IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
JANUARY 1998 SESSION
FILED
January 30, 1998
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) Appellate C ourt Clerk
) NO. 02C01-9610-CR-00350
Appellee, )
) SHELBY COUNTY
VS. )
) HON. JOSEPH B. DAILEY,
TORRANCE JOHNSON, ) JUDGE
)
Appellant. ) (Aggravated Robbery)
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
A.C. WHARTON, JR. (Of Counsel) JOHN KNOX WALKUP
Shelby County Public Defender Attorney General and Reporter
RONALD S. JOHNSON (Trial) KENNETH W. RUCKER
Assistant Public Defender Assistant Attorney General
201 Poplar Avenue, Suite 201 Cordell Hull Building, 2nd Floor
Memphis, TN 38103-1947 425 Fifth Avenue North
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
EDWARD G. THOMPSON (Appeal)
Assistant Public Defender WILLIAM L. GIBBONS
212 Adams Avenue District Attorney General
Memphis, TN 38103
PHILLIP GERALD HARRIS
TERRELL L. HARRIS
DAVID C. HENRY
Asst. District Attorneys General
201 Poplar Avenue, Suite 301
Memphis, TN 38103-1947
OPINION FILED:
AFFIRMED
JOE G. RILEY,
JUDGE
OPINION
The defendant, Torrance Johnson, appeals as of right his conviction for
aggravated robbery. He was sentenced as a Range I, Standard Offender, to twelve
(12) years incarceration. On appeal, he presents five (5) issues for our
consideration:
(1) whether the evidence is sufficient to support the verdict;
(2) whether the trial court erred in ruling that, if defendant chose to
testify, the state could impeach him by inquiring on cross-examination
if he had been convicted of an unnamed felony;
(3) whether the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a sketch of
the suspect made in the course of investigating the robbery;
(4) whether the trial court erred in failing to charge the jury on voice
identification; and
(5) whether the trial court erred in charging the jury that the law
presumes that every witness is “sworn to the truth.”
After a thorough review of the record, we find no error. Therefore, the judgment of
the trial court is affirmed.
FACTS
At approximately 8:20 p.m. on January 20, 1994, Nedra Smith1 pulled her car
into the parking lot of Boatman’s Bank on Elvis Presley Boulevard in Memphis. She
left her car running while she went inside the ATM building. As she was
approaching the ATM, she saw two men running. One man told the other one to
get in the car, and Smith turned to see what car they were referring to. When she
turned, she saw one man getting into her car and the other approaching her in the
ATM building. The man in the ATM was wearing jeans, a black jacket and a
sweatshirt with the hood pulled over his head. His face was not covered. Smith
identified this man at trial as the defendant.
Defendant brandished a weapon and said, “[g]ive me two hundred dollars,
1
Smith had married between the time of the crime and the trial. Her married name
was “Morgan.” For purposes of clarity, we will refer to the victim as “Smith.”
2
or I’ll kill the baby.”2 Smith attempted to retrieve $200 from the machine, but was
unsuccessful. She then turned around and told defendant that she could not get
that much out of her account. Defendant answered, “[y]ou look at me again, I’ll kill
you.” Smith was ultimately able to retrieve $50, which she gave to defendant.
Defendant then jumped in the backseat of Smith’s car and the two men drove away.
Smith’s car was located the next day approximately one and one-half miles
from the Boatman’s Bank ATM. Several items were missing from her car including
a coat, the child car seat, a purse, a wallet, shoes and credit cards. The police were
not able to obtain any fingerprints from the vehicle.
Subsequently, Smith assisted the police in drawing a sketch of the man who
robbed her. She was also asked to view a line-up of men who fit the description of
the suspect. However, she was not able to identify anyone as the perpetrator of the
crime.
On March 11, Memphis Police Officer Alan J. Pinnow interviewed the
defendant in connection with this crime.3 When asked his whereabouts on the date
and time of the robbery, defendant responded that he was working that night.
Officer Pinnow called to confirm this information, but defendant’s employer had no
record of him working on January 20. Defendant then told Pinnow that he was at
a clinic being treated for pneumonia. He also said that he was at home during the
time in question.
Defendant was asked to participate in a line-up. Smith initially noticed that
two men resembled the man who robbed her. The defendant was one of these
men. However, when all of the men in the line-up were asked to repeat the phrase,
“give me two hundred dollars, or I’ll kill the baby,” Smith recognized the defendant’s
voice. She then identified defendant as the perpetrator.
When Pinnow advised defendant that he was picked out of the line-up,
2
Smith had a child’s car seat in the back seat of her car. Fortunately, her child was
not in the car at the time.
3
Pinnow testified at trial that he questioned defendant after he noticed that defendant
resembled the sketch drawing of the suspect.
3
defendant responded that he knew he was going to be picked.
The jury found defendant guilty of aggravated robbery. The trial court
sentenced him to twelve (12) years incarceration as a Range I, Standard Offender.
From his conviction, defendant brings this appeal.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
In his first issue, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting
evidence. He contends that the victim’s identification of defendant is unreliable in
that she had little time to see defendant’s face during the robbery and was only able
to identify him after hearing his voice. Therefore, he claims that the evidence is
insufficient to sustain the jury’s finding of guilt.
