IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE FILED
NOVEMBER 1997 SESSION
February 24, 1998
Cecil W. Crowson
Appellate Court Clerk
STATE OF TENNESSEE, )
) C.C.A. NO. 01C01-9701-CR-00019
Appellee, )
) DAVIDSON COUNTY
VS. )
) HON. ANN LACY JOHNS,
WILLIAM AUBREY TROTTER, JR., ) JUDGE
)
Appellant. ) (Possession of cocaine
with intent to sell)
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
GLENN R. FUNK JOHN KNOX WALKUP
Suite 340-M, W ashington Sq. Attorney General & Reporter
222 Second Ave. N.
Nashville, TN 37201 DARYL J. BRAND
Asst. Attorney General
450 James Robertson Pkwy.
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
VICTOR S. JOHNSON, III
District Attorney General
SHARON BROX
Asst. District Attorney General
Suite 500, Washington Sq.
222 Second Ave. N.
Nashville, TN 37201
OPINION FILED:____________________
AFFIRMED
JOHN H. PEAY,
Judge
OPINION
The defendant was indicted for possessing .5 grams or more of cocaine
with the intent to sell. A jury convicted him of this offense and, after a hearing, he was
sentenced as a range II multiple offender to thirteen years incarceration and a $2,000
fine. In this appeal as of right, the defendant contends that:
1. The evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction;
2. The trial court erred when it allowed two police officers to give non-
expert opinion testimony;
3. The trial court erred when it limited his cross-examination of one of
the police officers; and
4. The trial court erred when it refused to give the “full circumstantial
evidence instruction.”
Upon our review of the record, we affirm the judgment below.
FACTS
At approximately 2:30 a.m. on October 20, 1994, Lee Dupie, then a patrol
officer for the Metro Police Department, and patrol officer Eby entered the Haynes
Garden Apartments complex in Davidson County and walked to the back of one of the
buildings. Officer Dupie went to the back of a breezeway and, as a patrol car pulled up
to the front of the breezeway, he saw the defendant “walk from the front of the breezeway
to the back of the breezeway.” At that point, he testified, he and Officer Eby stepped into
the breezeway, told the defendant to stop, and identified themselves as police officers.
The defendant stopped and Officer Dupie performed a pat-down search. During the
search he found a “box cutter” and a plastic bag containing a “rocky substance” in one
of the defendant's pockets. At that point, Officer Dupie arrested the defendant. Upon
continuing the search, Officer Dupie found approximately $200 cash in tens and twenties
in the same pocket. The rocky substance was tested by Glen Everett of the Tennessee
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Bureau of Investigation Crime Laboratory and determined to be “cocaine base, 3.4
grams.”
Officer Dupie testified that the amount of cocaine seized from the defendant
was known on the street as an “eight ball.” He further testified that the only evidence he
had that the defendant possessed the cocaine with the intent to sell was the amount of
cocaine, the $200 cash, and the fact that he did not have any paraphernalia for using the
drug on his person. Officer Dupie also testified that, in deciding whether to charge
someone with simple possession or possession with intent to sell, he takes the suspect's
appearance into consideration. He testified that, “most of the time, somebody that is
addicted to crack cocaine is, you know, real thin, probably dirty and doesn't care about
what they look like, and some of the people that sell drugs are, you know, healthy, you
know, they might be clean[.]” He testified that, when he had arrested the defendant, “He
was healthy. It seemed like he was in good shape. His eyes weren't sunken in like he
had been using a lot of drugs or anything like that. . . . He was clean cut.” Officer Dupie
further testified that, at the time he had arrested the defendant, “He didn't appear to be
under the influence of crack cocaine.”
Officer Jesse Burchwell did not participate in the defendant's arrest, but
testified that he had been with the Metro Police Department for four and one-half years
at the time of the trial, spending the last three and one-half years on the Crime
Suppression Unit. He testified that, while a patrol officer, he had made “hundreds” of
drug related arrests involving “both simple possession and possession for resale of
usually crack cocaine, Dilaudid, and marijuana” and that he had arrested someone for
possession with the intent to sell without any indication of the sale itself “over a hundred”
times. He also testified that he had worked as an undercover officer on “well over a
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thousand” occasions. He explained that, as such, he had “to know the street language
that the drug dealers are using . . . what to ask for, and . . . approximately what quantity
you are going to get for what you ask for.” According to Officer Burchwell, sales of crack
cocaine were “[u]sually, on the street level, between twenty-dollar ($20.00) rocks and
forty-dollar ($40.00) rocks, which is just what it is. It is worth twenty or forty dollars.” The
“rocks” were usually packaged in “[c]lear plastic bags.” He testified that the most
common “buy” for users was twenty dollars because “[t]hey don't usually have the money
to buy, to go buy more at any one time.” The average weight of a twenty-dollar piece of
cocaine, he testified, “is usually .2 grams.” He further testified that most buys on this
level were paid for with twenty-dollar bills.
