of expert proof. Moreover, these combined deficiencies were
prejudicial to the point of supporting the post-conviction court’s findings of
ineffective assistance of counsel in the sentencing phase.6
c. Waiver
In the state’s final issue, it argues that the issues of prosecutorial
misconduct and certain trial court errors were waived when they were not objected
to nor raised on direct appeal and that waiver may not be avoided through the
mechanism of ineffective assistance of counsel. Presumably, the state refers to the
issues generally treated by the trial court in its findings and conclusions as follows:
Petitioner also claims that counsel failed to object to improper
comments, etc., by the prosecution and to other improper actions
by the prosecution and counsel failed to file a motion for a mistrial
due to improper arguments by the prosecution. . . . Counsel did
not object to any of these comments. Admittedly, some of the
prosecutor’s comments were speculative. Some may have even
been improper. Standing alone many of these comments may not
have amounted to sufficient prejudicial error; when viewed in
light of the other errors made by counsel, however, they do
contribute to the overall finding that the defendant did not receive
the effective assistance of counsel and that his case was prejudiced
by counsel’s performance.
The state relies upon State v. Overton, 874 S.W.2d 6 (Tenn. 1994),
a post-conviction case, in which our supreme court reviewed claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel. In one of those claims, trial counsel had failed to object
when the trial court had used inappropriate jury instructions on the issue of force in
the commission of aggravated rape. Id. at 11. The supreme court found that the
6
See n. 2, supra.
26
error “could have” been prejudicial to the petitioner and “may well have been
reversible error” had it been objected to and raised on appeal. Id. Nevertheless,
the supreme court held that the claim “is not a cognizable ground for relief in a post-
conviction petition” because it does not implicate a constitutional issue as is
necessary in a post-conviction case. Id. at 12. “Moreover,” the high court said, “to
allow every error committed in the trial court to be recast in a post-conviction petition
as an ineffective assistance of counsel allegation would be to subvert the limited
purposes of the post-conviction procedure.” Id.
We decline to apply Overton to hold that the petitioner has waived the
ineffective assistance of counsel claim based upon the failure to object to the
alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The underlying trial court error in Overton was
deemed not cognizable in a post-conviction proceeding, presumably, because it did
not present a constitutional issue. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-105
(1991)(repealed 1995). However, this court has said, “Prosecutorial misconduct
qualifies as a constitutional basis for relief.” Coker v. State, 911 S.W.2d 357, 366
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). Furthermore, Overton does not account for ineffective
assistance of counsel itself as a constitutional issue. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at
686, 104 S. Ct. at 2061-62. The constitutional quality of effective assistance of
counsel is not always dependent upon the underlying act or omission being
constitutionally flavored. For instance, the Supreme Court made it clear that, in
certain circumstances, the failure to investigate a case may result in ineffective
assistance of counsel, Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S. Ct. at 2066; yet, the state
and federal constitutions contain no right to investigation apart from the right-to-
counsel provisions. See generally U.S. Const. Amend. V; Tenn. Const. Art. I, § 9.
It may be true that, in the present case had counsel raised the misconduct issues
on direct appeal, the appellate courts may have reviewed the merits of the claim
even in the absence of contemporaneous objections or motions for mistrial. See,
e.g., State v. Sparks, 563 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tenn. 1978) (when prosecutor’s
remarks unnecessarily raised racial issues, the defense made no objection, and the
27
trial court should have intervened sua sponte, appellate court reviewed the
prosecutorial misconduct issue on the merits). Nevertheless, we are reluctant to
apply the Overton language to preclude review via waiver.
Even though the state makes no claim on the prosecutorial
misconduct-ineffective assistance of counsel issue other than waiver, we feel
constrained to review the issue in light of the entanglement of this issue in the post-
conviction court’s overall findings of ineffective assistance of counsel. The review
first entails a determination of whether prosecutorial misconduct occurred. State
v. Pulliam, 950 S.W.2d 360, 367 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
1997). That determination initially requires a decision about whether the challenged
conduct is improper. Id. Although trial courts have discretionary authority to control
the argument of counsel and counsel has wide latitude to argue the facts and
reasonable inferences therefrom, “[c]losing arguments must be temperate, must be
based upon evidence introduced at trial, and must be relevant to the issues at trial.”