In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court does not reweigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
A jury verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the state's witnesses and
resolves all conflicts in favor of the state. State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797, 803
(Tenn. 1994); State v. Harris, 839 S.W.2d 54, 75 (Tenn. 1992). On appeal, the state
is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all legitimate or
reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. Id. This court will not disturb
a verdict of guilt due to the sufficiency of the evidence unless the defendant
demonstrates that the facts contained in the record and the inferences which may
be drawn therefrom are insufficient, as a matter of law, for a rational trier of fact to
find the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Brewer, 932 S.W.2d
1, 19 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Accordingly, it is the appellate court's duty to affirm
the conviction if the evidence, viewed under these standards, was sufficient for any
rational trier of fact to have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 317,
99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed.2d 560 (1979); State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253, 259
(Tenn. 1994).
In the case sub judice, the victim positively identified defendant not only at
4
the physical line-up but also at trial. The identification of a defendant as the person
who committed the offense is a question of fact for the jury to determine. State v.
Strickland, 885 S.W.2d 85, 87 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The testimony of the victim
identifying the defendant as the perpetrator of the crime is sufficient, in and of itself,
to support a conviction. Id. Moreover, the defendant gave differing versions of his
whereabouts on the subject night in an attempt to establish an alibi. This is
circumstantial evidence from which the jury could infer defendant’s guilt.
This issue is without merit.
IMPEACHMENT ON UNNAMED FELONY
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in ruling that the state could
impeach defendant, if he chose to testify, by inquiring on cross examination if he
had ever been convicted “of a felony without the nature of the felony being revealed
to the jury.” See State v. Summerall, 926 S.W.2d 272 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
However, our review of the record reveals no such ruling. The trial court ruled that
the state could impeach defendant with prior felony convictions for selling a
counterfeit controlled substance and criminally negligent homicide. Therefore, this
issue is without merit.4
ADMISSIBILITY OF SKETCH
In his next issue, defendant asserts that he was denied his right to
4
Furthermore, in State v. Abraham Galmore, C.C.A. No. 02C01-9607-CR-00230,
Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. App. filed September 9, 1997, at Jackson), this Court held that
in order for a defendant to be successful on appeal based upon a trial court’s ruling on the
admission of prior convictions, two prerequisites must be met: (1) defendant must establish
that he did not testify because of an unfavorable ruling on admissibility of a prior conviction,
and (2) defendant must make an offer of proof as to the proposed trial testimony so that the
appellate court can assess the impact of the trial court’s ruling. Defendant has established
neither requirement.
5
confrontation by the introduction of a police sketch drawing of the robbery suspect.
He argues that because the sketch was introduced through the testimony of the
victim, he was denied his right to confront the sketch artist. He further claims that
the state did not lay a proper foundation for its introduction into evidence.
We initially note that defendant has waived this issue by failing to object to
the introduction of the sketch at trial. Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). The issue is also
waived due to defendant’s failure to include it in his motion for new trial. Tenn. R.
App. P. 3(e); see State v. Walker, 910 S.W.2d 381, 386 (Tenn. 1995).
Furthermore, the issue has no merit. The preparer of the sketch need not
testify at trial as long as the exhibit is identified as being a fair and accurate
representation. The victim assisted the artist in drawing the sketch of the suspect.
She testified at trial that the sketch introduced into evidence was that which was
made in conjunction with her description. We find this situation to be closely
analogous to a witness authenticating a photograph even though he or she was not
the photographer. See N. Cohen, D. Paine & Sheppeard, Tennessee Law of
Evidence, § 401.11 (3d ed. 1995). Smith had personal knowledge of the subject
matter and authenticated the drawing as the sketch of the suspect of the robbery.
Furthermore, defendant was afforded the opportunity to cross-examine Smith on the
accuracy of the sketch. See State v. Miklos Jusino Holley, C.C.A. No. 02C01-9112-
CR-00280, Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. App. filed February 3, 1993, at Jackson).
We find no violation of defendant’s right of confrontation.
VOICE IDENTIFICATION JURY INSTRUCTION
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury
on voice identification. He contends that because the victim was able to positively
identify the defendant only after she heard his voice, the voice identification was
crucial to the jury’s determination. Therefore, he insists that the trial court should
have instructed the jury on factors to consider in determining if the victim’s
identification of the defendant’s voice was reliable.
6
However, the defendant made no special request for a “voice identification”
charge at trial. Moreover, defendant did not object to the identification instructions
submitted to the jury and failed to raise this issue in his motion for new trial. Thus,
the issue is waived. State v. West, 844 S.W.2d 144, 151 (Tenn. 1992); State v.
Kendricks, 947 S.W.2d 875, 885 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996). Furthermore, the
general instructions given to the jury were adequate. See State v. Forbes, 918
S.W.2d 431 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).
This issue is without merit.
PRESUMPTION OF TRUTH JURY INSTRUCTION
In his final assignment of error, defendant urges that the trial court erred in
instructing the jury that every witness is presumed to tell the truth. He contends that
this instruction deprived him of his constitutional right to the presumption of
innocence.
This Court has previously held that an instruction that the law presumes that
every witness is sworn to the truth is constitutionally sound. Lundy v. State, 752
S.W.2d 98, 104 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987); State v. Glebock, 616 S.W.2d 897, 906
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1981). This issue has no merit.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
7
JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE
CONCUR:
JOE B. JONES, PRESIDING JUDGE
PAUL G. SUMMERS, JUDGE
8