In response to the State's question as to what, in his training and
experience, distinguished between a simple possession and a possession for resale,
Officer Burchwell testified, “Usually, the simple possession is usually they always have
a crack pipe with them, and the majority of the time, one small rock of crack cocaine, and
the possession for resale are obviously several rocks of crack cocaine and . . . the
amount of money is an indicator.” Other factors, he testified, included “[s]tanding on the
corner [in an area known to have a high volume of drug traffic], flagging cars down, going
to cars, leaving cars, standing there with really no objective, not, don't live there, not
visiting anyone there.”
Officer Burchwell testified that he had arrested “hundreds, maybe
thousands” of people for simple possession and that they typically possessed “A very
small amount, a twenty-dollar ($20) rock usually” at the time of their arrest. When asked
by the State, “And in the course of your training and experience, street level dealer,
possession for resale, what amounts are you going to find on that person?” Officer
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Burchwell testified, “Larger amounts, several rocks, packaged, packages we know it to
be packaged for resale, money, standing in the area of a high volume of drug traffic.”
Upon examining the bag of cocaine which had been confiscated from the defendant, he
testified that it contained ten “rocks” and that each “rock” could be broken in half to sell
“for at least twenty.”
The defendant called Charlotte Jennings who lived at the Haynes Garden
Apartments. She testified that the defendant had lived with his girlfriend there and that
he had been headed in that direction when she saw him arrested. She also testified that
she had often seen the defendant when she thought he was high, describing his
appearance at those times as “Stumbling, eyes jet red, mumbling, talking out of his
head.”
The defendant also called his mother, Linda Trotter, who testified that her
son had “started taking drugs in '92” and that he was using drugs often in October of
1994. She testified that she had lived at the Haynes Garden Apartments at that time and
that her son often stayed with her there as well as with a girlfriend who also lived there.
She also testified that, during the entire time she lived there, from 1985 to 1995, it was
a high drug activity area including a lot of selling.
ANALYSIS
We first address the defendant's contention that the evidence is insufficient
to sustain his conviction. A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the proof has the
burden of illustrating to this Court why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict
returned by the trier of fact in his or her case. This Court will not disturb a verdict of guilt
for lack of sufficient evidence unless the facts contained in the record and any inferences
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which may be drawn from the facts are insufficient, as a matter of law, for a rational trier
of fact to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Tuggle, 639
S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).
When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, we
must review the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution in determining
whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61
L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). We do not reweigh or re-evaluate the evidence and are required to
afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the proof contained in the record as well
as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v.
Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to
be given to the evidence, as well as factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved
by the trier of fact, not this Court. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835. A guilty verdict
rendered by the jury and approved by the trial judge accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State, and a presumption of guilt replaces the presumption of
innocence. State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973).
The defendant was convicted of possessing .5 grams or more of cocaine
with the intent to sell. T.C.A. § 39-17-417(a)(4) (Supp. 1994). He does not dispute his
possession of the drug; rather, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove that
he possessed it with the intent to sell it. We disagree. The officers' testimony about the
customs of cocaine dealing together with the amount of cocaine found on the defendant's
person, the fact that it was broken into ten “rocks” each of which could have been further
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broken in half and sold for twenty dollars apiece, the $200 cash in tens and twenties
found on the defendant, his location at an area known for drug dealing, his demeanor and
the lack of any paraphernalia for using the drug support the conclusion that he possessed
the cocaine for the purpose of selling it. See T.C.A. § 39-17-419 (1991) (“It may be
inferred from the amount of a controlled substance . . . possessed by an offender, along
with other relevant facts surrounding the arrest, that the controlled substance . . . [was]
possessed with the purpose of selling or otherwise dispensing”). This issue is without
merit.
We next address the defendant's contention that the trial court erred when
it allowed Officers Dupie and Burchwell “to testify as to their opinion as to why [he] was
guilty of possession for resale versus simple possession.” Initially, we disagree with the
defendant in his characterization of the officers' testimony. Officer Dupie testified as to
why he charged the defendant with possession for sale rather than simple possession.