Coker, 911 S.W.2d at 368. Most of the restrictions fall upon the prosecutor, who
is the representative of the state and whose duty it is not only to seek convictions
but also to achieve justice through proceeding fairly. Id.; Manning v. State, 195
Tenn. 94, 257 S.W.2d 6 (Tenn. 1953). The prosecutor’s argument should not be
calculated to inflame the jury. Coker, 911 S.W.2d at 368.
Once prosecutorial conduct is deemed improper, the appellate court’s
task is to determine “whether the impropriety affected the verdict.” Pulliam, 950
S.W.2d at 367. Prejudice is assessed through analyzing the misconduct in light of
the factors set forth in Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340, 344 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1976): (1) the misconduct viewed in context and the facts and circumstances of the
case; (2) any curative measures taken by the court or the prosecutor; (3) the intent
of the prosecutor; (4) the cumulative effect of the misconduct in view of the
consequence of any other errors in the trial; and (5) the “relative strength or
weakness of the case.” Judge, 539 S.W.2d at 344.
28
If misconduct is found but no objection was made, the next layer of
review in the post-conviction context is to determine whether the failure to raise or
preserve the substantive issue amounts to ineffective assistance of counsel. Coker,
911 S.W.2d at 371. As we have shown above, ineffective assistance requires the
presence of both the elements of deficient performance and prejudice. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2067.
At the outset, we cannot review the post-conviction court’s actions
on these issues with the deference customary in post-conviction appeals because
the lower court has not specified which of the prosecutor’s actions were
“speculative” or which, if any, were “improper.” Moreover, the post-conviction judge
did not preside over the trial, and his review of alleged misconduct was undertaken
in the same way as is ours--through review of the trial transcript. Nevertheless, the
lower court apparently found that some of the objectionless misconduct resulted in
prejudicial ineffective assistance of counsel, and we review the cited actions in order
to determine if any of them provide a basis in the record to support the lower court’s
general finding of ineffective assistance.
The trial court referenced various paragraphs of the amended post-
conviction petition which contained allegations of such misconduct; however, among
these allegations only the ones following actually specified prosecutorial actions:
1. In closing argument during the guilt phase, the prosecutor made
references to:
a. the victim’s good character;
b. the petitioner’s decision not to testify;
c. the petitioner’s alleged possession of a firearm or “dope”
when confronted by investigating officers after the murder;
d. the petitioner having stolen the weapon that was used to kill
the victim;
e. the dedication of the investigating police officers as a factor
29
justifying a guilty verdict; and
f. the duty of the jury to convict the defendant, in keeping with
the duties carried out by the police.
2. In closing argument during the penalty phase, the p r o s e c u t o r
made references to:
a. the responsibility for the penalty decision rested elsewhere
than with the jury;
b. the trial being necessitated by the breakdown of plea
negotiations;
c. a life sentence requiring that mitigating factors outweighed
aggravating factors; and
d. the jury placing weight on the good character of the victim
and the grief and loss experienced by her family.
Defense counsel objected to none of these comments by the prosecutor.
Looking first to the prosecutor’s guilt-phase final argument, we find
that, with two exceptions, all of the cited comments were sufficiently grounded in
relevance to some material issue or were within the prosecutor’s prerogative of fair
comment and were not improper. The exceptions are (1) the comment that the
petitioner “steals his guns” and (2) the spate of comments that affirmed the merits
and lifestyle of the victim. We judge the first comment, although improper, to be so
banal under the first Judge factor as to be utterly lacking in impact.