His reasons were based on his actual experiences in investigating and arresting drug
offenders. He did not testify that, in his “opinion,” the defendant was guilty as charged.
Nor did Officer Burchwell, who also testified about the common differences between
users and sellers, based on his experiences in the field. In response to a similar
argument, this Court has previously held that a narcotics officer may testify about the
language used by drug dealers and the appearance of cocaine. See State v. Carey, 914
S.W.2d 93, 96 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
Additionally, in support of his argument, the defendant relies on an outdated
version of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 701.1 At the time the defendant was tried on July
22 and 23, 1996, Rule 701(a) provided as follows:
1
See Tenn. R. Evid. 701 (1994-199 5).
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If a witness is not testifying as an expert,2 the witness's
testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to
those opinions or inferences which are
(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness and
(2) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness's testimony
or the determination of a fact in issue.
To the extent that one could characterize the officers' testimony in this case as “opinion
or inferences,” it fell within the parameters of this Rule. This issue is without merit.
The defendant also contends that the trial court improperly limited his cross-
examination of Officer Burchwell. During defense counsel's questioning of Officer
Burchwell, he asked if the officer had “ever made an arrest for possession for resale that,
after [an independent review by the prosecutor’s office or by a Judge or by a jury], turned
into a conviction for simple possession?” Officer Burchwell then asked if counsel meant
“by trial or by plea bargain?” A bench conference ensued during which the trial court
ruled “That is misleading to the jury when you include plea bargaining. That is going to
have to be specifically excluded.” Defense counsel objected to the ruling, arguing that
“a plea bargain includes cases where the State agrees that the proper charge is simple
possession, and if the State agrees to that, then that means that an independent review
has been conducted and that is what the disposition is.” The trial court responded, “That
is not plea bargaining. I vehemently disagree with that characterization of plea
bargaining.” Defendant now complains that the trial court's ruling was error.
We first note that “[t]he propriety, scope, and control of the cross-
examination of witnesses is . . . within the reasonable discretion of the trial judge.
Appellate courts may not disturb discretionary limitations on cross-examination absent
2
It is undisputed that neither of the officers was testifying as an “expert.” Howeve r, it would have
been w ithin the trial cou rt's discretion to allow the o fficers to te stify as exp ert witness es with res pect to
the common characteristics of cocaine dealers. Under our Rules of Evidence, “If scientific, technical, or
other sp ecialized k nowled ge will subs tantially assist the trier of fact to u ndersta nd the ev idence o r to
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training or
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 702.
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a clear and plain abuse.” State v. Richardson, 875 S.W.2d 671, 675 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1993) (citations omitted). We see no such abuse here. Moreover, our rules of evidence
provide for the exclusion of evidence, even if it is relevant, where “its probative value is
substantially outweighed by the danger of . . . misleading the jury.” Tenn. R. Evid. 403.
We agree with the trial court that the implication of the defendant's question -- that plea
bargains result from the district attorney's determination that the arresting officer's charge
is incorrect -- is misleading. As pointed out by the State in its brief, plea bargains are
often entered into “for practical reasons having little to do with the legal or factual merits
of the case.” This issue has no merit.
Finally, the defendant contends that the trial court erred when it refused to
charge the jury with the “full circumstantial evidence instruction.” The defendant refers
to the jury instruction that, when the proof against a defendant is completely
circumstantial in nature, the “facts must exclude every other reasonable theory except
that of guilt” before it can convict. T.P.I. - Crim. 42.03(a). A trial court is required to give
this instruction when all of the evidence is circumstantial, whether or not the defendant
requests it. See State v. Thompson, 519 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tenn. 1975). However, when
the proof is both direct and circumstantial, the trial court is required to give the instruction
only if the defendant requests it. Id. The request must be in writing. Tenn. R. Crim. P.
30(a).
The proof in this case was both direct and circumstantial. We acknowledge
that the defendant's counsel orally requested the “full” circumstantial evidence instruction.
However, the record contains no written request as required by our rules of procedure.
This Court has previously held that, “[a]bsent a written request, a trial court's refusal to
give [this] instruction is not error.” State v. Derek Denton, No. 02C01-9409-CR-00186,
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Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. App. filed Aug. 2, 1996, at Jackson) citing State v. Mackey,
638 S.W.2d 830, 836 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982). This issue is without merit.
The judgment below is affirmed.
______________________________
JOHN H. PEAY, Judge
CONCUR:
______________________________
JOSEPH M. TIPTON, Judge
______________________________
DAVID H. WELLES, Judge
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