The guilt-phase comments concerning the worth of the victim’s life are
more troublesome. See State v. Zirkle, 910 S.W.2d 874, 888 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995) (prosecutorial commentary “regarding the personal characteristics of the
victim in a murder case is generally irrelevant and designed to evoke juror
sympathy”). The comments were illustrative of information the jury had received and
were generally based in the evidence. Moreover, the comments praising the victim
were logical responses to the petitioner’s final argument which stressed the victim’s
30
“darker side.” There were no curative measures specifically addressed to the
prosecutor’s comments about the victim, but the trial court instructed the jury as to
the nature of argument, the difference between argument and evidence, and that
the jury must decide the case based “solely and alone upon the evidence . . . and
not from any other source nor upon speculation or conjecture . . .and the law as
given you by the court.” The trial court instructed the jury on the burden of proof
carried by the state and cautioned them to undertake their deliberations with “no
sympathy and no prejudice.” The prosecutor was blameworthy in that his likely
intent was to portray a “good and evil” contrast between the victim and the
petitioner. In light of the other errors and the relative strength or weakness of the
state’s case, the misconduct may have had some effect; however, upon
assessment of all the factors, we fail to see that any prejudice rose to the level of
denying the petitioner a fair trial. See Zirkle, 910 S.W.2d at 888.
Having reached that determination, we conclude that trial counsel
deficiently represented the petitioner when they failed to object to these comments
that we have deemed improper. However, because there was no substantive
prejudice resulting from the prosecutor’s comments, the prejudice element of
ineffective assistance of counsel is not shown.
Next, we look at the comments the prosecutor made during his
penalty-phase final argument. We find that, in context, none of these comments
were improper.
We elaborate only on one of the issues. The prosecutor argued that
the jury should not “let anybody come up here and tell you you are an executioner”
and that, based upon the status of our capital crime law, “[i]f the jury unanimously
determines that at least one. . . or several statutory aggravating circumstances have
been proved by the State beyond a reasonable doubt, and [they] are not
outweighed by any mitigating circumstances, the sentence shall be death. Take
31
nothing upon you other than that.” The petitioner claimed below that this argument
violated the principles established by the Supreme Court in Caldwell v. Mississippi,
472 U.S. 320, 105 S. Ct. 2633 (1985). In Caldwell, the prosecutor argued that the
jury’s decision to impose the death penalty “is not the final decision. . . . Your job
is reviewable. . . . The decision you render is automatically reviewable by the
Supreme Court.” Caldwell, 472 U.S. at 325-26, 105 S. Ct. at 2637-38. The High
Court held that “it is constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a
determination made by a sentencer who has been led to believe that the
responsibility for determining the appropriateness of the defendant’s death rests
elsewhere.” Id. at 328-29, 105 S. Ct. at 2639. We do not believe that Caldwell
applies to the comments in the present case. Here, the prosecutor communicated
to the jury that they functioned under the law of the state in discharging their
prescribed duties and that a responsible decision to impose the death penalty did
not cast them in the role of executioner. These remarks do not suggest to the jury
that their decision to impose the death penalty would be temporary, tentative, or
conditional, depending upon the review of higher courts. See State v. Smith, 893
S.W.2d 908, 923 (Tenn. 1994). But see State v. Sparks, 563 S.W.2d 564, 568-89
(Tenn. 1978).
To summarize, we conclude that trial counsel’s failure to object to the
listed allegations of prosecutorial misconduct did not result in ineffective assistance
of counsel which prejudiced the petitioner in either phase of his trial.
Conclusion.
The evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction
court’s findings that prejudicial ineffective assistance of counsel occurred (1) when
counsel failed to explore or utilize the information held by Jane McDonald and Jeff
Bowen and (2) when they did not use readily available sources of impeachment to
impeach the testimony of Donna Lawson. Accordingly, based upon these grounds,
the record supports the grant of a new trial. Also, the evidence does not
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preponderate against the post-conviction court’s findings that prejudicial ineffective
assistance of counsel occurred in the sentencing phase of the trial when counsel
failed to investigate or present both expert and additional lay mitigation evidence.
Thus, apart from the new trial which has now been granted, the record supports the
lower court’s grant of what otherwise would have been a new sentencing hearing.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
________________________________
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE
CONCUR:
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GARY R. WADE, PRESIDING JUDGE
______________________________
NORMA McGEE OGLE, JUDGE
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